Piezoelectric Domain Research Articles

A Finite Element Simulation of the Surface Acoustic Wave Devices Based on Polarized Piezoelectric Ceramic

In this paper, the basic principles of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) formed in the periodically poled piezoelectric ceramic has been elaborated theoretically. The modal and harmonic analyses has been performed by utilizing ANSYS software for the periodically poled piezoelectric composite structure (adjacent piezoelectric polarization direction opposite) which composed by piezoelectric ceramic (PZT-4). The data of simulation result have been processed and obtained the following conclusion: the surface wave can be formed in the periodically poled piezoelectric domain with a relatively large amplitude, the motion track of each particle in the SAW is an ellipse by combined the transverse modal displacement and longitudinal modal displacement of each surface node. These conclusions are same as the theoretical values, the simulation results are very useful for designing SAW device with periodically poled piezoelectric ceramic.

Ferroelectric and magnetic properties of Fe-doped BaTiO3 thin films grown by the pulsed laser deposition

Fe-doped BaTiO3 thin films were grown on (001) oriented SrTiO3 substrates using pulsed-laser deposition technique. These films had a single-phase character and good epitaxial relationship with the substrate. Polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis revealed saturated polarization with remnant polarization (Pr) of 13.5 μC/cm2 for 10 mol. % Fe-doped BaTiO3 films. Further increase of composition resulted in the large leakage currents and reduction of polarization. The piezoelectric domain switching in the films was confirmed by local hysteresis using piezoelectric force microscopy measurements. The Fe-doped BaTiO3 thin films exhibited room temperature ferromagnetism, and the magnetization value increased with increasing Fe concentration. Our results demonstrate that the addition of Fe ≤10 mol. % in BaTiO3 induces the ferromagnetism and a switchable ferroelectric state.

Piezoelectric activities and domain patterns of orthorhombic Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics

Ba(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (0.025 ≤ x ≤ 0.065) ceramics were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method. Crystalline structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. It was shown that all the Ba(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (0.025 ≤ x ≤ 0.065) ceramics were of orthorhombic phase at room temperature. Piezoelectric activities and domain patterns were investigated and compared with those of BaTiO3 ceramic. All the Ba(ZrxTi1−x)O3 ceramics showed nearly the same d33 values of about 265 pC/N and the same domain width of about 220 nm. By comparing the grain sizes and domain width of the Ba(ZrxTi1−x)O3 ceramics with those of BaTiO3 ceramic, it is speculated that the variation of domain width with grain sizes in orthorhombic Ba(ZrxTi1−x)O3 ceramics may be different with that in tetragonal BaTiO3 ceramic. Besides domain width, the effective inertia mass of domain wall is also considered to be a very important factor that impacts the piezoelectric activities of the Ba(ZrxTi1−x)O3 ceramics.

Piezoelectric membranes for separation processes: Fabrication and piezoelectric properties

Piezoelectric membranes were produced by “poling” prefabricated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes in an electric field. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed that electrical poling changed the microstructure of membranes significantly. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements confirmed the formation of β-phase crystals in PVDF membranes as a result of poling in an intense electric field. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and measurement the surface displacement when the membranes were energized by AC signals, confirmed that the poled membranes were piezoelectric. Piezo-response force microscopy (PFM) analysis showed that the piezoelectric domains were not uniformly distributed over the sample.

Griffith's crack in a 2-D piezoelectric domain with an arbitrary polarization direction: Analytical/X-FEM solution

The analytic solution for Griffith's crack in an infinite 2-D piezoelectric domain is obtained for arbitrary polarization direction. The analytical approach considered here is simple and different from the existing methodology (where the solutions are firstly obtained for an elliptical void and then degenerated to Griffith's crack solution). The obtained results have shown that intensity factors (IFs) are independent of the polarization direction for Griffith's crack in an infinite 2-D piezoelectric domain. The solution for a polarization perpendicular to the crack is also obtained and validated with existing results. The results of IFs are also obtained numerically using extended finite element method (X-FEM). It is observed that IFs for a finite specimen is polarization direction dependent.

Piezoelectric Properties and Domain Configurations of PZT Ceramic with NiO Addition

The effects of nickel oxide addition on the piezoelectric properties and domain configurations of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic were investigated. PZT with nickel additive having the compositions of (1-x) PZT–xNiO when x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10. The piezoelectric properties (d33 ) of all ceramics were measured at room temperature using d33 meter. The domain structure was observed using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). From the results, it could be seen that the properties of PZT ceramic with nickel addition changed significantly with regards to the sintering temperature and nickel content.

Laser beam scanning microscope and piezoresponse force microscope studies on domain structured in 001-, 110-, and 111-oriented NaNbO3 films

NaNbO3 (NN) films were epitaxially grown on SrRuO3/(001), (110), and (111)SrTiO3 substrates, and these NN films were characterized by a laser beam scanning microscope and a piezoresponse force microscope. The 001-oriented NN film had antiferroelectric 90° domains with 100 and 010 polarization axes and 90° domain walls exhibiting piezoresponse. The piezoresponding domain walls would be induced by ferroelasticity. On the other hand, the 110- and 111-oriented NN films possessed 60° domains. The 60° domains of 110-oriented NN film were constructed by antiferroelectric 11¯0 domain and piezoresponding {101} and {011} domains. In the case of 111-oriented NN, three kinds of 60° domains (11¯0 and 01¯1, 01¯1 and 101¯, and 101¯ and 11¯0) were observed. The fine domains with piezoresponse were also observed in the mixed region with the three 60° domains. From the stress measurement, we found that the difference in the domain structure of 001-, 110-, and 111-oriented NN films depends not only on the orientation direction but also on the stress from the substrate. Moreover, the stress and the induction of the piezoelectric domain also influence the dielectric behavior.

Electromechanical performance of piezoelectric scanning mirrors for medical endoscopy

The electromechanical performance of piezoelectric scanning mirrors for endoscopy imaging is presented. The devices are supported by a single actuating cantilever to achieve a high fill factor, the ratio of mirror area to the combined mirror and actuator area. The largest fill factor devices (74%) achieved 10° mechanical scan range at ±10V with a 300μm long cantilever. The largest angular displacement of 30° mechanical scan range was obtained with a 500μm long cantilever device with a 63% fill factor driven at 40Vpp. A systematic investigation of device performance (displacement and speed) as a function of fabrication and operational parameters including the stress balance in the cantilever revealed unexpectedly large displacements with lack of inversion at the coercive field. An interpretation of the results is presented based on piezoelectric film domain orientation and clamping with supporting piezoelectric film characterization measurements.

Mechanically controlled domain structure in PZT piezoelectric ceramics

The influence of the mechanically applied load on the piezoelectric properties and domain switching characteristics has been investigated experimentally using a soft lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramic, which de-poled to make randomly orientated domain structures. Mechanical loads were applied to rectangular PZT ceramics under compressive and tensile stresses. With the applied stress, 90° domain switching occurred in many locations in the PZT ceramics, where the higher stress caused more severe domain switching. The domain switching occurred with different directions, depending on the stress direction. For instance, the (200) peak increased and the (002) peak decreased when more severe compressive stress was applied. The opposite trend was detected as more severe tensile stress was applied; the (200) peak decreased and the (002) peak increased. With the applied loading process, the domains (long tetragonal c-axis) were orientated regularly in the PZT ceramics. Furthermore, like the electrically poled PZT ceramics, the domain orientations were more aligned when the sample surfaces were constrained during the loading process.

Mathematical and numerical modelling of piezoelectric sensors

The present work aims at proposing a rigorous analysis of the mathematical and numerical modelling of ultrasonic piezoelectric sensors. This includes the well-posedness of the final model, the rigorous justification of the underlying approximation and the design and analysis of numerical methods. More precisely, we first justify mathematically the classical quasi-static approximation that reduces the electric unknowns to a scalar electric potential. We next justify the reduction of the computation of this electric potential to the piezoelectric domains only. Particular attention is devoted to the different boundary conditions used to model the emission and reception regimes of the sensor. Finally, an energy preserving finite element/finite difference numerical scheme is developed; its stability is analyzed and numerical results are presented.

Ferroelectric-Paraelectric Phase Transition in Triglycine Sulphate via Piezoresponse Force Microscopy

Triglycine sulphate (TGS) is a widely studied ferroelectric material due to its high pyroelectric coefficients and pure 2nd order phase transition of the order-disorder type. In this work, we report local piezoelectric properties and domain evolution in TGS via piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) where the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and its domain structure are visualized in a single image while slowly heating the crystal during scanning. Thus, the y-coordinate of the scan represents the temperature and serves as a temperature “lens” to zoom in peculiarities of the domain evolution and paraelectric-ferroelectric phase boundary. Strong shift of the Curie point and broad peak of the second harmonic PFM signal are rationalized in terms of the stabilization of ferroelectric phase at the surface and large contribution of the dielectric constant to the local electromechanical measurements.

Microstructure Control of Barium Titanate Grain-oriented Ceramics and Their Piezoelectric Properties

The Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) [110] grain-oriented ceramics along [110] direction were prepared by a templated grain growth (TGG) method. The [110] oriented BT platelike particles (t-BT) were used as template particles. The relationship between poling treatment program and piezoelectric constant was investigated. The change in the poling conditions did not greatly influence domain size and the piezoelectric constant. The relationship between piezoelectric properties and domain size in BT grain-oriented ceramics was investigated. The smaller domain size was required to increase the piezoelectric constant.

Microstructure Control of Barium Titanate Grain-Oriented Ceramics and their Piezoelectric Properties

The Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) [110] grain-oriented ceramics along [110] direction were prepared by a templated grain growth (TGG) method. The [110] oriented BT platelike particles (t-BT) were used as template particles. The relationship between poling treatment program and piezoelectric constant was investigated. The change in the poling conditions did not greatly influence domain size and the piezoelectric constant. The relationship between piezoelectric properties and domain size in BT grain-oriented ceramics was investigated. The smaller domain size was required to increase the piezoelectric constant.

Full tensorial elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties characterization of [011]-poled PZN-9%PT single crystal

Transverse piezoelectric property of 0.91Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-0.09PbTiO(3) (PZN-9%PT) single crystal poled along [011] direction under different fields have been investigated, the poling field giving the best property was between 350 and 650 V/mm at room temperature. Full tensorial elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of PZN-9%PT single crystal poled along the [011] direction under 500 V/mm have been determined by resonance and ultrasonic methods. It was found that the electromechanical coupling coefficients k(32) and k(33) can reach 0.90 and 0.89 and the piezoelectric coefficients d(32) and d(15) are -1705 and 2012 pC/N, respectively. This complete set of physical properties can provide convenience for piezoelectric device fabrication and domain engineering studies.

Analysis of multiple axisymmetric annular cracks in a piezoelectric medium

An axisymmetric annular electric dislocation is defined. The solution of axisymmetric electric and Volterra climb and glide dislocations in an infinite transversely isotropic piezoelectric domain is obtained by means of Hankel transforms. The distributed dislocation technique is used to construct integral equations for a system of co-axial annular cracks with so-called permeable and impermeable electric boundary conditions on the crack faces where the domain is under axisymmetric electromechanical loading. These equations are solved numerically to obtain dislocation densities on the crack surfaces. The dislocation densities are employed to determine field intensity factors for a system of interacting annular and/or penny-shaped cracks.

One-dimensional multiferroic bismuth ferrite fibers obtained by electrospinningtechniques

We report the fabrication of novel multiferroic nanostructured bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) fibers using the sol–gel based electrospinning technique. Phase pureBiFeO3 fibers were prepared by thermally annealing the electrospunBiFeO3/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite fibersin air for 1 h at 600 °C. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the fibers (BiFeO3) obtained showed that their crystalline structures were rhombohedralperovskite structures. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) andtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that theBiFeO3 fibers were composed of fine grained microstructures. The grains were self-assembled andself-organized to yield dense and continuous fibrous structures. The magnetic hysteresis loops ofthese nanostructured fibers displayed the expected ferromagnetic behavior, whereby a coercivity of ∼ 250 Oe and a saturationmagnetization of ∼ 1.34 emu g − 1 were obtained. The ferroelectricity and ferroelectric domain structures of the fibers wereconfirmed using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The piezoelectric hysteresisloops and polar domain switching behavior of the fibers were examined. Suchmultiferroic fibers are significant for electroactive applications and nano-scale devices.

高品質(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3単結晶の強誘電・圧電特性とドメイン構造

高品質(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3単結晶の強誘電・圧電特性とドメイン構造

Piezoelectric and electrooptic ferroics – qualitative domain and tensor characteristics

The qualitative characteristics of domain states and equilibrium tensor properties are given for 173 piezoelectric (electrooptic) species defined by point-group symmetries of parent and ferroic phases. The number and classification of principal ferroic, ferroelectric, ferroelastic, and piezoelectric (electrooptic) domain states are listed, and the tables and matrices of non-zero independent components of main polar property tensors up to rank 4 of parent and ferroic phases are displayed on www pages.

Optimization of piezoelectric properties for [001](c) poled 0.94Pb(Zn(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.06PbTiO(3) single crystals.

The piezoelectric properties of [001](c) poled 0.94Pb(Zn(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.06PbTiO(3) single crystals were greatly enhanced by controlling their domain configurations. Contrary to the interpretation of charged domain walls being the main contributor to the piezoelectric enhancement, we found that smaller domain size and more neutral domain walls were the main contributors for the piezoelectric enhancement of these multidomain crystals. The properties of 109 degrees neutral domain walls in 0.94Pb(Zn(13)Nb(23))O(3)-0.06PbTiO(3) single crystals were extracted by using a piezoelectric domain wall model.

Piezoelectric properties of domain engineered barium titanate single crystals with different volume fractions of domain walls.

A piezoelectric domain wall model has been developed to analyze the effective piezoelectric properties of domain engineered BaTiO(3) (BT) single crystals with different volume fractions of 90 degrees domain walls. The model takes into account the nonuniform deformation in the domain wall region, which can create additional anisotropy to enhanced functional properties of multidomain single crystals. Our theoretical results indicate that a larger volume fraction of domain walls will produce larger effective piezoelectric coefficients. In addition, with the increase in domain wall volume fraction, [011](c) poled BT single crystals will have a much larger piezoelectric property enhancement than [111](c) poled BT single crystals.