Phytochemistry Test Research Articles

Phytochemistry Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Extract Pomegranate, Grape, Fig, and Olive in the Various Solvent

The active compounds of grape, pomegranate, olive, and fig have anthocyanins that potential as antioxidant are flavonoids. Flavonoids have potential as antioxidant to prevent and therapy various oxidative stress and related diseases. This study aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of a combination of pomegranate, grape, fig, and olive extracts using the DPPH (diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The maceration method used was maceration of dry Simplicia with methanol 95% solvent, fresh maceration with 95% methanol and dry Simplicia with 95% ethanol solvent. The results of the phytochemistry test showed several compounds found in the extract combination pomegranate, grapes, fig, and olives such as polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, steroid/triterpenoid. The result of the antioxidant test showed the fresh maceration 95% methanol showed higher results with the IC50 of 25.22 with a potent antioxidant activity category.

Antioxidant Potential of the Shell of Razor Clams (Solen spp) in Antidiabetic Mellitus Type II Therapy

Razor clams (Solen spp) are one type of bivalves found in Madura waters and suggested to have antioxidant bioactive compounds. This research was conducted to determine the chemical compounds and antioxidant activity as well as testing blood sugar levels on mice that are conditioned to suffer from diabetes mellitus. The extraction method used is stratified by using three solvents which have different polarity. The test being done was phytochemistry tests to determine the bioactive compounds contained in the shell of razor clams, DPPH method to determine antioxidant activity, and blood sugar test in mice. The crude extracts of the shell of razor clams is contained alkaloid and saponins The highest antioxidant activity (IC50) was found from the shell of razor clams extracted eith ethanol was 489.56 ppm. The results of the blood sugar test showed that the addition/consumption of antioxidant extract of razor clams of 0.0063g/20g body weight (BW) was able to reduce blood sugar levels of mices with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Identification of Bioactive Compounds and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Caesalpinia bonduc Seed Extract In vitro

This study is aimed for finding alternative ways to treat diabetes. Many studies have beendone before, but focused on identification of α-glucosidase inhibition mechanism. This study wasconducted by extracting Caesalpinia bonduc seed using two methods maceration by ethanol 96%and the others boil by water. The ethanol extract was then fractioned into three fractions, n-hexane,ethyl acetate, and ethanol. To find the bioactive compounds, the ethanol extract was then tested byseveral phytochemistry tests. The phytochemistry test showed positive results for alkaloid, flavonoid,saponin and triterpenoid. The inhibition mechanism was tested using pNPG. The inhibition testshown that the mechanism was a competitive inhibition, by the Dixon plot. The calculated inhibitionconcentrations for 50% substrate (IC50) for ethyl acetate fraction are 1655.8079 μg/ml for 5 mMsubstrate and 803.9521 μg/ml for 10 mM substrate. From the results of this study, we concluded thatthe extract of Caesalpinia bonduc has inhibition activity toward α-glucosidase enzyme.
 Keywords: α-glucosidase inhibition, Caesalpinia bonduc seed extract, diabetes treatment

Effectiveness phytochemistry test of aquatic plant Murdannia sp. in invitro for fish pathogen disease

Fish disease is a major factor causing yield losses in fish farming production. The use of antibiotics that treat against diseases can pose the highest risk for the ecosystem and its overuse could cause the side effect, such as antibiotics-resistant diseases. Environmentally friendly production method of fish is thus needed. The objective of this study was to determine the active pharmacological substances and anti-bacterial activities extracted from Murdannia sp. as a potential herbal agent as an anti-bacterial treat fish diseases. The study was conducted from October 2017 to May 2018. Murdannia sp. aquatic plants were collected from the Bantimurung river waters Maros district, South Sulawesi. Phytochemical analysis was carried out at Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Indonesia. Anti-bacterial analysis was carried out using the disc diffusion method in the KKP Fisheries Development Research and Management (IP4I), Depok. The results showed that an application of Murdannia sp. crude extract treated at dose of 0.1 g did not inhibit the growth of the bacterial pathogen of Aeromonas hydrophilla, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Streptococcus agalactiae, Flavobacterium columnare. However, at 0.2 g of Murdannia sp. extract level, the growth of Edwardsiella ictaluri was inhibited in intermediate inhibiton category which inhibition zone of 11 mm. Based on the ppharmacological test, it was known that Murdannia sp. aquatic plants consisted of three majority compound such as 0.084/10 g of flavonoid, 0.0558/10 g of Phenol, and 2/10 g of antioxidant 3036. These findings could be a basic research information in attempting to use aquatic plants as an alternative way for treating anti-bacterial fish disease in future.

STUDY ON Hibiscus tiliaceus LEAVES AS ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS

This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water crude sample fractions of H. tiliaceus leaves. Various type of samples play an important role to determining which compound that will give the positive results in antioxidant test (inhibiting free radical scavenging activity) which they probably have potency for preventing the cancer disease. Furthermore, those types of samples were also tested to the antibacterial test as their possibilities to be created as new antibiotics in the future. This research also focused on what compound groups that actually present in H. tiliaceus leaves by using the phytochemistry test. Antioxidant potency of H. tiliaceus leaves extracts for the radical scavenging activity for quantitative assay was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The antibacterial potency was measured by the Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) by applied the sample chemical crude in the plate. The result showed that all chemical crude of H. tiliaceus leaves has high antioxidant property as methanol crude (MC) 308.416%; hexane crude (HC) 232.837%; dichloromethane crude (DC) 150.837%; ethyl acetate crude (EC) 73.623% and water crude (WC) 71.777% with respected to the readings of 100% from quercetin (Q) as a positive control. From antibacterial result, entire samples had shown the positive results towards both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli). The ranges of the inhibition zone were both at 7-10 mm and 10-15 mm. The phytochemistry test determine that the samples actually contained a lot of compounds which were proteins, carbohydrates, phenols/tannins, flavonoid, terpenoids, glycosides and also steroid. It is clearly indicated that H. tiliaceus leaves have potential to be used against the antioxidant and also as new antibacterial agents

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF Centela asiatica AGAINST Vibrio harveyi AND Aeromonas hydrophila

Disease infection is one of the limiting factors that affect productivity in aquaculture and has caused economic losses. Luminescent vibrios and motile aeromonas septicemia (MAS) are diseases caused by Vibrio harveyi and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, respectively. Certain plants have antimicrobial compounds and can potentially be used to treat the diseases, such as Centella asiatica. In the present study, the crude leaves extracts of C. asiatica were examined for its antibacterial potential using methanol solvents against V. harveyi and A. hydrophila bacteria. Different concentrations of 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL were checked for its antibacterial activity. The crude extract was also tested for phytochemistry content and LC50 using Brine Shrimp Lethal Assay. The crude extracts of C. asiatica showed a remarkable antibacterial activity with inhibition zone of 10.57 mm against A. hydrophila and 21.14 mm against V. harveyi. The phytochemistry test result showed that C. asiatica leaves contain alkaloid, phenol, and tannin compounds. The acute lethal concentration (LC50) of C. asiatica after 24 hours exposure to the extract mixture was 254 mg/L. The results confirmed the potential use of C. asiatica extracts as a source of antibacterial compounds.

Cytogenotoxic and biological evaluation of the aqueous extracts of Grewia lasiocarpa: An Allium cepa assay

The widespread use of medicinal herbs has raised serious concerns over its quality, safety, and efficacy. Therefore, precise scientific assessment has become a precondition for acceptance of herbal health claims. In this study the aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem bark of G. lasiocarpa were evaluated for their cytogenotoxic potentials using Allium cepa (L.) assay, preliminary phytochemistry tests using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity using 1 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The total phenolic content of the extracts was also determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent assay. Distilled water and hydrogen peroxide (300 mM) were used as a negative and positive control, respectively. Four different concentrations (200, 600, 800 and 1000 μg/mL) were used for the root growth inhibition assay. The effective concentration (EC50) values of the leaves and stem bark were determined as 446.59 and 325.59 μg/mL respectively. The concentrations used for the cytogenotoxic effects induced a dose-dependent root growth inhibitory, mitotic index (MI) and mitodepressive (MD) effects at 24, 48 and 72 h. The extracts used induced a relatively low % of chromosomal aberrations in the A. cepa root tip cells with C-mitosis and bi-nucleic being the highest scored abnormalities. The aqueous extract of the stem bark had a higher level of phenol (92.54 ± 2.20 mg GAE/g) when compared to the leaves extract. However, both exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the standard drugs used. The suitability of A. cepa assay as a tool for monitoring the genotoxic effects of medicinal plants is affirmed and the aqueous extracts at the ½EC50, EC50 and 2EC50 concentrations were found to be non-toxic. The results from the antioxidant assays reveal that these extracts have good antioxidant potentials.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOURSOP (ANNONA MURICATA) LEAVES

Objective: Soursop (Annona muricata) is a tropical plant which has been utilized as a folk medicine to treat many diseases including cancer, inflammation and parasitic infection. In this study, we investigated its phytochemistry properties and antioxidant activity against free radicals.
 Methods: Annona muricata leaves were extracted in three different solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Afterwards, a phytochemistry test and the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method were used to evaluate bioactive compounds contained in the three different extracts. Antioxidant activity from the semi-polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (ethanol) solvents were evaluated by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, and the antioxidant activity is expressed by IC50 value. The results were compared to ascorbic acid as a positive control.
 Results: The phytochemistry test showed that the extracts were positive for flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides and tannins. Moreover, TLC analysis revealed that there were three chemical compounds contained in the extracts. The results from the DPPH method were that ethanolic extract was shown to have the most potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 35.51 ppm.
 Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Annona muricata could be developed as the next promising natural antioxidant source.

ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY PROFILE OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA HERB EXTRACTS

Objective: Hibiscus sabdariffa, known as Roselle, is a widely-cultivated herb in Indonesia and has been consumed as an herbal drink due to its medicinal properties. The purpose of this research is to identify the antioxidant activity and phytochemical profile of Hibiscus sabdariffa.
 Methods: The Hibiscus sabdariffa samples were extracted and macerated with three different organic solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and n-hexane. These extracts were then analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical tests to identify the extracts’ secondary metabolites. The extracts’ antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method.
 Results: The phytochemistry tests were positive for glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. The TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing two to three organic compounds. The ethanol Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts with an IC50 value 103.63 ppm showed stronger antioxidant activity than the ethyl acetate extract.
 Conclusion: Ethanol Hibiscus sabdariffa extracts may be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Potensi Antifungi Tangkai Daun Jarak Pagar Terhadap Pertumbuhan Candida albicans

<p style="text-align: justify;">Jatropha curcas twigs are part of the Jatropha curcas which can be utilized as herbal treatment by the community to overcome the vaginal discharge problem. Vaginal discharge is a common symptom experienced by most women caused by Candida albicans infection. This research used the true experiment with posttest only control design which aimed to know the content of phytochemistry and antifungal potential of Jatropha curcas twigs extract on Candida albicans growth. Extract of Jatropha curcas in this study was obtained through a solvent extraction process using ethanol 96% by the method of maceration. The method used for the phytochemistry test was a qualitative method, while for the antifungal potential test was done by diffusion method with the concentration of 10%, 25%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results of Phytochemistry test showed that Jatropha curcas twigs extracts are saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, but no alkaloid compounds were found, however a test result of the antifungal potential test showed that the average diameter of inhibition zone of Candida albicans growth is 0 mm. The conclusion of this study is Jatropha curcas twigs extracts can not inhibit Candida albicans growth, For other researchers which use jatropha curcas twigs, are suggested to do a phytochemical test quantitatively and to test the antifungal potential with dilution method.

Phytochemical Compositions and In vitro Assessments of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Fractions from Ehretia cymosa Thonn.

Background:Ehretia cymosa Thonn. is a popular medicinal plant used in different parts of West Africa for the treatment of various ailments including diabetes mellitus.Objective:The current study investigates bioactive constituents and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of fractions from extract of E. cymosa.Materials and Methods:Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant assays were carried out using standard procedures. Antidiabetic potential was assessed by evaluating the inhibitory effects of the fractions on the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while bioactive constituent's identification was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis.Results:The phytochemistry tests of the fractions revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpene, alkaloid, and cardiac glycosides. Methanol fraction shows higher phenolic (27.44 mg gallic acid/g) and flavonoid (235.31 mg quercetin/g) contents, while ethyl acetate fraction revealed higher proanthocyanidins (28.31 mg catechin/g). Methanol fraction displayed higher (P < 0.05) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (0.47 mg/mL), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (0.49 mg/mL), and hydroxyl radical (0.55 mg/mL) scavenging activities, while ethyl acetate exhibited strong metal chelating (0.61 mg/mL) and superoxide anion (1.68 mg/mL) scavenging activity. Methanol and ethyl acetate fractions displayed higher inhibition (P < 0.05) against α-glucosidase (0.60 mg/mL) and α-amylase (2.11 mg/mL), respectively. Methanol fraction also inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase in competitive and noncompetitive modes, respectively. The GC-MS chromatogram of the methanol fraction revealed 24 compounds, which include phytol (1.78%), stearic acid (1.02%), and 2-hexadecyloxirane (34.18%), which are known antidiabetic and antioxidant agents.Conclusion:The results indicate E. cymosa leaves as source of active phytochemicals with therapeutic potentials in the management of diabetes.SUMMARY E. cymosa fractions possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Hence, it is a source of active phytochemicals with therapeutic potentials in the management of diabetesThe high flavonoid, phenolic, and proanthocyanidin contents of fractions from E. cymosa also contribute to its antioxidant and antidiabetic propertiesMethanol fraction of E. cymosa displayed better antidiabetic activities compared to acarbose as revealed by their half maximal inhibitory concentration valuesMethanol fraction of E. cymosa extract contains phytol, hexadecyl oxirane, and stearic acid, which are reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. Abbreviations used: ABTS: 2,2- Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid, DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, PMS: Phenazine methosulfate, NBT: Nitroblue tetrazolium, NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, TCA: Trichloroacetic acid, TBA: Thiobarbituric acid, DNS: Dinitrosalicylic acid.

Phytochemistry And Antibacterial Activity Test From Methanol Extract of Alstonia Acuminata Tree Bark Against Vibrio Harveyi Bacterium in In-Vitro Manner

Grouper belongs to one of cultivated commodities whose high selling price gives bright prospects. Grouper belongs to one of cultivated commodities whose high selling price gives bright prospects. However, the greatest faced obstacle in this aquaculture industry lies in disease strike brought by bacterium. Synthetic antibiotic use made from chemical compounds gives long-term negative effect and accumulates the chemical compounds into body tissues. Natural material use as an antibacterial is highly recommended to reduce side effect of medicinal effect. The use of antibacterial extract made from A. acuminata tree bark will give new discourse in handling mischievously bacterial strike problem. The study aims to find out chemical compounds made from A. acuminata and to find out solvent and the best dose of A. acuminata inhibition activity as antibacterial against Vibrio harveyi bacterium. Based on research findings, it is known that A. acuminata extract with methanol solvent has the highest inhibition activity compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvent. Then, a concentration of 100% has the highest inhibition activity compared to concentration of 15%, 25%, 50% and 75%. Phytochemistry test result shows that A. acuminata tree bark contains compounds of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid, steroid, and terpenoids. Based on the findings, it is concluded that A. acuminata contains phenol compound which is able to increase inhibition activity against V. harveyi bacterium.

Isolation and Identification Of Triterpenoid Saponin From Baringtonia asiatica Kurz Seeds.

The study aimed to identify the content of the triterpenoid saponin compound from Barringtonia asiatica seeds collected from coastal of Malalayang beach, Manado, North Sulawesi. The method of extraction was the maceration with methanol solvent. The identification of the isolate was by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and GCMS. The phytochemistry test result of B . asiatica seed extract contained the compounds of alkaloid, saponin, and tannin. Then, the compound was separated by a thin layer chromatography method with a solvent system of methanol:chloroform:water. It produced three nodes that were spread around polar (Rf 0.24), semipolar (Rf 0.6) and non-polar (Rf 0.78) areas. Meanwhile, the process of column chromatography could only separate two chemical components namely semipolar (Rf 0.6) and polar (Rf 0.76). The identification with GCMS resulted in three compounds of Triterpenoid saponins, namely 2.4-bis-(1.1-dimethyl ethyl); 4-Dodecylphenol; and 2.6 bis-(1.1-dimethyl ethyl-4-methyl).

Studies on the Antiulcer and Gastrointestinal Effects of Stem Bark Extract of Bridelia ferruginea

The antiulcer and gastrointestinal effects of methanol stem bark extract (BFME) of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) and its solvent fractions-dichloromethane (DCMF) and methanol (MF)-were studied using indomethacin- and ethanol-induced ulcers in rats, small intestinal transit of charcoal meal in mice, and the effects on acetylcholine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. The extract and fractions significantly (P<0.05) protected the rats against ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcers and inhibited small intestinal propulsion in the order of magnitude: DCMF>MF>BFME. On the guinea pig ileum, MF (0.05 - 6.40 mg/ml) elicited no inhibition, DCMF (5 - 40 μg/ml) antagonized acetylcholine-induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum with IC50 of 10.47μg/ml, while BFME (0.05 - 12.80 mg/ml) contracted the guinea pig ileum with EC50 of 1 mg/ml. Oral LD50 of BFME in mice was estimated to be 2,154 mg/kg. Phytochemistry tests revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and resins in BFME, MF tested positive for tannins, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, while DCMF gave positive reactions for flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and resins. These findings suggest that constituents of the stem bark of B. ferruginea possess antiulcer properties. In addition, some non-polar constituents possess spasmolytic activity while spasmogenic activity is likely associated with some polar constituents.

KAJIAN FRAKSI METANOL DARI EKSTRAK METILEN DIKLORIDA KULIT KAYU BATANG PELAWAN (Tristania whitiana Griff.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI

Antibacterial compound from methanol fraction of methylene dichloride extract of pelawan bark had been studied. Pelawan bark was extracted using ethanol 95% and CH2Cl2-water (1:1), respectively. Extract of CH2Cl2 was partitioned using hexane-methanol 90% (1:1). Afterwards, methanol fraction was analyzed by thin layer chromatography methods to find the best eluent for column chromatography. The best eluent came from mixture of acetone-chloroform-methanol (0,6:4:0,4). The fractionation yielded 16 fractions with the first (M1) and the third (M5) fractions became the one spotted fractions. M1 and M5 fractions were examined for their antibacterial activity using paper diffusion methods by determining minimum inhibitory concentration value. M1 fraction showed greater activity than M5 fraction with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 2,7857 mg/mL. The result of phytochemistry test showed that both fractions contain terpenoid.