Oil Pipelines Research Articles

Investigating corrosion failure in N80 carbon Steel: Experimental and theoretical insights into isonicotinohydrazide derivatives as inhibitors in acidic conditions

This research work is a detailed analysis of the failure mechanisms related to the corrosion of N80 carbon steel (N80-CS) in an acidic environment (15 wt% HCl), commonly encountered in oil and gas industry pipelines. The study investigates the corrosion failure, focusing on the interactions with two isonicotinohydrazide derivatives, namely N'-[(Z)-furan-2-ylmethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (FMI) and N'-[(Z)-phenylmethylidene]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide (BIH). A combination of experimental and theoretical methods, including weight loss (WL), electrochemical analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB) semi-empirical calculations, frontier molecular orbital analyses, Fukui function studies, and molecular dynamics simulations, was utilized to identify the corrosion and corrosion inhibition behavior of N80-CS. Experimental findings demonstrated that the inhibition performance of FMI and BIH increased proportionally with the concentration of these inhibitors, demonstrating inhibition efficiencies of 95 %, and 98 %, respectively. This performance was reflected by the enhancement of polarization resistance and a significant reduction in corrosion current density at optimum concentrations. Additionally, they demonstrated exceptional corrosion protection capabilities over prolonged immersion times (up to 5 days) and only a moderate decrease in efficiency with increasing temperature, highlighting their robustness under varying operating conditions. The adsorption behavior of these inhibitors was observed to be in agreement with the Langmuir adsorption model, suggesting physicochemical interactions occurring at the N80-CS surface, specifically covalent bonding. Theoretical studies from DFT, molecular dynamics, and DFTB strengthened experimental results, confirming strong interactions between the inhibitors’ atoms and the surface. Through the integrative experimental and theoretical approach of this study, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and inhibition performance of these studied compounds was achieved. The findings can serve as an invaluable resource towards the development of more efficient corrosion inhibitors, further contributing to the broader field of corrosion and prevention strategies.

Model analysis of flow-induced vibration (LIV) in submarine oil and gas pipeline

Abstract In order to realistically simulate the flow-induced vibration of submarine oil and gas pipelines, this paper assembles a gas-liquid two-phase flow vibration device, develops a detailed and comprehensive experimental procedure, and sets the flow aperture, flow pressure, flow depth, flow direction, and gas-liquid phase apparent flow rate and other variables. According to the different types of pipelines, the multiphase flow-induced vibration of submarine oil and gas pipelines can be categorized into straight pipe vibration and elbow pipe vibration, and combined with the theoretical knowledge of fluid dynamics and the equations of motion to construct a multiphase flow-induced vibration model of submarine oil and gas pipelines and discuss the vibration mechanism of submarine oil and gas pipelines in two-phase liquid flow. Combined with the corresponding experimental parameters, the vibration phenomenon induced by gas-liquid two-phase flow in submarine oil and gas pipelines is experimentally analyzed. It is analyzed that the first-order intrinsic frequency of the submarine oil and gas pipeline is kept at 23.2 Hz when the value of the Reynolds number of the in-pipe flow ranges from 2.53 × 104 to 1.08 × 107. The first-order intrinsic frequency of the submarine oil and gas pipeline monotonically decreases with the increase of the Reynolds number of the in-pipe flow. In addition, when Ul=0.4m/s, the average standard deviation of the data is only 1.114m/s² with the rise of Ug, indicating that the vibration intensity of the fluid on the subsea oil and gas pipeline increases gradually with the increase of the apparent flow velocity of the liquid phase. By analyzing the multiphase flow problem of oil and gas pipelines, this study is of great significance in improving the efficiency of oil and gas transportation.

Positive aspect in the presence of asphalt-smo-loparaffin deposits during oil products transfer through the pipeline network

Until now, the phenomenon of paraffin contamination of oil pipelines is considered an obstacle to the efficient transport of petroleum raw materials, leading to a decrease in the reliability of their operation. The positive effect of asphalt, resin and paraffin deposits during the movement of petroleum raw materials in the oil pipeline system can be assessed by taking into account a number of phenomena. So, first of all, asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits have a relatively low coefficient of thermal conductivity and smooth out irregularities from internal corrosion of the walls of oil pipelines, acting as its corrosion. These deposits, when polished during operation of the oil pipeline system, reduce the surface roughness of the walls, which causes a drop in hydraulic resistance and for this reason leads to an increase in the permeability of oil pipelines and, as a consequence, to a reduction in energy costs. The article provides an assessment of the advantages of having a controlled layer of designated sediments when transporting petroleum raw materials through the main oil pipeline network. One of these advantages is the formation of a controlled layer of deposits, as a corrosion inhibitor, on the surface of oil pipelines in contact with oil raw materials, as well as as their thermal insulation with a roughness-reducing effect.

Establishment of General Oil Pipeline Scheduling Model and Research on Interface Tracking Calculation Method

In order to understand the establishment of oil pipeline scheduling model and interface tracking calculation method, a research on the establishment of a universal product oil pipeline scheduling model and interface tracking calculation method has been proposed. Establish an automatic formulation and optimization model for the scheduling plan of finished oil pipelines with the objective of minimizing the consumption cost of the entire pump unit. The model mainly adopts a centralized distribution method, considering the hydraulic constraints of the pipeline, and adopts a genetic algorithm to optimize and solve the model. This article provides a detailed introduction to the encoding method of genetic algorithm for optimizing the scheduling plan of finished oil pipelines, the selection of main operators in the algorithm, the establishment of fitness functions, and the introduction of penalty functions. Based on the established mathematical model, an automatic programming and optimization program for product oil pipeline scheduling plan was developed using C language in Windows 7 environment. Secondly, through practical applications, the actual pipeline operation data is basically consistent with the software calculation results, with an error of no more than 5%; As the running time changes, the pump cost fluctuates greatly; Using a larger throughput can reduce the amount of mixed oil; Therefore, this mathematical model can better meet the actual needs of pipeline operation, facilitate the rapid identification of the most sensitive parameter indicators, and adjust the scheduling plan in a timely manner, reduce operational economic losses, and improve the efficiency of product oil pipeline scheduling and operation.

Опыт применения ГИС для анализа конфликтного потенциала территории: на примере вооруженного конфликта в Южном Судане после провозглашения им независимости (2011–2022 гг.)

The purpose of the study is to highlight the key factors that explain the nature and causes of permanent interreligious and interethnic conflicts in South Sudan in 2011–2022 and using them to classify the territories of South Sudan according to conflict potential. The article describes the experience of using geographic information systems to analyze key factors (ethnic composition of the population, number of refugees, food security index and oil infrastructure) that make up the territory’s conflict potential (in connection with the armed conflict in South Sudan after its declaration of independence). A comprehensive study of historical, demographic, ethnic, religious, economic and social factors that became the causes of the conflict, allows understanding the dynamics of economic processes in Sudan, and applying the experience gained when taking into account other conflicts in the region, including new possible options in Sudan and South Sudan. The author identifies the most conflict-prone areas of South Sudan — Manyo, Maiwut, Melut and Bayley in the Upper Nile states, in which there are interethnic conflicts between the Nuer and Shilluk tribes, low levels of food security, as well as developing oil reserves and oil pipelines. The results of the study can be used in the process of rapid response and proactive actions aimed at preventing crisis situations in those regions of South Sudan where the risk of emerging more complex problems is high.

Versatile ionic liquid gels formed by dynamic covalent bonding and microphase separated structures.

It is challenging for ionic liquid gels to achieve the combination of rapid self-healing with high toughness. Here, ionic liquid gels (DI-PR) were prepared from readily available materials. A dynamic covalently bonded oxime-carbamate was prepared from polycaprolactone diol, isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylethyleneglyoxime, followed by addition of the "rigid-flexible" cross-linking agent rutin to chemically cross-link the polymer chains and afford the ionic liquid gels, DI-PR. The tensile strength, elongation at break and toughness of the DI-PR gels were as high as 16.5 MPa, 1132.6%, and 52.6 MJ m-3, respectively. The toughness is similar to that of natural silkworm silk (70 MJ m-3) and wool (60 MJ m-3). After stretching, the DI-PR can rebound within 1 s, their room temperature self-healing rate is as high as 92%, they remain functional over the temperature range -50 °C to 140 °C and the interface with a steel plate has an adhesion toughness of >2000 J m-2. These properties mean that the DI-PR gels are particularly suitable for use as anticorrosion coatings for submarine and underground gas and oil pipelines. The use of rutin, which combines rigid quercetin-based structural units with flexible glycoside-based structural units, as a cross-linking agent, provides a new method for improving the toughness of soft materials through its synergistic interaction with hard and soft chain fragments of polyurethanes.

Hybrid data-mechanism-driven model of the unsteady soil temperature field for long-buried crude oil pipelines with non-isothermal batch transportation

The thermal simulation of oil pipeline transportation is crucial for ensuring safe transportation of pipelines and optimizing energy consumption. The prediction of the soil temperature field is the key to the thermal calculation for the non-isothermal batch transportation of the buried pipeline, while the standard numerical simulation of the soil temperature field is time-consuming. Coupling with a data-driven Bayesian neural network and mechanism-informed partial differential equation, an efficient and robust prediction model of soil temperature field is proposed to dynamically adapt the spatio-temporal changes of boundary conditions. Based on the soil temperature field predicted by the proposed model, the oil temperature at the outlet of the pipeline is further obtained, which is compared with that from the field data and the standard numerical simulation. It is found that the former is in good agreement with the latter two, verifying the proposed model. However, the calculation of the proposed model only takes 10.59 s, which is 29.53 times faster than the standard numerical simulation. Moreover, the predicted error of the proposed model only changes by 0.12 % (from 3.05 % to 3.17 %) when the training data decreases from 100 % to 2.2 %, which is lower than that of two data-driven surrogate models.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЕКОНОМІКИ: МОЖЛИВОСТІ ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЇ ЗАРУБІЖНОГО ДОСВІДУ

The author’s definition of energy efficiency of the economy has been proposed in the article. The main indicators of energy efficiency, which determine the rating of Ukraine among other countries of the world, have been analyzed. It is emphasized that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine and the full-scale war significantly affected the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy due to the destruction of many energy infrastructure facilities. Attention is focused on the need to organize a systematic and standardized increase in the efficiency of the use of energy resources in domestic production systems. Based on the use of statistical information of the World Economic Forum, the indicators of energy saving efficiency of the countries of the world and their rating have been given. The foreign experience of using modern smart technologies and the main tools for ensuring energy efficiency of the economy have been studied. The authors stress that energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of energy consumption. The growing world population and rapid economic growth lead to increased energy consumption. However, many countries face challenges related to limited resources and growing energy dependence. Energy efficiency can help reduce dependence on energy imports and provide a more sustainable and efficient economy. The expediency of implementing modern technologies and tools of ensuring energy efficiency as a factor in the future revival and development of the economy of Ukraine has been proven. It has been substantiated that in modern conditions, Ukraine needs to change the policy of energy consumption and energy supply as soon as possible, maximizing the consumption of fuel and energy resources, which the country is rich in (coal, nuclear fuel, renewable sources), and accordingly reducing the consumption and import of natural gas - the most expensive and scarce resource. It is noted that in order to ensure the energy efficiency of residential construction, it is necessary to lay down energy-saving technologies and new energy-saving methods at the design stage. The introduction of martial law and full-scale war significantly affected the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy due to the destruction of many energy infrastructure facilities. A decrease in energy efficiency can have serious consequences for the country’s economy, in particular, an increase in the cost of energy resources, a decrease in the competitiveness of enterprises, and a threat to the stability of electricity supply to the population and industry. The destruction of energy infrastructure facilities, such as power plants, transformer substations, gas pipelines and oil pipelines, can lead to a decrease in energy production capacity and a deterioration in the quality of supply. This can cause problems with electricity supply, heating, education, maintenance of industrial enterprises and infrastructure. In connection with the explosion by the russian occupiers of the Kakhovskaya HPP, the Ministry of Energy initiates the decision to increase electricity imports from the EU to 2 GW. On the other hand, military actions on the territory of Ukraine may lead to a decrease in investments in the field of energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources, priority is given to military needs and the restoration of damaged infrastructure.

An End-to-End Platform for Managing Third-Party Risks in Oil Pipelines

An End-to-End Platform for Managing Third-Party Risks in Oil Pipelines

Mixed oil control and solution of mountain product oil pipeline

At present, the mixing oil will be produced in the sequential transportation of various refined oil inescapable. The mixing oil is not qualified product which is needed to be dealt with. The Volume of mixing oil is less the better. How to reduce the volume of mixing oil in the transportation of product oil is the key to reduce the cost and improve pipeline efficiency. This paper discusses the cause and mechanism of mixed oil in refined products and the characteristics of mixed oil in mountain pipelines. Then, it is providing a calculation method of mixed oil quantity, and a detecting method of mixed oil section, and a treatment method after receiving mixed oil.

Performance of low-cost fiber optic cables as leak detection sensors for water pipelines in unsaturated soil

Large volumes of potable water are lost from leaks in water distribution systems around the world. Such leaks may go undetected for a long time. A passive means of leak detection can be implemented by burying a suitable fiber optic cable in the pipe trench with water distribution pipes when they are installed. Water leaking from pipes into the ground results in a temperature change at the leak location. Leaks into unsaturated soil also cause changes in the bulk density and strength of the soil, resulting in significant soil deformation. Brillouin Frequency Shift (BFS) in optical fibers is sensitive to changes in both temperature and mechanical strain, allowing fiber optic cables to act as efficient leak detection sensors. Purpose-made fiber optic cables may be expensive, but telecommunication grade cables generally have a low cost and are readily available around the world. This paper investigates the performance of five different fiber optic cables, including communication grade fiber optic cables, to act as leak detection sensors in unsaturated ground. It was found that the most efficient leak detection sensors are flexible tight-buffered fiber optic cables.

ГЕОДИНАМІЧНИЙ СТАН ЗАКАРПАТСЬКОГО ВНУТРІШНЬОГО ПРОГИНУ ЗА РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМИ ДЕФОРМОМЕТРИЧНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ У РЕГІОНІ

Background. The relevance of the research is determined by the gradual increase in local seismicity in the region, which occupies a peculiar geographical location, through which oil, gas and product pipelines pass, and in which critical infrastructure facilities are located that may be affected by the underground natural disaster. It is important to have information on the movements of the upper layers of the Earth's crust, their kinematics and dynamics, which significantly affect the stress-strain state of rocks and the release of energy from geomechanic processes. It is also necessary to investigate the influence of the region's geodynamics on the discharge of the stress-strain state of rocks. Methods. The research methodology is to construct time-dependent crustal displacements and compare velocities and accelerations of crustal movements in the intervals of anomalous modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust. The velocities and accelerations of crustal movements are calculated, the kinematics of movements and seismicity of the region are compared. Correlation analysis of the observed series is applied. To solve the tasks, we used the results of observations of horizontal crustal movements in the Oașh deep-seated fault area using a quartz strain gauge with a base of 24.5 m mounted in the adit of the Korolevo urban-type settlement. The seismic data were obtained using digital seismometers operating at the monitoring geophysical station of the Seismicity Department of the Carpathian region of S.I. Subbotin Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Results. The article discusses the geodynamics of the Transcarpathian Inner Trough based on observations of modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust in the Oașh deep-seated fault area, which in 2021 were represented by rock extensions of +12.61x10-7. The physical parameters of geomotion in the region were calculated, the spatiotemporal distribution of local seismicity was established, and the relationship between seismic and geodynamic states in Transcarpathia in 2021 was studied. The variations of displacements of the upper layers of the Earth's crust over the entire period of deformation monitoring observations in Korolevo urban-type settlement (1999–2021) and the temporal distribution of local underground shocks were studied. Conclusions. The analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of local seismicity and modern lateral movements of the Earth's crust over the entire period of deformation monitoring observations in the Oașh deep-seated fault area has indicated an increase in the seismicity of the region in the intervals of intense crustal movements and the presence of periods of crustal movement fluctuations for 12 years: familiar variable processes (expansion and contraction of rocks, the total magnitude of displacement fluctuations in the region of zero movements) were detected for 2–3 years. The most relevant and important are the periods of 9–10 years following these calm intervals, since during this time earthquakes are recorded and their frequency is also found to be increasing. The intensification of seismicity in the region is observed against the background of general rock extension, which occurs due to the steady age-related crustal movements. At the present stage, the current crustal movements are in a state of rock expansion, and if this trend does not change, an increase in seismicity in the region should be expected.

A Two-Dimensional Risk Assessment Method for Oil and Gas Pipelines Based on “Accident Probability–Reputation Loss”

A Two-Dimensional Risk Assessment Method for Oil and Gas Pipelines Based on “Accident Probability–Reputation Loss”

Vibration Characteristics of Liquid-Filled Pipes Under Different Levels of Submergence

Based on the acousto-solid coupling theory, the vibroacoustic radiation characteristics of the liquid-filled pipeline are studied under different submergence depths, and the changes of sound pressure level of pipeline are analyzed under different submergence depths of the flow transfer pipeline. The vibration characteristics of liquid-filled pipes with different submergence degrees were numerically analyzed from the pressure-acoustic domain and the solid mechanics domain, and the two-way coupled data exchange was realized by using acoustic-structural boundary multi-physical field function. The sound pressure level variation curves of the liquid-filled pipes were calculated for different submergence depths under the simultaneous action of internal and external flow fields, respectively. The results show that when the pipe is submerged in the lower and middle positions of the center of the circle, the sound pressure fluctuations of the pipe radiating outward are more consistent, and when submerged in the upper half, the sound pressure concentration phenomenon occurs in the lower and middle regions outside the pipe. When the free boundary outside the pipe is subjected to the boundary load, the pipe submerged in the lower position of the center of the circle is most obviously affected by the load. The tube submerged in the upper and lower positions of the center of the tube will produce two-way, increasing the form of sound pressure propagation in the tube towards the upper and lower sides, these findings can provide a certain reference for the study of pipe vibroacoustics. Therefore, research on the acoustic radiation properties of liquid-filled pipelines under various submergence depths is of great theoretical significance and engineering application value. This information can be applied widely in the fields of anti-fatigue design, fatigue damage analysis, and safety assessment of oil and gas pipeline structures, providing strong scientific support to ensure their safe and reliable service.

基于Keras框架的油气管道缺陷分类应用研究

基于Keras框架的油气管道缺陷分类应用研究

A new method for predicting the failure pressure of locally corroded oil and gas pipelines

A new method for predicting the failure pressure of locally corroded oil and gas pipelines

Underwater image denoising based on curved wave filtering and two-dimensional variational mode decomposition

Underwater image denoising technology is of great significance in underwater operation. Underwater operations (such as offshore oil drilling, undersea tunnels, pipeline construction, underwater archaeology, biological research, and lifesaving) require stable and clear underwater images to aid analysis. Due to the scattering and absorption of light by water bodies, obtaining high-quality underwater images is a challenging task. Underwater images are prone to low contrast, low resolution and edge distortion. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately separate the effective signal when removing the underwater image noise, which leads to the image contrast reduction. Also the edge contour is not clear, and the detail loss is serious. Therefore, we propose a novel underwater image denoising method based on curved wave filter and two-dimensional variational mode decomposition. Firstly, the noisy image is decomposed by two-dimensional variational mode decomposition, and a series of modal components with different center frequencies are obtained. The effective modal components are selected by correlation coefficient and structural similarity. And the effective modal components are processed by the curve-wave filter. Finally, the filtered modal components are reconstructed to remove the noise in the image. The experimental results show that, compared with other state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method has clearer denoising results, less mean square error, and better denoising effect.

Methane gas spectral imaging method based on dual wedge scanning mirrors

With the increase in the number of oil and gas pipelines laid in China, more attention needs to be paid to pipeline maintenance work. At present, the main methods of detecting natural gas leaks in oil and gas transmission stations include manual inspections, opposing natural gas detection equipment, and cloud desktop natural gas detection equipment. Hand held natural gas detection equipment is used for manual inspection, which requires regular manual inspection. However, the response speed is poor and gas leaks cannot be detected in a timely manner. The opposed laser gas detection method can only detect the presence of gas on the beam path. If a larger area of leakage detection is desired, more equipment needs to be installed, resulting in a greatly increase in hardware costs. The existing cloud desktop laser gas detection method controls the deflection of the laser beam through the cloud platform to achieve leak detection at various points in the area to be tested. However, the rotation speed of the cloud platform is slow, and a complete detection cycle takes dozens of minutes, and only the presence of gas can be detected. For accurate leak location, manual on-site survey is also required to further determine the leak location. In order to meet the needs of the real-time monitoring and rapid positioning of oil and gas pipeline leaks, in this work, a fast and accurately controlled dual wedge scanning mirror system is designed, which combines tunable semiconductor laser absorption spectroscopy technology to convert the gas measurement laser beam from point measurement to surface measurement, thereby obtaining the two-dimensional distribution of gas, which is conducive to subsequent analysis and positioning of gas leakage sources. By using the inverse solution iterative optimization algorithm, the angle of the wedge mirror is controlled to obtain an efficient and uniform beam scanning trajectory. The deflection direction and detection position of the laser beam are fused with the corresponding methane concentration information, and a methane concentration data containing position information is constructed. In order to quantitatively verify the measurement accuracy and spatial resolution in the experiment, a standard air bag is used to simulate the methane leakage distribution. The results show that the minimum detection limit of the system can be lower than 5×10<sup>–4</sup> m, and the spatial resolution can be less than 6 cm. At the same time, this method can adjust the scanning step node based on the measurement distance of the oil from gas station, thereby achieving adjustable imaging resolution. This imaging method provides a new idea for accurately positioning and detecting the methane leakage location and amount.

Improving Supply Chain Strategies towards Mitigating the Effect of Crude Oil Theft and Pipeline Vandalism in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

Improving Supply Chain Strategies towards Mitigating the Effect of Crude Oil Theft and Pipeline Vandalism in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

The Immune Depth Presentation Convolutional Neural Network Used for Oil and Gas Pipeline Fault Diagnosis

The Immune Depth Presentation Convolutional Neural Network Used for Oil and Gas Pipeline Fault Diagnosis