Phytochemical Tests Research Articles

Investigation of Chemical Components of Hexane Extract from the Stem of Arcangelisia flava via Phytochemical Test, GC-MS Analysis, FTIR Fingerprinting, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Arcangelisia flava, also known as yellow root, is a woody vine indigenous to the Philippines. It has been established that it possesses medicinal properties, and several of its bioactive compounds have been identified. However, most of its possible bioactive nonpolar chemical compounds remain unidentified. In this study, the stem of A. flava was investigated for its chemical components, FTIR fingerprinting, and antioxidant activity. The stem of A. flava was chopped, ground, and then extracted with hexane per gram of A. flava. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), phytochemical screening, GC-MS and FTIR analyses, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays were performed to evaluate the chemical components of A. flava hexane extract. TLC and phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some organic acids, triterpenes, sterols, essential oils, phenols, and flavonoids. Further characterization using GC-MS analysis revealed 64 chemical components classified into hydrocarbon, ketone, alcohol, aromatic compounds, aldehyde, ester, organosilicon, and other chemicals. The most abundant compound was hexacosane with a relative abundance of 43.17%. This was followed by tetracosane (8.85%), o-xylene (8.09%), and hexatriacontane (5.72%). The FTIR spectrum also revealed the presence of hydrocarbons such as alkanes and alkenes, confirming the 60% abundance of such class of compounds as revealed by GC-MS. Meanwhile, based on the CUPRAC and DPPH assay conducted, the hexane extract from the stem of A. flava had low antioxidant capacity. Based on the literature search, this is the first time the chemical composition of A. flava hexane extract has been evaluated and its chemical compounds identified. The findings presented in this paper should be taken into account for any future research on the species’ therapeutic properties.

Evaluation of Diuretic Property of Argemone mexicana along with Molecular Docking Study

Background: Argemone mexicana L. (A. mexicana) has traditionally been used to treat hypertension, urinary issues, and constipation. In this study, we assessed the diuretic activity of the ethanolic crude extract of A. mexicana. Methods: Phytochemical tests were conducted using standard reagents and methods widely accepted in the field. The diuretic test was performed in metabolic cages using a mouse model, with furosemide (5 mg/kg) as the standard drug. Molecular docking was carried out in PyRx using Autodock Vina 4.2. To assess the stability of the protein-ligand complexes formed during docking, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the β-amyrin-6PZT protein complex and the furosemide-6PZT protein complex. Various parameters, including RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bonds, were calculated for all protein-ligand complexes. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins in the crude extract. The crude extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) diuretic activity compared to the control group. Furthermore, we detected the presence of electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-) in the urine of mice treated with the crude extract. In the molecular docking study, among the eighteen compounds studied, β-amyrin displayed superior diuretic potential. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation for the β-amyrin-6PZT protein complex indicated good stability, comparable to the reference drug, furosemide. Conclusion: The crude extract of A. mexicana demonstrates significant diuretic effects that could be valuable for edema treatment. The findings from the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest the potential for further research in developing a novel drug.

Phytochemical Tests and Antioxidant Activities of the Rhips Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var Amarum.)

Ginger is a traditional plant that thrives and has essential functions, including an antioxidant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical content and test the antioxidant activity of fresh white ginger and powdered ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum.). Two methods are used in this research: the phytochemical test and the antioxidant activity test using DPPH. Phytochemical tests, such as flavonoid, phenolic, steroid, and saponin, were conducted qualitatively. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Fresh white ginger and powdered ginger were extracted using the maceration method with water solvent. The study results showed that the effects of fresh white ginger extract obtained a yield of 64.08%. Meanwhile, powdered ginger extract was 58.68%. Phytochemical test results of fresh white ginger extract and powdered ginger (commercial) showed positive results for flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin compounds while adverse effects for steroids. Antioxidant activity test on fresh white ginger extract with water solvent showed an IC50 value of 25.41 ppm. The powdered ginger extract (commercial) has an IC50 value of 36.70 ppm. The results showed fresh white ginger and powdered ginger had relatively high antioxidant activity.

THE EFFECT OF MACERATION METHOD AND SOXHLETATION METHOD ON TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF KIRINYUH (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob) LEAF

This study evaluated kirinyuh leaf extract as a natural antioxidant using Soxhlet extraction and maceration extraction methods. Dried leaves of kirinyuh were extracted with 96% ethanol. The total phenolic content was measured spectrophotometrically according to the Folin Ciocalteu method, calculated as gallic acid equivalent (GAE), while the antioxidant activity was measured using ABTS. The results of the phytochemical test of kirinyuh leaf extract using maceration (EKM) and Soxhletation (EKS) methods revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. The total phenolic content of EKM was 39.85 ± 0.20 mgGAE/gram and EKS was 46.95 ± 0.15 mgGAE/gram extract. Antioxidant activity in the form of IC50 EKM was 46.10 ± 0.09 mg/L and EKS was 45.27 ± 0.07 mg/L, both of them have a very strong category. There were significant differences in the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of the Kirinyuh leaf using maceration and soxhletation methods based on the results of the T-test. Keywords: Kirinyuh, Eupatorium odoratum, ABTS, phenolics, antioxidant.

Antioxidant Activity Test (DPPH) and Cytotoxicity of Jengkol Peel Ethanol Extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) on Shrimp Larvae (Artemia salina Leach)

This study aims to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa). Jengkol peel ethanol extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol as a solvent. In the phytochemical screening test it was found that chemical compounds contained in jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was tested using the 35 ppm DPPH method. The test results on the ethanol extract showed moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 209.45 µg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract was tested by the BSLT method using shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.). The results showed that the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) has cytotoxic activity with LC50 value minimum of 17.875 mg/L and LC50 a maximum of 360.714 mg/L with an average of 180.136 mg/L.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of chloroform leaf extracts of Conocarpus lancifolius Engl

Introduction and Aim: Antibacterial substances are abundant in medicinal herbs, which are used in many extremely effective traditional medical therapies. Conocarpus lancifolius Engl. a plant species, has a wide range of therapeutic uses for the handling of haemophilia, inflammation, illness, eye ailments, fever, diabetes and headache. The study's goal was to assess the antibacterial efficacy, in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties of the solvent-based extract of C. lancifolius leaf material. Methodology: The investigation started in March 2023 and C. lancifolius leaves were collected in Tamil Nadu, India. To make the extracts, the maceration technique was employed. The phytochemical constitutions were identified by phytochemical test results. Using the agar diffusion method, the antibacterial capacity of C. lancifolius extracted from leaves was evaluated. Results: At the concentration of 100 microgram/mL level of probability, Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus in addition to Bacillus cereus, respectively (18 and 21 mm) and Gram-negative microorganisms Escherichia coli combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae (23 and 20 mm) were considerably inhibited. Additionally, it has the strongest antifungal activity (20 mm) against Candida albicans. While the ethanol extract of the leaves significantly inhibited both Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli as well as the pneumonia-causing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (22 and 19 mm) and Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Bacillus cereus (18 and 20 mm). Conclusion: When compared to normal ascorbic acid, which had an antioxidant activity of 87.96 percent, C. lncifolius extract with chloroform exhibited a substantial antioxidant activity of 62.96 percent inhibition. When compared to a larger dose of normal diclofenac (84.11 percent), the more potent quantity of C. lncifolius extract with chloroform significantly inhibited inflammation by 75.12 percent under similar circumstances. Because there are biologically active compounds in the herbal preparation, the current investigation found that C. lancifolius may be a good therapeutic candidate.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICALS OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LOCAL ORTHOSIPHON ARISTATUS LEAVES

The interest in drug discovery from plant sources has been the focus for many researchers due to the increasing emergence of drug-resistant microbial strains. This study investigated the antibacterial activity of Orthosiphon aristatus leaves and their phytochemical compounds against gram-positive (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of Orthosiphon aristatus leaves was determined by using well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The extract showed inhibition against S. epidermidis, S. mutans, P. acnes and K. pneumoniae, ranging from 9 mm to 30 mm. E. coli was not inhibited. The MIC and MBC values for S. mutans were 7.81 mg/ml, S. epidermidis were 125 mg/ml, P. acnes were 3.91 mg/ml, and K. pneumoniae were 62.5 mg/ml. Data analysis showed that S. mutans, P. acnes, and K. pneumoniae had no significant mean difference between the plant extract and the corresponding antibiotic, while S. epidermidis showed statistical significance. Qualitative phytochemical tests showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, and terpenoids in the extract. The findings indicate Orthosiphon aristatus as a promising antimicrobial agent.

Phytochemical screening and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on Ischaemumpilosum (Kleinex Willd.)

Ischaemumpilosum (Kleinex Willd.) a weed among the grass is reported for ethno-medicinal practices for treatment of various treatments for human and domestic animals. The current work deals with phytochemical analysis in different parts of plants to find out bioactive compounds. The first-time reported results onI. pilosumreveal the significant phytochemicals by using preliminary phytochemical analysis, UV Visible spectral technique, FTIR analysis and GC-MS analysis. The preliminary phytochemical test confirms the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannin and triterpenes in Ischaemumpilosum.UV Visible spectra and FTIR gives the ranges of absorptions and functional group like Carboxylic acids (O-H) at 2956,92 cm-1, Alkanes (O-H) at 2849,89 cm-1, Aldehydes (C=O) at 1735,92 cm-1, Aromatic Rings (C=C) at 1462,95 cm-1, Alkanes (C-H) at 1377,97 cm-1, Esters (C-O) 1166,95 cm-1and Phenyl Ring (C-H) 758,97 cm-1. The GC-MS analysis related twenty-one compounds like Phenol, 4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl), Pentanoic acid, 5-hydroxy, 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl esters, E-15-Heptadecenal, 1-Hexadecanol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, l (+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, Palmitic anhydride, Cycloeicosane, Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid and Triacontane from Ischaemumpilosumleaves extract.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN BINI SIMPUR (DILENIA SP.), KEDEBIK (MELASTOMA SP.) DAN MENGKIRAI (TREMA ORIENTALIS) TERHADAP BAKTERI AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA

Bini simpur, kedebik, and mengkirai are plants that grow a lot on Bangka Island. This plant has benefits as herbal medicine. The novelty of this research is that the Bini Simpur, Kedebik and Kirai plants can be used to treat fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. This research method is to use disc diffusion. The results of the phytochemical screening test proved that the leaves of Bini Simpur, Kedebik and Kirai contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Kedebic plants can inhibit bacteria by 12.7 mm; bini simpur 11.55 mm; and approx 10.8 mm. Conclusion Bini Simpur, Kedebik, and Kirai leaf extracts have antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Functional Group Identification and Toxicity of Piper crocatum Red Betel Acetone Extract against Artemia salina by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test Method

Identification of compounds and acetone extract activity from P. crocatum red shrimp has been done using phytochemical testing and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The extraction begins with maseration using an acetone solvent and then the solvent is moved using an evaporator. Identification of extract function groups using the IR and GC-MS spectrum, as well as the toxicity test of the extract was carried out against the 48-hour Artemia salina Leach shrimp larva. The identification results showed the presence of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and steroids supported by GC-MS data and IR spectrum that indicated the existence of OH groups, C=O esters, C=O ketones, C=C olephins, C=C aromatic, C-O ester, and aliphatic CH. The results of probit analysis (LC50) showed that the acetone extract was highly toxic (LC50 0-100 μg/mL) to Artemia salina Leach with LC50 value of 2.4520 ppm.

Phytochemical Screening and DPPH Assay of Talas Padang (Colocasia gigantea) Ethanol Leaf Extract

The leaf stalk of Talas padang (Colocasia gigantea) is used as a vegetable in parts of Southeast Asia. It leaves has been reported as one of potential natural sources to treat diabetes mellitus, hypertension, immune disease, and cancer. This study aims to determine phytochemical screening and 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test of C. gigantea leaf simplicial and extract. The study was carried out extraction by maceration method using ethanol (96%) followed by phytochemical screening and DPPH test. Both of simplicial and extract contained of alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/terpenoids. extract showed weak antioxidant activity as indicated by the assay DPPH value of 143.29 ppm.

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Plant Extracts in Comparison with Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Against Staphylococcus aureus

The current drug resistance in human pathogens is a result of the abuse of antibacterial drugs commonly used to treat diseases. Early human civilizations used Moringa oleifera extracts to treat illnesses and infections caused by food-borne bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In order to calculate the antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera against Staphylococcus aureus, methanolic extracts from its three parts were prepared. A photochemical analysis of the methanolic leaves, seeds, and roots extracts was performed when the extracts were ready for testing. We used well-diffusion methods to add the three extracts, and the ciprofloxacin antibiotic was used as the standard. From the stock solution, serial dilutions were made in order to calculate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the phytochemical screening test, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, and flavonoids were most abundant in leaves extract, followed by seeds then roots extracts. Moringa oleifera seeds have the highest inhibition zone, which is about 10mm, followed by Moringa oleifera roots at 9mm, and Moringa oleifera leaves at 7mm. In comparison to the other two extracts, the MIC of methanolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves was 250 mm, the highest concentration, with a MIC of 125 mm for roots and 62.50 mm for seeds. Methanolic extracts of Moringa seeds demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the present study. For further studies, it is suggested a deeper investigation to study the antibacterial agent dosages of these plant parts, which may be used by the pharmaceutical industry.

Photochemical and bioactivity examination of fractionated saluang belum root extract (Lavanga sarmentosa) on in-vitro human sperm motility

Background: Saluang belum (Lavanga sarmentosa) is one of Kalimantan's typical plants, which is as efficacious as a traditional medicine to increase sexual activity and male fertility. Based on previous studies, the content of flavonoid and steroid in 70% ethanol extract of L. sarmentosa were able to affect sperm quality of mice. Studies related to L. sarmentosa are still limited for phytochemical test and their bioactivity on human spermatozoa motility in vitro.Objective: This study is to perform phytochemical tests of compound content in fractionation with eluents of high and low polarity, namely methanol and chloroform, and then to test their bioactivity on the motility of human spermatozoa in vitro.Methods: L. sarmentosa was extracted with 96% ethanol and fractionated by using a vacuum chromatography column with chloroform and methanol as the eluent. Then obtained samples were analysed by a quantitative phytochemical test. The samples used in-vitro human spermatozoa were divided into eleven groups: control group, group administered with L. sarmentosa extract eluent chloroform of 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL, and same concentration with extract eluent methanol. Furthermore, the sperm motility was analysed by using a Computer Assisted Sperm Analyser (CASA). Results: The methanol and chloroform fraction of L. sarmentosa root extract contained metabolites, namely terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The sperm motility increased significantly at the treatment group of the methanol and chloroform fractions compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the sperm motility incubated with methanol and that with chloroform fraction at concentration 500 and 1000 ng/mL.Conclusion: The results of sperm motility were higher in the methanol fraction than those in the chloroform fraction.

Effect of differences in solvent ethanol extract of dayak onion bulbs and incubation time of Propionibacterium acnes on the antibacterial activity test

Background: Acne (acne vulgaris) is still a major health problem. Treatment with antibiotics raises problems in the form of resistance, irritation, and immune hypersensitivity. Alternatives derived from natural ingredients are needed to avoid these problems, namely Dayak onions. Objective: To find out the activity of the ethanol extract of onion bulbs in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes based on the variation of the incubation time duration of the bacteria as well as the solvent. Method: Phytochemical screening tests looked for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins, and saponins. Testing of the extract’s ability to inhibit bacteria was carried out with variations in the incubation times (24 and 48 hours) and solvents, namely Na-CMC and DMSO. The bacteria growth inhibition test employed the well-diffusion method, and the resulting data was analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Dayak onion extract contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Na-CMC solvent obtained the highest inhibition ability of Dayak onion extract at a concentration of 40% with an inhibition value of 10.12±1.840mm (24 hours), and 11.575±1.694 mm (48 hours) while DMSO solvent showed the highest inhibition at a concentration of 20% with inhibition values of 15.48±1.198 mm (24 hours) and 15.91±1.625 mm (48 hours). Interpretation of the results of the Wilcoxon test based on ranking showed a positive difference at 48 hours of incubation. Conclusion: The optimal incubation time of P. acnes was 48 hours with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the best solvent.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Effects of the Extracts and Oils of Harjel (Solenostemma argel) Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) on the Fungus Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production, Sudan

Sudan is one of the largest countries in Africa and is rich in many valuable plants that produce materials important for human and animal health. Some of these were used in traditional medicine. The present study aims to investigate the antifungal activities and the phytochemical composition of the extracts and oils of three plants (Hargel et al.). The study was conducted at the Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira. The mycelial growth and spore germination methods were used for the antifungal tests, using a selective medium, while thin-layer chromatography was used for phytochemical tests and aflatoxin analysis. The effects of clove oil and some amino acids were used for comparison. The results of the fungal growth showed that the leaf extracts of Hargel were highly effective and gave complete inhibition (0.0 cm radial growth), while the stem extracts and oil of Hargel were less effective, given (0.3 mm). Rehan (Basil) oil was the most effective (0.0 cm) compared to (0.4cm) and (0.5cm) for the extracts of the leaf and stem, respectively. The oil, leaf, and stem extracts of Parsley and clove oil were all highly effective, giving (0.0 cm) radial growth. The results of the effects of the amino acids on radial growth indicated that they were all highly effective, giving complete (0.0 cm) at a higher concentration (100mg/ml). The results of the effect on mycelial weights showed that the oils of the three plants, as well as that of clove, gave complete inhibition (0.0 mg weight); in contrast, the extracts of leaf of Hargel, Parsley, and Basil showed (1.74, 3.26 and 3.34, mg respectively) while, the extracts of the stems gave (3.29, 1.86 and 1.86, mg respectively). Among the amino acids tested, only methionine, leucine, and arginine were adequate (7.0, 7.4, and 7.4 mg, respectively). Concerning the effects of the spore germination, it was found that all the oils tested gave complete inhibition (0.0 %, pore germination) and the stem extracts of the three plants. However, only the leaf extracts of Parsley were highly influential; those of Harjel and Rehan were less effective (7.69% and 15.0 % germination, respectively). All the amino acids tested were less effective, giving about (10.0 % germination). The leaf and stem extracts of Harjel and both Parsley and Clove oils inhibited aflatoxin production by the fungus at all concentrations. The stem extracts of Rehan, the leaf extracts of Parsley, and the oil of Harjel inhibited aflatoxin production at higher concentrations only. The stem extracts and Rehan's oil were found to be unable to inhibit aflatoxin production at all tested concentrations. The chemical analysis of the tested plants' extracts and oils revealed that they contained saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics but not Steroids. However, glutamic acid was the only amino acid that inhibited aflatoxin production at all concentrations. From the results, it could be concluded that the oils of the plants were more effective than the extracts, and the leaf and stem extracts of Parsley were better among the extracts. It could be recommended that more plant extracts be tested since some plants may be more effective.

Antidiabetic Activity of the Methanol Fraction of Sungkai Leaves (Peronema canescens Jack)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by a disturbance in insulin so that blood glucose levels increase. Prevention of absorption of blood glucose by the intestine can be done with the help of the enzyme α-glucosidase. Based on the results of phytochemical tests, it is known that the methanol fraction of sungkai leaves contains flavonoid compounds. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrum showed that the isolates had phenolic O-H groups (3,354.53 cm1 , 1,359.28 cm-1 ), aromatic C=C group (1,615.48 cm-1 ), C-O-C ether group (1,046.60 cm-1 ) and aromatic C-H group (822.21 cm-1 ). In vivo antidiabetic activity test was carried out using test animals of white male mice which were induced by alloxan. Antidiabetic testing was carried out using 6 treatment groups with glibenclamide, Na-Carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) 0.5%, dose 175 mg/kgBW, 350 mg/kgBW, 700 mg/kg Body Weight (BW) and isolates 2 mg/kgBW. The results showed that the methanol fraction of sungkai leaves had the best antidiabetic activity at a dose of isolate and 700 mg/kgBW which was able to reduce blood glucose levels by 42.20% and 42.00%. In vitro antidiabetic testing through αglucosidase enzyme inhibition mechanism did not show any antidiabetic activity at concentrations of fractions 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Terhadap Daya Hambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Eschericia coli

Diarrheal is a disease that is widely endemic in tropical countries, especially in Indonesia. The bacterium that causes the appearance of diarrheal diseases is Eschericia coli. Plants that have the potential to be a cure for diarrhea are ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.). Ketapang seeds contain tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins that can be used as antibacterial. This study aims to identify the effect of ketapang seed extract on the activity of E. coli bacteria. Extraction of ketapang seeds is carried out by the soxhlet extraction method with a solvent mixture of water and ethanol 96%. This research is a laboratory experiment. Bacterial growth inhibition test is carried out by the phytochemical test of ketapang seed extract with the addition of FeCl3 solution showed positive results containing tannin compound indicated by the formation of a blackish-green colored solution. Positive control was carried out with amoxicillin and negative control with 70% ethanol solution. The results of the ANOVA test analysis obtained a significance value of 0.963, interpreted that there was a difference in inhibition power in variations in the concentration of ketapang seed extract with the most effective extract concentration being 0.8%. The higher the concentration of ketapang seed extract, the greater the inhibition against the growth of E. coli bacteria, therefore it can be used as a basic ingredient for anti-diarrhea drugs.

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOUTH INDIA MARKET SAMPLES OF BHARANGI (CLERODENDRUM SERRATUM LINN.)

Bharangi (Clerodendrum serratum Linn. Family - Verbenaceae) root is one of the most common herbs in Ayurvedic formulations used to treat respiratory disorders. It is identified with different names in different places. The issue in the present era is the roots of Bharangi are being adulterated with Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn. Clerodendrum phlomodies Linn, and Quassia bark in the market. Hence, a humble effort has been made to identify and evaluate a genuine market sample of Bharangi root. Bharangi root samples were collected from different markets in South India: Chennai, Vijayawada, Hubli, Pune and Thiruvananthapuram. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation was done using physicochemical analysis, phytochemical tests, TLC and HPTLC to know the genuine samples of Bharangi root in different markets, followed by comparing these samples with the standards of API. Among the five samples, four were genuine since their analytical values were nearer to the standards of API and one sample was found adulterated since it differed from the standard analytical values.

Proximate, nutritional, phytochemical and stability analysis of stingless bee pollen from Sarawak, Malaysia

Bee pollen, as one of the products of bees, is often claimed as nature’s most complete food. The present work aimed to evaluate and compare the physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and phytochemical content of stingless bee pollen Heterotrigona itama from eight different geographical origins in Sarawak, Malaysia. Storage studies of the stingless bee pollen samples at four different temperatures were also conducted. The pH and water activity of the pollen samples were in the range of 3.45 to 3.69 and 0.39 to 0.51, respectively. Pollen samples contained 51.96% carbohydrates, 16.31% protein, 4.85% lipid, and 2.24% minerals on average. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of pollen extracts ranged from 27.99 to 63.17 mg GAE/g and 66.73 to 94.03% radical scavenging activity, respectively. The phytochemical screening test revealed that saponin, terpenoid, and flavonoids were present in all the pollen extracts under investigation. Processed bee pollen is relatively stable at a storage temperature of or below 40 °C. In addition, no obvious degradation in terms of protein content, TPC or antioxidant scavenging activity was observed, even at an incubation temperature of 50 °C. The results of the present study indicated that processed stingless bee pollen of Sarawak origin is a natural product that could last a long time at an ambient temperature of 25 °Cin addition to its good source of nutritional and bioactive compounds.

Antibacterial activities of the extracts of sponge Agelas cervicornis agains bacteria Staphylococcus aureus

Infection is a health problem that can cause death in the world. An antibiotics is a treatment used to treat infectious diseases. If antibiotics are used continuously, they can cause resistance. One of the bacteria that causes skin infections and has been reported to be resistant to several antibacterials is Staphylococcus aureus. So we need an alternative to exploring antibacterial compounds derived from the ocean. Sponge extract from the genus Agelas has been reported to contain secondary metabolites that are antibacterial. This research aims to determine the antibacterial potential of sponge extract and the secondary metabolite of sponge extract, Agelas cervicornis. The extraction process uses maceration with methanol as a solvent. The tests carried out in this study included a phytochemical screening test and an antibacterial activity test carried out using the disc diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone produced against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the sponge extract of Agelas cervicornis contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the sponge extract of Agelas cervicornis showed that all concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 1.5 mg/ml had weak inhibitory properties.