Pinus Sp Research Articles

Mid‐Holocene vegetation dynamics in the Tejo River estuary based on palaeobotanical records from Ponta da Passadeira (Barreiro–Setúbal, Portugal)

This paper presents the results of pollen and charcoal analyses carried out in the sedimentary formation of Ponta da Passadeira, south of the Tejo River estuary, Portugal. The data provide information regarding the evolution of the coastline and ecosystem of the estuary during the mid and late Holocene. The study focuses on a group of upright woody fossilized tree remains that, together with those identified earlier by García‐Amorena et al. (2007), form part of the fossil forest of Ponta da Passadeira. Eight remains were identified as Pinus pinaster, four as Pinus pinea and one as Pinus sp. Two specimens of these species were dated to 6523 and 5805 cal. a BP. Pollen analysis was undertaken in a clay layer located at the same point as the fossil forest, which is currently below sea level; the base of the clay layer was dated to 4906 cal. a BP. The pollen spectra reflect the dynamics of the vegetation that grew on this deposit, whereas the sporopollinic input masks the contribution of the regional vegetation. Wood charcoal remains recovered at an adjacent Final Neolithic settlement were also analysed, and a Pinus sp. specimen was radiocarbon dated to 5050 cal. a BP. The correlation amongst the three records provides key ecological markers for the understanding of the evolution of coastline ecosystems, and helps to clarify and understand the Holocene sea rise on the Atlantic seaboard of Iberia. The geographical location of Ponta da Passadeira is strategic because it enables a more clear definition of the configuration of landscapes that show an inflection point in this area of central Portugal.

Resistencia a corte paralela a la tensión de la fibra de la madera, por medio de la prueba de punzonamiento propuesta

This research aims to propose a method for testing the shear strength of wood parallel to fiber and compare with other proposed methods. The method proposed by NBR 7190/1997 Brazilian Standard, that is similar to ASTM D 143-09/2010, the uses a rectangular prismatic specimen with an indentation to prevent its rotation, which it is caused by the asymmetry in the application of force that promotes the shear. In order to eliminate this asymmetry, the proposed procedure applies shear stress by punching a simple prismatic test specimen without cuts, with the distribution of shear section symmetrically in relation to a point. There upon, it's developed a male and female tool adapted to a universal test press for force application. Once the consistency of the method is verified, it's been carried out a series of tests with three different wood species (Pinus sp, Erisma uncinatum and Mezilaurus itauba), distinguished by their mechanical strength, inspecting the method by Santos Neto (1999) under the NBR 7190/1997 Brazilian Standard, and comparing it with the proposed method - punching. The outcomes showed that the testing with NBR 7190/1997 Brazilian Standard methods and the proposed method displayed similar and close results between them. Rev. ing. constr. [online]. 2014, vol.29, n.1, pp. 46-60. ISSN 0718-5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732014000100003

Quality Control in Plywood Manufacturing: Physical Properties of Commercial Plywood of Pinus sp

Wood of genus <i>Pinus </i>have been widely used by plywood Brazilian industry, motivated by their good physical and mechanical properties as well as reforestation policies. For plywood companies, quality control for its commercialization presents itself as essential. In this sense, this paper aims to evaluate, by means of physical properties, homogeneity of plywood manufacturing process using <i>Pinus</i> sp. So, we selected four panels, and extracted samples to obtain their physical properties. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate manufacture homogeneity of the panels. ANOVA results, for all physical properties investigated, had presented statistical equivalence, showing consistency of product manufacture, independent of the supplier company.

Quality Assessment in Industrial Production of Plywood by Stiffness and Strength Properties in Bending

This research aimed to investigate, by means of the strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE) properties in bending, the homogeneity in the manufacture of ply wood (Pinus sp wood and phenolic resin) produced by an industry located in the state of Parana (PR - Brazil). The factors and levels investigated in this study were the choice of panels (A, B, C and D), the extraction position of the specimens (Center; Side) and fiber orientation (Parallel, Perpendicular), providing a fu ll factorial design of 4 1 2 2 type, with 16 different treatments. On the panel, were extracted 20 specimens (500×75×18mm) for bending tests. ANOVA results showed that the choice of panel and fiber orientation was significant in the properties of strength and stiffness in bending, this is not occurring with the ext raction position of the specimens. The MOR and MOE of the specimens obtained in the parallel d irection were 87% and 141% h igher than the MOR and M OE of the specimens evaluated in the perpendicular direction, respectively, and with respect to non-equivalence found between the mechanical properties by the choice of the panel, for results with greater reliability it is necessary the development of new research with a significantly higher number o f ply wood.

Identification and bioactive potential of endophytic fungi isolated from selected plants of the Western Himalayas

This study was conducted to characterize and explore the endophytic fungi of selected plants from the Western Himalayas for their bioactive potential. A total of 72 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated and characterized morphologically as well as on the basis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal gene sequence acquisition and analyses. The fungi represented 27 genera of which two belonged to Basidiomycota, each representing a single isolate, while the rest of the isolates comprised of Ascomycetous fungi. Among the isolated strains, ten isolates could not be assigned to a genus as they displayed a maximum sequence similarity of 95% or less with taxonomically characterized organisms. Among the host plants, the conifers, Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburgii and Abies pindrow harbored the most diverse fungi, belonging to 13 different genera, which represented almost half of the total genera isolated. Several extracts prepared from the fermented broth of these fungi demonstrated strong bioactivity against E. coli and S. aureus with the lowest IC50 of 18 μg/ml obtained with the extract of Trichophaea abundans inhabiting Pinus sp. In comparison, extracts from only three endophytes were significantly inhibitory to Candida albicans, an important fungal pathogen. Further, 24 endophytes inhibited three or more phytopathogens by at least 50% in co-culture, among a panel of seven test organisms. Extracts from 17 fungi possessed immuno-modulatory activities with five of them showing significant immune suppression as demonstrated by the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. This study is an important step towards tapping the endophytic fungal diversity from the Western Himalayas and assessing their bioactive potential. Further studies on the selected endophytes may lead to the isolation of novel natural products for use in medicine, industry and agriculture.

Reactive Blue 5G Adsorption onto Activated Carbon: Kinetics and Equilibrium

Adsorption studies are essential before implementation in an industrial plant. We studied the Reactive Blue 5G removal by activated carbon from Pinus sp. Physical and chemical characteristics of the adsorbent were evaluated with N2 adsorption/desorption experiments at 77 K, and equilibrium and kinetics studies were performed in a batch reactor at several temperatures and pH values. Our results showed that the activated carbon had a high surface area, effective diffusion coefficients were of the order of 10–12 cm2·s–1, and mass transfer coefficients were present in both fluid and solid phases. Equilibrium and kinetics experiments confirmed that pH and temperature play an important role: the dye uptake became higher as the temperature and pH decreased, and the optimum removal was at 303 K and pH 2. Finally, thermodynamics analysis suggested that the process is exothermic and chemical in nature. In summary, we showed that activated carbon can be more effective than other adsorbents already used to remove the Reactive Blue 5G from wastewater.

Characterization of Bacteria Associated with Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease integrating three major agents: the pathogenic agent, the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector Monochamus spp.; and the host pine tree, Pinus sp. Since the early 80's, the notion that another pathogenic agent, namely bacteria, may play a role in PWD has been gaining traction, however the role of bacteria in PWD is still unknown. The present work supports the possibility that some B. xylophilus-associated bacteria may play a significant role in the development of this disease. This is inferred as a consequence of: (i) the phenotypic characterization of a collection of 35 isolates of B. xylophilus-associated bacteria, in different tests broadly used to test plant pathogenic and plant growth promoting bacteria, and (ii) greenhouse experiments that infer the pathogenicity of these bacteria in maritime pine, Pinus pinaster. The results illustrate the presence of a heterogeneous microbial community associated with B. xylophilus and the traits exhibited by at least, some of these bacteria, appear to be related to PWD symptoms. The inoculation of four specific B. xylophilus-associated bacteria isolates in P. pinaster seedlings resulted in the development of some PWD symptoms suggesting that these bacteria likely play an active role with B. xylophilus in PWD.

Occupational asthma caused by IgE-mediated sensitization to multiple woods

Wood is a natural material that is able to trigger rhinitis and asthma in exposed subjects in occupational settings. This has been described with both soft and hard woods.1,2 Involvement of both low- and high-molecular-weight allergens has been reported, and the relevance of these is related with the wood type.1 There are cases where protein may be the responsible allergen. Crossreactivity between obeche and ramin woods3 and between obeche and latex4 has been shown. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a multiple IgE-mediated sensitization to different woods that caused occupational respiratory symptoms in the same worker.

Using geoestatistics for assessing biodiversity of forest reserve areas

Protecting natural mosaics as forest reserves poses a challenge, because if they hold significant high levels of biodiversity, they may function as key seed sources for regenerating ecosystems and adjacent reforested areas. Currently, there is lack of information about the spatial organization of native species in core forest fragments remaining between reforested fields. Biodiversity as measured by species and number of individuals was assessed in two forest reserve zones located within reforestations of Eucalyptus sp and Pinus sp in Agudos, São Paulo, Brazil. The main objective was to compare the state of biodiversity within two natural areas with contrasting disturbance levels; a second objective was to investigate recognisable patterns of species and individuals spatial distribution. A grid-like set of plots was set up for data collection over each of the two study areas. Natural species were aggregated onto two groups using height classes, inferior level (&lt; 0.5 m) and superior level (&gt; 1.3 m) layers. Within each natural area the number of species and individuals of the height class &gt; 1.3 m was counted on 50 square plots of 100 m² (10 x 10 m) whereas those of the height class &lt; 0.5 m were counted on 250 subplots of 1 m² (1 x 1 m). Data analysis involved both statistical and geostatistical methods. Experimental semivariograms of number of species and individuals were modelled by a nugget component plus a spherical structure with autocorrelation ranging from approximately 20 to 60 m. Cross-semivariograms could also be computed and modelled in some cases. Nugget effects of both species and individual's count for inferior level were shown to be larger for small sized plots, whereas the spatially structured component increased as the plot size increased. Individual's count showed a higher continuity at close distances than species number in the superior level (&gt; 1.3 m), and the reverse was true for the inferior level (&lt; 0.5 m). Usefulness of kriging maps for comparing patterns of spatial variation between the two studied natural mosaics has been illustrated.

EFEITO DAS DIFERENTES MADEIRAS NO ISOLAMENTO ACÚSTICO

O isolamento acústico depende das propriedades do material, principalmente dimensões, formas umidade e densidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o isolamento sonoro proporcionado por madeiras de diferentes densidades e verificar o comportamento do isolamento por meio da análise espectral. Foram selecionadas madeiras do gênero Eucalyptus, Dipteryx (cumaru) e Pinus, em cinco grupos de distintas densidades. Foram montadas barreiras acústicas, em forma de cubos ocos com arestas internas de 60 cm. A avaliação consistiu em emitir uma onda gerada por um computador por meio de um alto-falante localizado dentro da barreira acústica e captá-la por um microfone localizado a um metro de distância. O nível de pressão sonora foi medido com um decibelímetro. A maior atenuação acústica (25,7 dB(A)) foi apresentada pela madeira de Eucalyptus grandis (0,880 g/cm³), e o pior desempenho foi apresentado pelo Pinus sp, com 15 dB(A). Essas madeiras apresentaram maior e menor densidade, respectivamente.

Caracterização de compósitos produzidos com polietileno de alta densidade (HDPE) e serragem da indústria moveleira

Neste trabalho, realizou-se a caracterização de compósitos confeccionados com polietileno de alta densidade "virgem" (v-HDPE) e diferentes tipos de serragem gerados na indústria moveleira. Os compósitos foram produzidos por extrusão, utilizando-se uma extrusora monorrosca de 35 mm e temperaturas de 160 ºC, 170 ºC e 180 ºC nas zonas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Foram utilizados resíduos de madeira de pinus (Pinus taeda), de aglomerado, de chapa de fibra de média densidade (MDF) e madeira de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis), que foram incorporados ao HDPE "virgem", juntamente com um agente de acoplamento à base de anidrido maléico. Para caracterização física dos compósitos, foram realizadas análises por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). Foram também analisadas as propriedades mecânicas de resistência à tração, flexão estática e resistência ao impacto, conforme as normas ASTM D638, D790 e D256. Verificou-se que todos os tipos de serragem agiram como agentes nucleantes, pois os compósitos apresentaram índices de cristalinidade maiores que o v-HDPE puro, e houve influência do tipo de serragem usada na dispersão das fibras na matriz polimérica. Os ensaios mecânicos indicaram diferenças nas propriedades dos compósitos confeccionados com diferentes tipos de serragem. De maneira geral, a inclusão de serragem de aglomerado e de eucalipto proporcionaram compósitos com maior resistência à flexão e ao impacto que aqueles fabricados com MDF e pinus.

Transcriptional analysis of Pinus sylvestris roots challenged with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor.

BackgroundSymbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations of fungi with forest trees play important and economically significant roles in the nutrition, growth and health of boreal forest trees, as well as in nutrient cycling. The ecology and physiology of ectomycorrhizal associations with Pinus sp are very well documented but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind these mutualistic interactions with gymnosperms as compared to angiosperms.ResultsUsing a micro-array approach, the relative abundance of 2109 EST transcripts during interaction of Pinus sylvestris roots with the ectomycorrhizal fungus was profiled. The results reveal significant differential expression of a total of 236 ESTs, 96 transcripts differentially abundant after 1 day of physical contact with the fungus, 134 transcripts after 5 days and only 6 after 15 days at early stages of mantle formation on emerging lateral roots. A subset of cell wall modification and stress related genes was further assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR at late stages of mycorrhizal development coinciding with Hartig net formation. The results reveal down regulation of gene transcripts involved in general defence mechanism (e.g. antimicrobial peptide) as well as those involved in cell wall modification (e.g. glycine rich protein, xyloglucan endo transglycosylase).ConclusionThis study constitutes the first attempt to characterize the transcriptome of the plant partner in the Pinus sylvestris – Laccaria bicolor model system. We identified 236 ESTs which are potentially important for molecular regulation of a functional symbiotic association in conifer host. The results highlight similarities with other studies based on angiosperm model systems, nevertheless some differences were found in the timing and spatial scale of gene regulation during ectomycorrhiza development in gymnosperms. The present study has identified a number of potentially important molecular events responsible for the initiation and regulation of biochemical, physiological and morphological changes during development of a fully functional symbiosis that are relevant for gymnosperm hosts.

PÓ DE BASALTO E ESTERCO EQÜINO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Prunus sellowii KOEHNE (ROSACEAE)

O atual sistema de produção de mudas em tubetes implica a necessidade de adubações freqüentes, em razão da menor quantidade de substrato utilizado. Buscando alternativas ao processo de adubação convencional, tendo em vista potenciais riscos ao meio ambiente, foram estudados o pó de basalto e o esterco eqüino como fontes de nutrientes. Dessa maneira, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento de mudas de Prunus sellowii Koehne (pessegueiro-bravo) submetidas às seguintes adubações: sem adubação, adubação convencional, pó de basalto e esterco eqüino. Essas adubações foram misturadas em substrato comercial à base de casca de Pinus sp e vermiculita. O experimento foi instalado em junho de 2004 no viveiro da Embrapa Florestas, Colombo (PR). Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e nove plantas por parcela, com análise das seguintes características: altura, diâmetro de colo, biomassa seca (aérea e radicial) e concentração de nutrientes foliares. Os resultados indicaram que: a) não foi constatada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos aplicados e a testemunha; b) mudas produzidas no substrato com pó de basalto acumularam mais Ca, Mg, B, Cu e Fe nas folhas.

Propriedades de chapas tipo OSB, fabricadas com partículas acetiladas de madeiras de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus cloeziana e Pinus elliottii

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades de chapas de 0riented Strand Board (OSB), fabricadas com flocos de madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus cloeziana e oriundas dos Municípios de Ponte Alta e Três Marias, no Estado de Minas Gerais. As massas específicas básicas das três espécies de eucaliptos das duas regiões foram, respectivamente: Ponte Alta (0,55; 0,61; e 0,70 g/cm³) e Três Márias (0,56; 0,58; e 0,69 g/cm³). Quando necessário, para manter as massas específicas das chapas próximas de 0,70 g/cm³ foram acrescentadas às partículas de madeira de eucalipto partículas de madeira de Pinus elliottii, oriundo da cidade de Viçosa, com massa específica de 0,45 g/cm³. Os flocos foram gerados nas dimensões médias de 90,00 x 20,00 x 0,46 mm. O adesivo utilizado foi o fenol-formaldeído, na proporção de 8% de sólidos, em relação à massa seca de partículas. Parte dos flocos de eucaliptos foram acetilados. As chapas foram prensadas à temperatura de 170 °C e 32 kgf/cm² de pressão. As propriedades das chapas foram determinadas segundo as normas da ABNT NBR 14810-3 (2002) e ASTM-D 1037 (1991). Os resultados foram comparados utilizando-se as normas ANSI/A - 208.1 (1993) e CSA 0437-93 (1993). As chapas contendo partículas acetiladas foram mais estáveis e adsorveram menos umidade. Na tração perpendicular, observou-se que as chapas contendo 100% de flocos acetilados apresentaram resultados inferiores ao estipulado pela norma CSA O437-0/93 (1993). A resistência ao arrancamento de parafuso, módulo de ruptura (paralelo e perpendicular) e compressão longitudinal (perpendicular), foi reduzida pela acetilação nas chapas contendo 100% dos flocos acetilados. As espécies que apresentaram, numericamente, as maiores médias para resistência mecânica foram: Eucalyptus grandis não acetilado (dureza Janka) e Eucalyptus cloeziana misturado com Pinus sp (módulo de ruptura). Somente a resistência à compressão longitudinal foi afetada pela região de origem da madeira. Os painéis fabricados com madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla, oriunda do Município de Três Marias, tiveram médias inferiores aos das chapas feitas com a mesma espécie, porém oriundas do Município do Rio Doce.

Atividade florestal nos municípios de Telêmaco Borba, Ortigueira, Reserva, Imbaú e Tibagi: caracterização e perspectivas do setor

The forest activity was analyzed in the counties of Telêmaco Borba, Ortigueira, Reserva, Imbaú and Tibagi, state of Paraná. The selection was based in the plantation of the species of Eucalyptus sp and Pinus sp which constitute an important forest base. 131 silviculturists were interviewed to identify and describe the forest activity. The production system and its technical, economic and social dimensions were analyzed. Results showed that the forest covering occupies an expressive portion of the area, and the production presents a current tendency towards the purpose of the multiple use of the wood and the inclusion of the familiar agriculture in the productive process of wood. It was also observed the silviculturists’ use of technology, with an awareness of establishing an adequate forest management for the sake of production quality and the consumer’s interest. Moreover, an increasing insertion of the production in the regional market was noticed, particularly through a positive evolution of prices and the market acceptance.

Structural cell wall proteins from five pollen species and their relationship with boron

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for the survival of vascular plants. The most severe effect derived from a deficiency of B is the alteration of cell wall biogenesis and pollen germination. We investigated pollen of plant species that require B for germination (Zea may L. and Nicotiana tabacum L.), as well as those that can germinate without B (Pinus sp, Lilum longiflorum, Impatiens sp.). In both groups, B addition in the growth medium increased the length of the pollen tube after germination. Hydroxyproline Rich Glycoproteins (HRGPs) are the most abundant cell wall structural proteins of dicotyledonous plants and the sexual tissues of monocotyledonous plants. Here, we show that maize pollen accumulated a significant pool of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 63% of this amino acid was localized in the pollen tube wall. Maize pollen germinated in the presence of B accumulated soluble (48%) and non-soluble (16%) Hyp in the pollen tube wall in contrast to maize pollen germinated without B. In addition, B seems to modify the amount of HRGPs that become cross-linked to the wall. Immunolocalization of HRGPs showed that these glycoproteins were preferentially localized in the pollen tube of maize, not in the pollen grain itself. Hence, B might affect the assembling of HRGPs in the wall of pollen tubes grown in vitro.

O sub-bosque de reflorestamentos de pinus em sítios degradados da região da Floresta Estacional Decidual do Rio Grande do Sul.

Analisou-se o sub-bosque de 12 povoamentos de Pinus sp. e um de Araucaria angustifolia O.Ktze., crescendo em solos degradados pelo uso agrícola na chamada 4a Colônia do Rio Grande do Sul. A Araucaria foi semeada diretamente, um dos povoamentos de Pinus, de 10 anos, resultou de uma renovação natural, os demais provêm de plantios de 25 a 30 anos atrás. Em 575 parcelas de 25 m² cada, distribuídas sistematicamente nos povoamentos, foram levantados o estrato arbóreo e a vegetação inferior, classificada em estratos de 0,3 a 1,3 m e maior que 1,3 m; no estrato inferior a 0,3 m somente a renovação natural de Pinus foi contada. A vegetação interna dos povoamentos se compôs de 121 espécies lenhosas, incluindo espécies desde comuns até nobres, mas também ornamentais ou frutíferas nativas e exóticas. Um bom número de espécies, porém, ocorreu com poucos representantes. Além disso registrou-se a presença freqüente de espécies não-arbóreas como ervas, gramas, samambaias e cipós. O número de espécies e o grau de cobertura do sub-bosque não dependiam da densidade do estrato superior de pinheiros. A abundância e a freqüência das espécies não variavam significativamente entre parcelas do centro dos povoamentos e da faixa periférica. O padrão de distribuição espacial das plantas dentro dos povoamentos foi quantificado pelo Índice de Cox. O Índice de Shannon foi usado como medida da diversidade em espécies; pelo Índice de Sörensen foi estudada a semelhança dos povoamentos. Conclui-se que plantios de exóticas nessa região não somente podem ser de interesse para os agricultores pelo elevado potencial produtivo em madeira, como também significam manchas de inesperada biodiversidade numa paisagem degradada. A riqueza do sub-bosque possivelmente se deve á extensão reduzida desses povoamentos.

Accumulation and properties of soil organic carbon at reclaimed sites in the Lusatian lignite mining district afforested with Pinus sp.

The accumulation of organic carbon mainly derived from litter fall and necromass (Corg recent) has been investigated within the forest floor horizons and the mineral topsoil (0–4 cm and 4–10 cm) at reclaimed forest stands of the Lusatian lignite mining district as well as on an undisturbed forest stand in the general region, planted with Pinus sylvestris (L.) or Pinus nigra (Arnold). Recently formed organic carbon (Corg recent) was differentiated from organic carbon derived from lignite and lignite derivatives (Corg geogenic), which are inherent in the dumped substrate at post-mining sites, by 14C measurements. Total organic carbon (TOC) was characterized by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. The storage of TOC, Corg recent, Corg geogenic, and of organic carbon structures was examined. We found that the accumulation of Corg recent increased with stand age at all investigated stands. The results indicate that at the reclaimed stands accumulation of Corg recent takes place in the same order of magnitude when compared to the undisturbed stand. Storage of TOC in the mineral topsoil (0–10 cm) amounted from 2.6 kg m −2 to 7.0 kg m −2 at the reclaimed stands and to 2.6 kg m −2 at the undisturbed stand. At reclaimed stands TOC in the mineral topsoil can be attributed mainly to Corg geogenic. The calculated pools of Corg geogenic effect physico-chemical soil properties. Our results indicate that Corg geogenic in the substrate may compensate in part the lack of soil organic matter derived from soil development as storage for nutrients and water.

Avaliação da classificação digital de povoamentos florestais em imagens de satélite através de índices de acurácia

A utilização de matéria-prima de origem florestal aumentou significativamente nas últimas décadas. A busca por alta produtividade concretizou-se com a introdução de espécies exóticas, principalmente Eucalyptus sp. e Pinus sp. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a precisão da classificação digital obtida no levantamento de povoamentos florestais implantados e naturais da área da carta de Cachoeira do Sul - RS, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, sensoriamento remoto, SIG (sistema de informação geográfica) e GPS (sistema de posicionamento global). Verificou-se que a área é ocupada por vegetação natural (35,54%), Pinus sp. (1,89%) e Eucalyptus sp. (0,77%), cuja precisão na classificação supervisionada digital foi: Exatidão global (85,23%), Kappa (84,90%) e Tau (77,74%). Concluiu-se que os três índices de acurácia podem ser utilizados, apesar de os índices Kappa e Tau mostrarem-se mais consistentes.

Rhipsalis grandiflora Haw. (Cactaceae) propagation by setem cuttings

The genus Rhipsalis is being cultivated as a potted plant since the view of the pendant branches with coloured flowers and fruit is very appreciated. Considering that there is no information about the production of rooted propagules of these species, the goal of this work was to evaluate the development of stem cuttings, stimulated by the application of plant growth regulators. The indolebutyric acid (IBA) was tested at 0; 4.07; 5.81, and 11.63 mmol L-1 and the naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0; 4.53; 6.47, and 12.94 mmol L-1 for their activity in promoting roots on apical stem segments of Rhipsalis grandiflora Raw. The base of stem cuttings was dipped into auxin solutions mixed with talc and each one was partially embedded in fir bark (Pinus sp) and fern fiber (1:1) in polystyrene propagation flats, placed throughout the rooting period in a greenhouse (50% shading), at 60-90% of relative humidity and temperatures from 20 to 25ºC. The experimental design was a completely randomised with eight treatments (twelve replicates), with samplings at 0; 20; 50; 80, and 150 days. The results indicate no differences between IBA and NAA regarding the dry mass of roots, but an increase in for concentrations of 0 and 4.07 mmol L-1 of IBA and 0 and 4.53 mmol L-1 of NAA, in relation to treatments with auxins. Stem cuttings treated with 4.07 mmol L-1 of IBA and 4.53 mmol L-1 of NAA, had greater dry mass of shoot bud differentiation in relation to those treated with 0 mmol L-1.