Abstract
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hulls (PVLH) represents a significant by-product of industrial pistachio processing that contains high amounta of phenolic and flavonoid compounds known to act as antioxidants. The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials of PVLH extracts. The cytotoxic effects of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water PVLH extracts toward human colon cancer (HT-29 and HCT-116), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung adenocarcinoma (H23), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), cervical cancer (Ca Ski), and normal fibroblast (BJ-5ta) cells were assessed using a MTT cell viability assay. Apoptosis induction was evaluated through the different nuclear staining assays and confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Anti-angiogenic activities were also determined using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. PVLH ethyl acetate extracts (PVLH-EAE) demonstrated a suppressive effect with an IC50 value of 21.20 ± 1.35, 23.00 ± 1.2 and 25.15 ± 1.85 µg/mL against MCF-7, HT-29 and HCT-116, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. Morphological assessment and flow cytometry analysis showed the potential of PVLH-EAE to induce apoptosis. PVLH-EAE at the highest concentration demonstrated significant inhibition of angiogenesis as comparing with control group. Also the expression of Bax increased and the expression of Bcl-2 decreased in treated MCF-7 cells. Thus, the apoptosis induction and angiogenesis potential of PVLH-EAE make it to be the most suitable for further cancer research study to deal with selective antitumor active substances to human cancers especially breast cancer.
Highlights
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is native of Central and West Asia and distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin [1]
The IC50 of PVLH-EAE against MCF-7, HT-29 and HCT-116 cells were calculated as 21.20 ± 1.35, 23.00 ± 1.2 and
Results from cytotoxicity showed that the PVLH-EAE extracts had no toxic effect on the normal cells
Summary
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is native of Central and West Asia and distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin [1]. Pistachio nuts have recently been ranked among the first 50 highest antioxidant food products and a rich source of phenolic compounds [2,3]. Pistachio nuts are often used after removing the hull, which represents a significant by-product of industrial pistachio processing [4]. Previous phytochemical investigations have revealed that the total content of phenolic compounds in pistachios is significantly higher in hulls than in seeds [5]. Cancer is caused by environmental factors such as carcinogens, viruses, chemicals, and radiation as well as by a genetic history such as cell line mutations leading to malignant growth, invasion, and metastasis [6]. Programmed cell death deficiency is a key driver of both cancer progression and drugs
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