Piper Diagram Research Articles

Water quality assessment: a case study in the Tuticorin district of Tamil Nadu in South India

ABSTRACT A hydro-geochemical study for water-quality assessment was conducted in the Tuticorin region of Tamil Nadu in southern India during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and the water samples are examined to comply with BIS and WHO guidelines. In the present study, the values of TDS (75%), Mg (37.5%), and TH (25%) have exceeded the permissible limits namely 500, 100, and 600 mg/L, respectively. The WQI proposed by CCME is used to analyze water suitability. The Pearson correlation and principal component analysis are used to study the relationship between various physicochemical parameters and principal components of water quality, respectively. Piper & Gibbs diagrams are plotted to identify the water types and the main water type predicted by the piper plot is Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 which makes up 74.3% of the the samples studied. WQI suggests that 22.5% and 50.0% specimens have excellent water quality during pre and post-monsoon seasons, respectively.

Study on inverse geochemical modeling of hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of groundwater system in coal mine area - a case study of Longwanggou Coal Mine in Ordos Basin.

The exploitation of coal resources has disturbed the equilibrium of the original groundwater system, resulting in a perturbation of the deep groundwater dynamic conditions and hydrochemical properties. Exploring the formation of mine water chemistry under the conditions of deep coal seam mining in the Ordos Basin provides a theoretical basis for the identification of sources of mine water intrusion and the development and utilization of water resources. This paper takes Longwanggou Coal Mine as the research area, collects a total of 106 groups of water samples from the main water-filled aquifers, comprehensively uses Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion correlation, ion ratio coefficient and mineral saturation index analysis, and carries out inverse geochemical modeling with PHREEQC software, so as to analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and causes of the main water-filled aquifers in deep-buried coal seams in the research area. The results show that the main hydrochemical processes in the study area are leaching and cation exchange, and the groundwater is affected by carbonate (calcite, dolomite), silicate (gypsum) and evaporite. Calculations of mineral saturation indices and PHREEQC simulations have led to the conclusion that the dissolution of rock salt and gypsum in groundwater accounts for most of the ionic action. Na+, Cl- and SO42- are mainly derived from the dissolution of rock salt and gypsum minerals, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ are mostly derived from the dissolution of dolomite and calcite. The results of the inverse geochemical modeling are consistent with the theoretical analysis.

Open coal stock pile impact on surface, river, and groundwater: Noapara, Jashore case study

AbstractEnergy is the main driving force for a country's development. Every year, Bangladesh imports a huge amount of coal along with local coal to support the country's energy demand, which stock in open areas. The objective of this research is to evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics of surface, river, and groundwater in a well‐known industrial region in Bangladesh where nearby water is polluted by coal from an open coal stock pile. The findings of this research article concerning the environmental effects of open coal stockpiles will be helpful to policymakers, environmentalists, investors, and other stakeholders. Following WHO standards, GIS extrapolation was used to create maps of key ions in solution (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and negatively charged ions (HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−). The aquifer's hydrogeochemical process was explained using PCA techniques and the hydrogeochemical facies and water types shown by the Piper and Gibbs diagram. The findings show that the groundwater in this research region is mostly salinized (NaCl‐rich). The result confirms that 67% of the location is of good quality and 33% is of permissible water quality for the surface water sample, whereas 48% of the location is of good quality and 52% is of severe water quality for the ground water sample. Advanced technology should be used to stock the coal to reduce the open stockpile's impact on the environment.

Impact of road transport system on groundwater quality inferred from explainable artificial intelligence (XAI)

Road networks constitute a vital component of modern society, facilitating rapid transportation and driving economic activities by enabling the smooth movement of goods and people. However, the expansion of road systems carries significant environmental considerations, particularly regarding its impact on groundwater quality. Thus, it is crucial to understand the complex relationship between groundwater quality and the road traffic system. This paper aims to identify the impact of road transport systems on groundwater quality using a data-driven approach. Specifically, road network and groundwater chemistry data in Texas were obtained from an open data portal. This study was carried out in two phases: the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) modeling phase and the multivariate analysis phase. In the XAI modeling phase, a prediction model was developed using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), with groundwater chemistry parameters as output features and road transport attributes as input features, i.e., elevation, annual average daily traffic, distance, lane-miles, speed limit and well depth. Furthermore, the relationships between groundwater chemistry parameters and road transport attributes were examined using feature importance and accumulated local effect (ALE). In the multivariate phase, Piper diagrams and principal component analysis (PCA) were utilized to identify the source of the selected groundwater chemistry parameters from the XAI models. The results of the prediction model showed that five groundwater chemistry parameters were significantly impacted by road transport systems with below a mean absolute percentage error of 0.20, including, pH, temperature, aluminum (Al), bicarbonate (HCO3−), and alkalinity. Additionally, XAI models were developed to understand the relationship between the road transport attributes on five selected parameters. The findings collectively indicated that the Texas groundwater qualities are greatly impacted by road transport systems within a distance of 50-meters and a well depth of 100-meters. This study provides a novel contribution to monitoring point sources of groundwater pollution using XAI techniques.

Assessing wet season water quality and health risks of Chaobai River: impacts of natural weathering and anthropogenic activities in a small urban watershed

ABSTRACT Small urban watersheds are susceptible to external influences, facing increased solute inputs during high-flow periods without sufficient dilution. This study determined the sources of major ions in the Chaobai River, which is the essential surface water source of North China. The dominant river water type was HCO3-Ca·Mg based on the Piper diagram. PCA and ion ratios revealed that natural weathering (evaporate dissolution, carbonate, and silicate weathering by carbonic and sulfuric acid) and anthropogenic activities (urban domestic sewage and industrial effluent) were the dominant factors affecting the chemical composition. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (Na%), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) assessments indicated potential sodium and moderate salinity hazards. Meanwhile, the non-carcinogenic health risks of riverine solutes evaluated by health risk assessment need to be noticed, particularly for children. The limitation of urban sewage discharge is crucial for improving water quality in urban watershed and needs further studies.

An integrated approach based on HFE-D, GIS techniques, GQISWI, and statistical analysis for the assessment of potential seawater intrusion: coastal multilayered aquifer of Ghaemshahr-Juybar (Mazandaran, Iran).

The overexploitation of coastal aquifers is one of the important reasons for the salinity of groundwater due to seawater intrusion (SWI). This study assesses the hydrochemical changes of the Ghaemshahr-Juybar (GH.-J.) plain. For this purpose, specific statistical methods, modified Piper diagram groundwater quality indicators ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), groundwater quality index specific to seawater intrusion ([Formula: see text]), and hydrochemical facies evolution diagram (HFE-D) along with GIS (Geographic Information System) techniques were applied to identify the spatiotemporal changes of salinity in coastal multilayer alluvial aquifer. The results show that the chemical composition in the GH.-J. aquifer is basically controlled by three main factors: (1) Caspian SWI and fossil saltwater penetration from an underlying layer, (2) reverse cation exchange process, and (3) feeding by domestic sewage, agricultural activities, and use of nitrate chemical fertilizers. The investigation of the hydrogeochemical facies evolution process shows that due to the reduction of extraction from wells, saltwater infiltration has significantly decreased. Therefore, according to the geological and lithological conditions of the aquifer and exposure to seawater, it is possible to prevent the entry of saltwater from the confined aquifer into the unconfined aquifer and the saltwater intrusion by developing well optimal operation policies in order to control withdrawal from semi-deep wells and the elimination of deep wells. This practical approach to managing the salinity of coastal aquifers is suitable for the allocating groundwater resources and for use in the development of aquifer simulation models.

Controlling Factors of Groundwater Salinization and Pollution in the Oasis Zone of the Cherchen River Basin of Xinjiang

Groundwater is a vital resource for local human life and production in the oasis zone of the Cherchen River Basin of Xinjiang. Understanding the controlling factors of groundwater salinization and pollution is of great significance for the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources and protection of the ecological environment in desert oasis areas. In light of this, a total of 36 single structure unconfined groundwater samples and 54 multi-layered structure unconfined and confined groundwater samples were collected from the oasis zone of the Cherchen River Basin and evaluated for the distribution characteristics and pollution status of major ions. Hydrogeochemical methods (e.g., Piper diagram, multivariate statistics, Gibbs model, and relationships among ions) were used to determine the main controlling factors of groundwater salinization and pollution. Differences in hydrogeochemical zonation were found from the single structure unconfined aquifers in sloping plains of piedmont areas to the multi-layered structure unconfined and confined aquifers in alluvial-proluvial plain areas, and Cl-Na (87.8%) was the main hydrochemical type in the groundwater of the study area. The quality of single structure unconfined groundwater was starkly better than that of the multi-layered unconfined and confined groundwater, which was mainly caused by Na+ (mean value of 9 969 mg·L-1), Cl- (13 687 mg·L-1), and SO42- (5 840 mg·L-1). Moreover, the natural hydrogeochemical process was the main reason for the deterioration of groundwater quality. The hydrochemistry was mainly controlled by the water-rock interaction and evaporation processes. The mineral dissolution of silicates and evaporites was an important source of chemical ions in the groundwater. Furthermore, the chemical weathering of evaporites combined with the processes of evaporation and cation exchange had a significant influence on the salinization of multi-layered unconfined and confined groundwater in alluvial-proluvial plain areas. In addition, synthetic fertilizers were the main pollution sources of NO3- in groundwater in the intensive agricultural zones.

Characterization of Dominant Hydrogeochemical Processes in Groundwater in Onitsha Area, Southeastern Nigeria

The characterization of the dominant hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater in Onitsha area, southeastern Nigeria was carried out. This is to identify the dominant mechanisms responsible for the evolution and the chemical composition of the water sources. A total of fifteen (15) groundwater samples were collected from different locations in the study area in August 2022 and these samples were subjected to chemical analysis using standard methods. The results indicated that the water quality parameters were within the World Health Organization acceptable limits for drinking quality although turbidity in six of the samples exceeded the guideline values. The hydrochemical facies were determined using various plots. Piper diagrams indicated that Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl- – SO42- was the dominant facies with Ca2+ and Cl- as the dominant ions. The Durov diagram indicate recharge water in limestone and sandstone aquifers and influenced by important ion exchange reactions. However, the Gibbs plots mainly plotted in the rock dominance zone indicating that the major processes controlling water chemistry in the study area were water-rock interaction and dissolution of rock minerals. The ionic ratio plots were employed to determine the mechanisms and reactions prevalent in the study area that influenced the water chemistry. Na/Cl plot indicated that the excess of Cl- over Na+ was balanced by Ca2+ and Mg2+ while the depletion of Na+ with respect to Clindicated ion exchange reaction which could be attributed to silicate weathering confirming the Na/Cl plot conclusions. The relative abundance of anionic facies shows that Cl- + SO42- were more abundant than HCO3- and the plot of Ca2+ + Mg2+ ions against HCO3- ions depict samples with excess Ca2+ + Mg2+. However, Ca2+ +Mg/HCO3 ratio was less than one (<1) and indicated fresh recharge water.

Hydrochemical characteristics of underground fluid observation wells in Shandong

To explore the hydrochemical characteristics of underground fluid observation wells in the Shandong area, piper diagram and Na-K-Mg triangle diagram methods were used to analyze the hydrochemical types and water-rock chemistry of water samples from 18 underground fluid observation wells in the study area. The results show that the hydrochemical types of underground fluid observation wells in the Shandong area are mainly SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg type, HCO3-Na type, HCO3-Ca·Mg type, and SO4·Cl-Na type. The chemical composition of water is mainly affected by water-rock interaction, rock salt dissolution, ion exchange, and human activities. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis results show that atmospheric precipitation is the main recharge source of fluid wells in this area, and deep water recharge also plays an important role in some observation wells. The research results determine the hydrogeochemical background and well water source of underground fluid wells in the Shandong area and provide the scientific basis for fluid observation environment analysis, seismic monitoring and prediction, and seismic anomaly verification in the area.

Assessing the groundwater quality in Ghana's Nanton District: comprehensive evaluation and implications for sustainable management

Abstract This study, conducted in the Nanton District of Northern Ghana, assesses groundwater quality for drinking purposes and examines hydrochemical processes. We collected and analyzed 30 groundwater samples, evaluating their physicochemical properties, microbial content, microbial and physicochemical relationship, and hydrochemistry. Utilizing methods such as the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI), Gibbs and Piper diagrams, Stiff plots, scatter plots, and correlation matrices, we aimed to comprehensively understand groundwater quality in the district. Physicochemically, our findings indicate that approximately 83.3% of the groundwater is safe for direct consumption without treatment. However, microbial contamination was prevalent in all samples, rendering them unsafe. Parameters such as iron, manganese, color, turbidity, nitrates, sulfate, and pH were identified as potential influencers of microbial survival in the groundwater. Regarding major ions, sodium (Na+) dominated among cations, while bicarbonate (HCO3-) was the primary anion. Water types were categorized as Na-K-HCO3−, Na-K-Cl-SO42−, Ca-Mg-HCO3−, and mixed water, reflecting the hydrochemical composition. Our analysis revealed that rock weathering, evaporation, ion exchange, and human activities influence groundwater chemistry. We recommend further research to assess groundwater availability for sustainable development in the district. Additionally, continued research is encouraged to enhance our understanding of the correlation between coliform bacteria and physicochemical water parameters.

Assessment of Medical Geology from Major Element Trilinear Diagrams Cl-SO4-HCO3 and Na-K-Mg from Geothermal and Non-Geothermal Springs; Case Study the Wayang Windu Geothermal Area, West Java, Indonesia

Medical geology research involves the processes, deficiencies, and excessive exposure of significant elements and minerals to present solutions to health problems. Minerals from volcanic aquifers from geothermal and non-geothermal springs interest medical geology research. Major elements in source rocks essential for our health come from the rocks beneath the earth’s surface. This study aims to evaluate the medical geology of major elements in the water from volcanic aquifers in the Wayang Windu Geothermal Area. The methods used are trilinear analysis of major elements, Piper diagram, and statistical analysis. We have investigated six cold springs, four hot springs, and three dug wells surrounding the Wayang Windu geothermal area. The results of hydrochemical study and field checking identified the location of water sources that have potential uses in medical geology and balneotherapy. The primary relationship elements in the Piper Diagram defined five major water types: CaCl, MgCl, CaMgHCO3, and CaHCO3. Results from hydrochemical analyses, statistics, and trilinear diagrams were used to identify springs suitable for medical geology and balneotherapy. Hot springs with good health criteria that meet the balneotherapy requirements are found at locations H1, H2, H3, and H4. Hydrochemical data shows that hot springs in several areas of Pangalengan are suitable for bathing and body contact activities but not for drinking water. Cold springs at locations C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 meet the drinking water criteria surrounding the Wayang Windu geothermal area.

ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN SHARE-TSARAGI AND IT’S ENVIRON IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

Climate change affects surface water resources through changes in evaporation, surface water recharge, temperature, runoff, and rainfall. Such changes affect the mobilization of nutrients and the distribution and mobility of pollutants in surface water systems. The present study attempts the physiochemical and hydrochemical characterization of surface-quality water in the Share-Tsaragi and its environs in Kwara State, Nigeria. A total of ten (10) water samples were collected from the study area. The physiochemical characteristics such as pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined to understand the surface water characteristics, and the results showed that pH (6.39 to 7.67) and total dissolved solids (35 to 230 mg/l) were significantly moderate across the different stations. This indicated that all the water samples are good for drinking and irrigation. The hydrochemical data were utilized to generate graphical representations and scientific computations that determined the relationship between chemical components and water quality. The main elements found in the samples were Ca‐HCO3 - . Piper diagram indicates that the water samples are made of mixed Ca‐Na‐HCO3 - and mixed Ca‐Mg, indicating transient hardness. Gibbs plots show that water chemistry is primarily influenced by rock-water interactions and precipitation processes. The Gibbs plots show a change with increased bicarbonate and lower TDS, indicating salt intake through precipitation.

Geochemistry of Cold Springs in Geothermal Exploration Stage – Case Study of Candi Umbul Telomoyo, Central Java

Cold springs in geothermal fields are often overlooked during the exploration stage. The best practice of geothermal exploration suggests thermal manifestation as an indicator of a geothermal system in the subsurface. This common practice neglects cold springs as valuable information points related to the system. Thermal-contaminated cold springs can be helpful to indicate the presence of inferred geothermal activity below the surface during the exploration stage. It becomes important where thermal features are absent or limited, as in Candi Umbul Telomoyo. Candi Dukuh, Candi Umbul, and Pakis Dadu thermal springs are located at the periphery of the Telomoyo Volcanic Complex, at relatively low altitude. Those thermal springs are used to construct the existing conceptual models of the geothermal system. In this study, the authors tried to consider the presence of slightly acidic cold springs (pH 5.24-5.61). Located within the Suropati Depression in the North, and the flank of Mt. Telomoyo in the South, both Keningar and Sendang Ari Wulan cold springs are located at higher altitude with higher TDS and are enriched in Cl and SO4 compared to the others. These cold springs are associated with the argillic alteration zone and observed to have iron oxide deposition at the discharge area. Sendang Ari Wulan fluid is plotted at the same zone as the thermal springs on Na-Cl•SO4 facies of the Piper diagram, while Keningar fluid is plotted on HCO3-Ca•Mg facies are similar to other cold springs. Although Sendang Ari Wulan shows a better correlation to the thermal springs, based on Piper diagram, both Keningar and Sendang Ari Wulan cold springs are classified as HCO3-SO4 and SO4-HCO3-Cl. These observations show the possibility of contamination of the geothermal system occurring below the Keningar and Sendang Ari Wulan cold springs, which is higher than the thermal springs. This interpretation is supported by the anomaly of high Hg and CO2 surrounding the acidic Keningar and Sendang Ari Wulan cold springs, three temperature gradient wells that prove the presence of three times higher-than-normal geothermal gradient. The research concludes that cold springs data are indeed useful in aiding the interpretation, especially during the exploration stage.

Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater of Field Y, Offshore Niger Delta

Hydrogeochemical analyses were carried out on groundwater samples in order to understand the hydrochemistry of the water. The results revealed that groundwater has a high electrical conductivity, which could be as a result of more chemicals dissolved in the water and total hardness observed in all samples shows that the water isn’t hard water. Major cations and anions were identified using Piper Trilinear diagram Durov diagrams and Stiff diagrams. The parameters studied include; Ph, Electrical conductivity, Temperature, Total Suspended Solid, Salinity as Chloride, Sulphate, Total Hardness, Total Hydrocarbon Content, Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Iron, Zinc. The major cations are: Sodium (Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium (Ca2+), while the major anions are: Bicarbonate (HCO3–), Carbonate(C03–), Sulfate (SO4–), and Chloride (Cl–). TDS is the major physical parameter that is dominant in the Durov diagram, although the analysis in the Durov, Piper and Stiff diagram shows that Ca2+ and HCO3–, are the major cation and anion respectively which implies that the groundwater in the study area are Ca2+ and HCO3–. It was also observed that the quality of groundwater was suitable for domestic purpose and agricultural purpose.

Estudo da influência das águas residuais da região de Tebessa na qualidade hidroquímica das águas subterrâneas do aquífero aluvial de Tebessa-Ain Chabro (Nordeste da Argélia)

ABSTRACT Along the Algerian-Tunisian border in northeastern Algeria, groundwater is regarded as the primary source of agricultural and drinking water for the local community. This situation is the result of low rainfall and limited surface water. Finding out how wastewater discharges affect the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of alluvial groundwater is the objective of this research paper. Thirty-six wells and boreholes were targeted to collect water samples. The analysis results show that the waters ranged from acidic to neutral (6.46 ≤ pH ≤ 8.3), and moderately to highly mineralized (754 μS/cm < C.E < 11680 μS/cm). The main water types, according to the Piper diagram, are calcic bicarbonate (HCO3- Ca2+) and calcic chloride (Cl- Ca2+). Total coliforms and Escherichia Coli were detected in 60 and 100% of the water samples analyzed, respectively. The geospatial data shows that the chemical and bacteriological pollution progresses from upstream to downstream, from Oued El Kebir river in the South East to Oued Chabro River in the North West. The multivariable statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Closer Analysis) highlighted that water mineralization is controlled by three major phenomena, which are water-rock hydrolysis interaction, leaching of geological formations, and influence of anthropogenic activities.

Assessment of the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water source and a well in Bakoya aquifer, northern Morocco

This study aims to investigate the physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality of water derived from both a well and a spring across three distinct periods (2008, 2012, and 2021) in both summer and winter. These sampling points are situated within the urbanized area of Al Hoceima and serve as crucial sources of drinking water for a substantial portion of the city's population due to their proximity to the city center. The water hardness values observed at these natural points ranged from 5.9 to 82 (°F), categorizing the water from these sources as very hard. Furthermore, the Piper diagram revealed chemical facies characterized by chlorinated sodium and calcium magnesium sulfate. The elevated concentrations of sodium and chloride were attributed to the proximity of the Mediterranean Sea shoreline. Analysis of bacteriological parameters in these waters uncovered notable contamination by fecal germs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the water samples identified two primary groups, elucidated by two factors that collectively account for 79.37% of the variance. The first factor (50.11%) is linked to gypsum dissolution and marine intrusion, while the second factor (29.26%) is associated with external contributions such as anthropogenic pollution.

Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in and around the Peenya Industrial Area in Bengaluru City

The present study aims to use the Water Quality Index (WQI) modeling method to know about groundwater hydrochemistry and drinking suitability in and around (5 km) the Peenya industrial area/estate in Bengaluru city. For this research study, 116 bore well samples were collected and examined for the pre (dry) and post (wet) monsoon seasons in 2021, following APHA standard procedures. According to the BIS standard, the TH, Ca, Mg, NO3, and TDS exceed the desirable limits in both seasons. The water quality examination data shows that TDS concentration is found to be higher above the desired limit (500 mg/l) during the pre- (63%) and post- (45%) monsoon seasons. Furthermore, 55% (pre-monsoon) and 15% (post-monsoon) of the groundwater samples exceed the BIS’s nitrate allowable limit (45 mg/l). Among the analyzed samples, the calcium content in 19% and 20% of samples exceeded the desirable limit (75 mg/l), and magnesium content in 87% and 83% exceeded the desirable limit (30 mg/l) in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. In 95% of samples, TH content exceeded the desirable limit (200 mg/l) in both pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Piper diagram plots were utilized to determine sources of dissolved constituents, rock-water interaction, and other factors that influenced the region’s groundwater composition. Based on hydro-chemical facies the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water predominates in the study area during pre (dry) and post (wet)-monsoon seasons of the year 2021. The chemistry of groundwater has deteriorated significantly because of several industrial and anthropogenic activities. The WQI spatial distribution map shows that groundwater quality has the greatest impact in the west and a few places in the north and south regions of the research area. This study was conducted in Bangalore’s Peenya industrial area to determine whether groundwater is suitable for drinking, identify the mechanisms governing groundwater’s geochemistry, and evaluate the effects of an industrial area on groundwater quality. The primary focus of this study is the major ion chemistry in this field.

Evaluation of Groundwater Chemistry and Multivariate Statistical Studies in Parts of Tirupur District, India

Groundwater quality at any location depends on the mutual possessions of several progressions beside the subsurface flow path. The natural history and degree of infectivity in a particular region can be ascertained by hydro-chemical statistics. In order to assess the groundwater chemistry and its appropriateness for consumption purposes, sixty-three subsurface water samples were analyzed. Based on the perceptive of the hydro-geological and groundwater environment, the chemical characteristics of the groundwater were evaluated. The favored parameters for the quality assessment were major anions and cations along with pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, fluoride and iron as trace metals. Total dissolved solids distribution, hydro-chemical facies, Piper diagram, factor analysis, correlation studies and cluster analysis were done to monitor the study zone. The total dissolved solids (TDS) were clustered independently. It was concluded from the assessment that the groundwater of the Tirupur region was critically deteriorated by different anthropogenic activities.

Evaluation and Interpretation of Legacy Major-Ion Chemistry for the Niobrara River Watershed, Northwestern and Northcentral Nebraska, USA

Evaluation and Interpretation of Legacy Major-Ion Chemistry for the Niobrara River Watershed, Northwestern and Northcentral Nebraska, USA

Hydrogeochemical and qualitative assessment of groundwater in a southern Mediterranean region: an example of the Aïn Témouchent area (northwestern Algeria)

Abstract The present research aims to assess the hydrogeochemical processes, the suitability of groundwater for human consumption, and the influence degree of seawater intrusion of the coastal aquifers of the Aïn Témouchent region (northwestern Algeria). In this context, 29 groundwater samples were taken during April–May 2018 and analyzed for 11 physicochemical parameters. Piper and Chadha's diagrams allowed the identification of Na–Cl dominant hydrogeochemical facies and Ca (Mg)–Cl type facies, indicating the influence of salt water. Simpson's Index results highlighted that groundwater was slightly contaminated by saltwater. Obtained values of the seawater mixing index (SMI) and Cl−/(HCO3−), Na+/Cl− and Ca2+/Mg2+ ratios indicated the majority of the sampling sites are affected by seawater intrusion. The integration of the water quality index (WQI) spatial variation through the geographic information system (GIS) indicated that in the Southern part of the study region, and 55.2% of water samples are suitable as drinking water. Adversely, for the northern part, where groundwater is influenced by seawater intrusion, water sampling points fall into bad and very bad categories. The results of the study show that hydrogeochemical processes are responsible for the salinity of groundwater in the study area, in addition to marine intrusion.