Pinus Sp Research Articles

Nanostructured Films Produced from the Bleached Pinus sp. Kraft Pulp

ABSTRACT This study investigates the physical and mechanical properties of nanostructured films produced from Pinus sp. kraft pulp. To obtain the nanocellulose, the bleached kraft pulp was submitted to six different grinding regimes: two, five, ten, 20, 30, and 40 passes through the grinder. The influence of the number of passes was evaluated through the films’ physical and mechanical properties. The results show that the nanofibers reduced the thickness and considerably increased the density values of the fabricated films. The tensile strength increased more than 300% and the burst index was ten times higher in relation to normal papers. The more compact structure and lower porosity caused by the larger contact surface between nanofibers in the nanostructured films resulted in higher values of density, tensile strength, and burst resistance.

PROPERTIES OF PARTICLEBOARD PANELS MADE OF SUGARCANE PARTICLES WITH AND WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the properties of particleboard panels made of “in natura” sugarcane bagasse particles, heated at 250 °C for 5 minutes. Various particle proportions were utilized to produce the panels and their properties were compared with that of a panel made of Pinus sp. The panels were produced with 8% tannin formaldehyde adhesive, and 0.5% paraffin emulsion, being pressed at 32 kgf.cm-2 for 10 minutes at 180 ° C. It was determined the basic density of the “in natura” and heat-treated particles, their chemical composition, as well as the compression ratio necessary to obtain panels with density equal to 0.75 g.cm-3. The basic density of the panels, hygroscopic equilibrium humidity, thickness swelling, linear expansion, water vapor adsorption, modulus of elasticity and rupture, perpendicular traction, screw pullout, and Janka hardness were determined. The basic densities of Pinus particles and sugarcane bagasse without and with heat treatment were 0.46, 0.27 and 0.30 g.cm-3, respectively. The average specific mass of the panels was 0.74 g.cm-3 with no significant difference between them. Generally, panels made of sugarcane particles were less hygroscopic and dimensionally more stable than panels made of Pinus particles. However, the perpendicular tensile strength, screw pullout and Janka hardness of these panels were higher than for the Pinus panels. The heat treatment of sugarcane bagasse particles resulted in better mechanical properties of perpendicular traction and Janka hardness. In general, the panels are within the limits set by ANSI A208.1. It is therefore possible to replace panels made of Pinus particles for the ones made of sugarcane bagasse, provided that at least 25% of the particles are heat treated for 5 minutes at 250 ° C.

BRIQUETTES QUALITY PRODUCED WITH THE MACAUBA EPICARP (Acrocomia aculeata) AND Pinus sp. WOOD

ABSTRACT The macaúba palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm-seed-oil producing tree of great economic value for its high productivity, and the broad range of possible uses for the different parts of the plant. This palm is one of the most promising species for the production of biodiesel, however, its use generates large amounts of waste. The aim of this work is to produce and evaluate the quality of briquettes made from the epicarp of the macaúba palm, in association with the waste of the Pinus sp. For the characterization of the residues, the following analyses were carried out: bulk density, immediate chemical composition, and higher calorific value. Different treatments were adopted in the production of the briquettes, namely: T1 (100% macaúba palm), T2 (75% macaúba palm + 25% pine), T3 (50% macaúba palm + 50% pine), T4 (25% macaúba palm + 75% pine) and T5 (100% pine). The briquettes were produced at a pressure of 1000 PSI, and at a temperature of 120-130 ºC, press and cooling times of 5 minutes, and an average humidity of 9.88% for the macaúba palm and 8.00% for the Pinus. In order to qualify the briquettes’ dimensions, the following were evaluated: apparent density, rupture load, lower calorific value, useful calorific value and energy density. In general, mixing at least 50% macaúba epicarp is recommended to produce briquettes, as this material provides increased strength and energy density to the product.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL MAPPING OF THE INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES Pinus SP IN THE NORTHERN AREA OF THE LAGOA DO PEIXE NATIONAL PARK-RS

ABSTRACT A problem of global dimensions, the occupation of areas by invasive alien species is studied in this paper focusing on the increasing presence of Pinus sp in the Lagoa do Peixe National Park, at Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. From satellite imagery and the use of remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques, this paper presents a space-time mapping of the presence of this invasive alien species in the northern area of the Park, from 1985 to the 2017. Planted and disseminated areas of Pinus were mapped through visual analysis and pixel classification by the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) method, using images from the Landsat and Rapid Eye satellites. The results showed a constant growth rate in the areas of Pinus, with acceleration at the end of the analyzed period, confirming the invasive capacity of Pinus sp and the dispersion of their seeds by the wind. The excellent performance of the SAM algorithm in the identification of Pinus areas was demonstrated, as well as the importance of the use of satellite images in the analysis of the question.

Resistência biológica de painéis aglomerados produzidos a partir de resíduos agrícolas e urbanos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological resistance of agglomerated panels made from agricultural residues (grapevine, annoni grass), urban (carton pack, plastic) and forest (Pinus sp. Wood) of white rot, Pycnoporus sanguineus. For the evaluations, the accelerated rotting test was performed according to the recommendations of the American standard ASTM D 2017. The specimens were removed from the center of the panels, with dimensions of 2.0 x 2.0 cm, totaling 25 samples divided into 5 treatments. The resistance to attack of the fungus was then determined by mass loss. The averages at 5% of significance differed statiscally, among 3 treatments by the Duncan test. Scanning microscopy (SEM) allowed visualization of the panel particles before and after the fungus attack, facilitating the understanding of the results obtained in the loss of mass. The 100% panel of pine wood was classified as non-resistant, and the addition of percentages of agricultural residues (stump, annoni grass) and urban (carton and plastic) residues improved the resistance class of the panels, becoming resistant and very resistant, respectively.

Numerical Taxonomy for Pinus sp. Growing in Northern of Iraq

Numerical Taxonomy for Pinus sp. Growing in Northern of Iraq

Vegetative and reproductive organs of Late Cretaceous Pinus spp. from Esqueda, Sonora, Mexico

The fossil record of conifers in Mexico is poor and scattered. It is restricted to the Mesozoic in northern Mexico and becomes younger towards Southern and Central Mexico. This paper describes and identifies Pinaceae conifers from Late Campanian (±72 Ma) rocks near the town of Esqueda, Sonora. Interpretations are based on leaves and an ovulate cone preserved as impression/compression fossils with small permineralized areas. Morphological characters observed in the leaves (leaf type, margin, venation, apex, base and phyllotaxy), branch (leaf scars), and leaf anatomy (permineralized areas), as well as the morphology of a female cone (ovuliferous scales), suggest affinity of the new fossil material with Pinus sp. A single vascular bundle in the leaves suggests affinity to the section Strobus, while the dorsal umbo with conical processes in the cone scales relates them to the section Pinus. Considering that the new fossils grew in the same type of plant, they would represent the earliest and most complete Pinaceae of Mexico and would confirm the presence of a third section within the genus, previously documented only from the Middle Eocene of Canada. Thus, they extend the historical and geographical range of Pinaceae in America.

Effect of Battens Edge Bonding in the Properties of Blockboards Produced with Pinus sp. Recycled from Construction Sites

Effect of Battens Edge Bonding in the Properties of Blockboards Produced with Pinus sp. Recycled from Construction Sites

Structural Pieces Rehabilitation with Self-Tapping Screws

Timber is one of the oldest raw materials in construction, due to their availability worldwide, and the ease of using it. The majority of buildings in Brazil, until the Industrial Revolution, utilized this material as main input, rooting most of our cultural heritage in it. With the passage of time, as all materials, occurs the deterioration of these structural parts, where occasionally the partial replacement can solve the problem. This study aimed to analyze the relation between the amount of self-tapping screws and the rigidity product of composite mixed pieces of Eucalyptus sp and treated Pinus sp, simulating the rehabilitation of a structural piece in state of degradation, with the replacement of the degraded portion.

A Preliminary Study about the Utilization of Cajueiro and Amescla for MDP Panels Production

The most commons woods used for production of medium density particleboard (MDP) are Eucalyptus and Pinus. The Cajueiro and Amescla wood are typical trees coming from the center-west of Brazil, from the States of Mato Grosso and Tocatins. These are medium density woods similar to Pinus sp, the Brazilian’s wood’s industries usually used these woods only as piece of wood for structures or furniture. The purpose of this research is to investigate, in a preliminary study, the possibility of MDP panel’s production using Cajueiro and Amescla wood species. The panels were produced under a pressure of 4 MPa for 10 minutes at 100°C, and it was produced a total of 12 MDP panels, 6 of Cajueiro and 6 of Amescla, with a thickness of 10mm, dimensions 250mm×250mm and 0.5 kg mass. For the bending modulus of elasticity, 2200 MPa were obtained for Cajueiro and 2700 MPa for Amescla, which are considered good values. The results can be considered satisfactory because it is a preliminary and unpublished study in the case of MDP panels manufactured with Cajueiro and Amescla wood species.

ANÁLISIS DE LAS FUERZAS DEL MERCADO DENDROENERGÉTICO EN LA VEREDA CAJETE DEL MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN

This paper presents an analysis of the wood energy market forces in the village of Cajete the municipality of Popayan. The methodology led to the realization of a random sampling of wood used as woodfuel and proceeded on which the application of a stratified survey of 64 selected users according to previously identified patterns of consumption. They were found to be the most commonly used species such as fuelwood in the sidewalk coffee (Coffea arabica) with 22%, pine (Pinus sp) 18%, Cucharo (Myrsine guianensis) 15% and the Yarumo (Cecropia peltata) 15%. The total demand for fuelwood estimated for the sidewalk was 122,7 m3 per month, being households that represent the highest proportion 96,2%, while ovens and restaurants represent 3,8%. With respect to the offer found that 63% of users collect firewood from the forests and farms of the area, while 37% buy the product that comes mainly from sawmills located in the urban area of the municipality of Popayan.

English

The objective of this study was to assess the energy value of waste timber in the form of sawdust. Two types of wood: Araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) and Pinus were evaluated with no defined species (Pinus sp). The sawdust was collected from a timber that receives wood from reforestation of these species in Southwestern Parana, Brazil. The material collected was evaluated with a calorimeter bomb to determine the gross and net calorific value. The main results obtained led to the conclusion that the sawdust of A. angustifolia showed gross calorific value of 17.32 MJ.kg-1 and net of 17.00 MJ.Kg-1, respectively, and Pinus sp. gross calorific value of 17.23 and net of 16.91 MJ.Kg-1, respectively. Key words: Wood energy, conifer of reforestation, gross calorific value.

Effect of environmental enrichment and composition of the social group on the behavior, welfare, and relative brain weight of growing rabbits

The objective of the study was to investigate if environmental enrichment and the composition of the social group would affect the behavior and relative brain weight of growing rabbits. Rabbits (72 males and 72 females) were assigned to cages with or without enrichment and one of three social groups (males, females, or mixed-gender). Two eucalyptus sticks suspended from the cage ceiling were provided in the enriched cages based on the results of a preliminary trial conducted on growing rabbits (n=48) showing that pieces of wood (Eucalyptus sp, Pinus sp) or bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) were preferred over PVC pipe (P<0.05). Rabbits were exposed to the experimental conditions between six and 11 weeks of age. Behavioral activities were video recorded for 24h, at 7, 10 and 11 weeks of age. Growth performance was recorded from 42 to 77days of age, whereas skin wounds and brain weight were recorded at 77days. At 70days of age, rabbits in non-enriched cages showed a higher proportion of self-grooming (P=0.012) than those in enriched cages. Enrichment decreased the number of social interactions among rabbits (P=0.012), but increased aggressive behavior (P=0.007). The number of animals showing skin wounds on day 77 was lower (P=0.006) in enriched than in non-enriched cages. The incidence of social interactions was higher (P<0.05) and of stereotypes was lower (P<0.05) in mixed-gender groups than in same-sex groups. Female groups showed the lowest incidence of aggressive behavior (P<0.05). The number of individuals with skin injuries was higher in mixed-gender groups (P<0.05) than in female groups; male groups were intermediate. Growth performance was unaffected by enrichment or by the composition of social group. Males in enriched cages had heavier brains (P<0.05) than those in non-enriched cages. Although aggressive behaviors were more frequent, the number of skin wounds on day 77 was lower in rabbits from enriched cages, suggesting improved welfare. Based on the increased frequency of social interactions and decreased incidence of stereotyped behavior, mixed-gender groups should be housed in collective cages from weaning up to 11 weeks of age. However, if the incidence of skin wounds is considered, only females can be housed in same-sex groups. For males, individual cages should be preferred. Whether environmental enrichment induces morphologic changes in male rabbits’ brains should be further investigated.

Regeneração natural em povoamentos de Araucaria angustifolia e Pinus sp. em Tunas do Paraná, PR

Com o propósito de estudar a regeneração natural em povoamentos de Araucaria angustifolia (PA) e Pinus sp.(PP), sem manejo, nas áreas do Parque Estadual de Campinhos, no Município de Tunas do Paraná, PR, foram instaladas 18 parcelas de 10 m2, 7 para PA e 11 para PP. Amostraram-se todos os indivíduos maiores que 1,5 m de altura, dos quais se mensurou o perímetro à 1,30 m do nível do solo. No PA obteve-se 586 indivíduos, 67 espécies e 29 famílias e no PP foram mensurados 442 indivíduos de 58 espécies e 22 famílias. As espécies mais importantes no PA foram Cordyline spectabilis, Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus e Clethra scabra, e no PP C. spectabilis, Lonchocarpus sp1. e Cupania vernalis. O PA apresentou parâmetros fitossociológicos e diversidade superiores ao PP. A composição florística foi similar em ambos, o que denotou o potencial regenerativo do PP.Natural regeneration under reforestation of Araucaria angustifolia and Pinus sp. in Tunas do Paraná, PR, BrazilThis study aimed to assess the natural regeneration in stands of Araucaria angustifolia (PA) and Pinus sp. (PP) without management in Campinhos State Park, in the Municipality of Tunas do Paraná, Parana State, Brazil. Eighteen plots of 10 m2 were installed, 7 plots for PA and 11 for PP. All trees higher than 1.5 m were sampled and their circumference were measured at 1.30 m above ground level. In PA stand there were 586 individuals, corresponding to 67 species and 29 families and in PP stand 442 individuals of 58 species and 22 families were measured. The most important species in PA were Cordyline spectabilis, Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus and Clethra scabra; and in PP were C. spectabilis, Lonchocarpus sp.1 and Cupania vernalis. PA showed phytosociological parameters and diversity higher than PP. The floristic composition was similar for both stands, which denoted the regenerative potential of PP.Index terms: Native species; Forest plantation; Conservation unit

Determination of OSB Wood Composites with Resin Derived from a Renewable Natural Resource

OSB (Oriented Strand Board) is the most important development in the industry of wood products in recent years. However, mainly for reasons of cost industries use as adhesive resins that emit formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is considered a hazardous substance and its concentration indoors is restricted in many countries because of its reactivity, toxicity and pungent odor. This study aimed to attest the thickness swelling of the OSB manufactured from resin with part of your component derived renewable resource (castor oil-based polyurethane) and Pinus sp. The panels were produced technically evaluated by determining the thickness swelling property. In comparison to the minimum requirements of the European normative document EN 300 (2006), average values met the requirements for use of the panels and components for general use in dry environment (OSB/1).

Mechanical Properties of OSB Wood Composites with Resin Derived from a Renewable Natural Resource

OSB (Oriented Strand Board) is the most important development in the industry of wood products in recent years. However, mainly for reasons of cost industries use as adhesive resins that emit formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is considered a hazardous substance and its concentration indoors is restricted in many countries because of its reactivity, toxicity and pungent odor. This study aimed to attest the feasibility of production of OSB from resin with part of your component derived renewable resource (castor oil-based polyurethane) and Pinus sp. The panels were produced technically evaluated by determining their mechanical properties. In comparison to the minimum requirements of the European normative document EN 300 (2006), average values were higher than the panels for structural use in special wet environment (OSB/4) by up to 41% and 58% modulus of elasticity (MOE) and of modulus of rupture (MOR) in bending parallel to the grain, respectively. Adherence internal reached values at least three times higher than OSB/4.

Throughfall in different forest stands of Iperó, São Paulo

In forestry, throughfall (Pi) is that fraction of rainfall that runs directly through the tree canopy and reaches the ground. It is characterized as the main source of water supply in a watershed. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of throughfall in three types of forest stands, namely Eucalyptus cloeziana, Pinus sp. and seasonal semideciduous forest (FES), all located in Ipanema National Forest, in the municipality of Iperó-SP. In each stand, a 300 m² plot was established in which ten rain gauges were installed for monitoring throughfall, and three rain gauges were installed in an open area adjacent to the stand for measuring gross precipitation (P). At the end of 25 observations, it was observed that, relative to P values, Pi values were 76.2% in semideciduous forest (FES), 85.1% in E.cloeziana forest and 84.0% in Pinus sp forest. In addition, comparing these stands, a larger leaf canopy coverage and consequently greater capability for water retention was noted in the semideciduous forest. However, no statistical differences were observed (P&lt;0.05) between the stands of interest regarding throughfall.

Characterization of Pinus spp needles and evaluation of their potential use for energy

The demand for new energy sources is growing and awakening interest in the use of forest residues. Charcoal was prepared at carbonization temperatures of 500 ºC, 600 °C and 700 °C in order to evaluate the potential use of Pinus sp needles for energy. The anatomical and chemical characteristics of the needles and the charcoal produced were also evaluated. The needles were found to have ash content of 2.32% and gross calorific value of 20.30 MJ/kg. The calorific value increased by 45%, reaching 29.64 MJ/kg, after carbonization carried out at 600 ºC. This value is higher than that for charcoal made from eucalyptus (19.25 MJ/kg) and even coconut husks (23.55 MJ/kg), showing the high energy potential of these needles.

Wood-Cement Composites from Wastes of Pinus Sp. Wood: Effect of Particles Treatment

The aim of this research was to produce and evaluate mechanical performance in compression parallel to the grain for composites made with wastes from Pinus sp. and Portland cement. To obtain the composites were used treated and untreated wood particles, average size 1.7mm, and Portland cement-II-E-32, determining a ratio for cement/wood/water of 1: 0.21: 0.6. Treatment of particles was based on thermal bath in water for a period of 6 hours. Effect of treatment on density and mechanical properties of these composites was analyzed, according to NBR 7215:1996. Results showed that inclusion of treated wood particles in manufacture of wood-cement composite was significant in all properties investigated, by reducing density (7%); increasing modulus of elasticity (126%) and compressive strength (70%). Large gains in these properties demonstrate the feasibility of wood-cement composites manufacture.

Analysis of Wood Laminated Beams Reinforced with Sisal Fibres

Natural fibres have recently raised attention for presenting adequate mechanical characteristics for the reinforcement of wood structural elements. The use of both natural fibres, in laminated beams and wood from reforestation, is in accordance with the current economic interest and sustainable appeal. This paper focuses on the analysis the viability of sisal fibre use, in wood laminated structures as a reinforcing material, taking three methods into consideration: Stress functions, Classical lamination theory and Transformed section method. The laminated beams were reinforced by sisal strips with a thickness of 2 mm and constituted by the species of wood: Pinus (Pinus sp). Each lamina has the following dimensions: width of 5 cm, height of 10 cm and length of 150 cm. It was noted that the differences between the results from the classical lamination theory and transformed section method were, in an average of 14 % and 16 % for normal and shear stresses respectively. The difference of 12 % for displacements is a normal result taking into account that the span used is considered high for this wood species. In relation to the stress function method, the differences are minimal, around less than 1% for all analyses. It was also noted that the beam with reinforcement presented a decrease of the values of normal and shear stresses and displacements in relation a beam without reinforcing fibres. This decrease was of the order of 8% for the normal and 5% for the shear stresses and 12 % for the displacements In general, the strengthening of wood laminated beams with sisal fibres is more effective for structures that are used only in wood structural elements, in which the elastic modulus is at least equal to these fibres.