Phytochemical Tests Research Articles

Banana Tree Midrip Sap as an Antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus in Preventing Infection on External Wounds

Wounds are damage to tissue continuity due to trauma from sharp or blunt objects, changes in temperature, chemistry, electricity, radiation, or animal bites. Wounds that are not handled properly can easily become infected, which can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of banana tree midrib sap as an antibacterial Staphylococcus aureus in preventing infection in external wounds. The research design used was experimental with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a post test only control group design pattern. The research samples consisted of kepok banana tree midrib sap and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial culture using an accidental sampling technique. The antibacterial test method uses the well method by measuring the diameter of the clear zone on the media. The data collected was analyzed statistically using the Kruskal Wallis test and continued with the Post Hoc Kruskal Wallis test with a confidence level of 95%. The results showed that the sap of the banana tree midrib showed an influence on the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a value of sig. 0.01 (α<0.05). Banana tree sap (Musa Paradisiaca L) has an effect at concentrations of 15%, 30% and 60% on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. These results are in accordance with the results of the qualitative phytochemical test of Kepok banana tree midrib sap which contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins which function as antibacterials. The conclusion of this research is that banana tree midrib sap has great potential as an antibacterial for Staphylocoocus aureus in preventing infections in external wounds

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FOOTSPRAY CONTAINING HONEY PINEAPPLE PEEL EXTRACT (ANANAS COMOSUS [L.] MERR)

Foot odor or bromhidrosis occurs due to the activity of bacteria that convert leucine in sweat into isovaleric acid which results in unpleasant odors. Honey pineapple skin (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) is generally waste, whereas honey pineapple skin is known to contain antibacterial compounds. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of honey pineapple peel as an active ingredient in footspray based on the results of phytochemical screening and physical evaluation. Honey pineapple peel was extracted by maceration method using ethanol 70% then phytochemical test. Footspray preparations were made with various extract concentrations of 0%, 25%, 35% and 45% then tested for organoleptic, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, and dry time during storage period of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days at room temperature. This study showed that honey pineapple peel extract contained flavonoids, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. The footspray has brown color with honey pineapple scent, pH of 5.71-6.37, specific gravity 1.05-1.09 g/mL, viscosity 7.2-13.2 cP, spreadability 6.67-7.60 cm, and the dry time is 4-5 minutes. Footspray containing honey pineapple peel extract with concentrations of 25%, 35% and 45% has a pH value that is safe for the skin, with good specific gravity, viscosity, homogeneity and spreadability, also stable during storage. Formula 1 (25% extract concentration) tends to be preferred because its texture is soft and not too sticky when applied to the skin when compared with formula 2 and 3.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity test of ethanol extract of casturi mango leaves (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) from Drien Bungong village, Pidie Jaya, using the DPPH method

Antioxidants are chemical compounds that, in specific amounts, can inhibit or slow down cell damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidants function to protect the body from free radical attacks. The more free radicals in the body, the more cells will be damaged. One plant that contains antioxidant compounds is casturi mango (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.). Casturi mango (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) is a plant that contains secondary metabolite compounds such as saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics which have potential as antioxidants. This research aimed to determine differences in secondary metabolite compounds and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of casturi mango leaves (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) growing in Gampong Drien Bungong, Pidie Jaya. The stages of this research include sample processing, making ethanol extract of kasturi mango leaves, characterization examination, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant activity test. The sample used was musk mango leaves. The ethanol extract of casturi mango leaves (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) was extracted using maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH (1-1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 516 nm and vitamin C as a comparison. Based on the results of phytochemical screening tests, there are differences in secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of kasturi mango leaves in Gampong Drien Bungong, Pidie Jaya, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, and the results of antioxidant activity obtained an IC50 value of 9.06 ppm with the category very strong, equivalent to the antioxidant potential of vitamin C, having an IC50 value of 4.63 ppm in the robust category.

Formulation and Activity Test of Foot Spray from Sungkai Leaf Extract (PeronemacanescensJack) as an Antibacterial that Causes Foot Odor

Background : Sungkai is one of the medicinal plants used by the Suku Anak Dalam Tribe in Jambi to treat infectious diseases. Sungkai leaves contain secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and tannins. Tannins and terpenoids are metabolites that have potential as antifungal , antibacterial and antiviral so they can be used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Some bacterial infections can cause foot odor which can reduce a person's self-confidence. The aim of this research was to test Sungkai leaf extract which was formulated in foot spray dosage form to treat bacteria that cause foot odor, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa .
 Method : This research begins with the extraction stage of Sungkai leaves using the maceration method using 96% ethanol, then the resulting extract is continued with phytochemical screening testing, formulating the foot spray, and testing the antibacterial activity of foot spray. Antibacterial testing using by disc diffusion method, preparation of foot spray formulation using several series concentrations of Sungkai leaf extract there are 15% (F1), 20% (F2), and 25% (F3), and than followed by evaluation of foot spray formula includes organoleptic tests, pH tests , stability tests , irritation tests and liking tests.
 Results : Antibacterial activity of foot spray for both bacteria is in the medium category with average values of 7.29 and 7.11. The statistical test results at a p value of 0.05 show a significant difference between F0, FP, and F1.
 Conclusion : Based on the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that foot preparation spray from Sungkai leaf extract is effective as an antibacterial especially for (F3) which contain an extract concentration of 25%.
 
 Keywords :Extract, sungkai leaves, foot spray , Peronema canescensJack, Pseudomonas aeruginosa And Staphylococcus epidermidis .

Bioactive Compounds in Barangan Banana Peel (Musa acuminata Colla.) as an Alternative for Antibacterial Drug Development

Barangan banana (Musa acuminata Colla.) is one of the banana varieties which is often found in Indonesia and is widely consumed so that banana peels become organic waste and need to be processed further. The novelty of this research is to prove the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract contained in banana peels on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria which is supported by the GCMS instrument to show the active compounds contained which can be used in the development of anti-bacterial drugs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that is widespread and inhabits the homeland and environments in contact with humans and animals. These bacteria can attack infections of the skin, blood, lungs and digestive tract. The ethanol extract was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar well diffusion method. the compounds contained in the samples were analyzed using Phytochemical Test obtained alkaloids, flavonoid, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and tannins were obtained. There are six active compounds: Palmitinic acid (C16H32O2), Cyclopentanol acetate (C7H12O2), 1-(2-Thienyl) Ethanone oxime (C6H7NOS), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (C5H4O2), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- (C6H8O4), and 2(3H)-Furanone, 5-methyl- (C5H6O2) with percent area respectively : 3,49, 12,60, 26,46, 20,85, 3,82, and 2,98 %. Antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, and 12.5 mg/ml were 12.80, 10.70, 5.00 and 2.00 mm, respectively. This work will advance the development of antimicrobial drugs.

In-silico Study of Methyl Beta D-xylopyranoside: A Spectroscopically Screened Small Molecule from Aganosma dichotoma

Background: To develop scientific evidence of unexplored traditional plants. Methods: Standardization of leaf powder was done as per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, followed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to identify basic phytoconstituents. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and spectroscopic analysis was done to validate the identified phytoconstituents. Molecular docking was done to identify a small molecule, methy beta D-xylopyranoside. Results: The air-dried leaves and barks were powdered and subjected to extraction based on the polarity of solvents through soxhlation, namely, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform, to obtain four different extracts. Further, preliminary phytochemical tests and qualitative determination of the different biologically active compounds from leave powder Aganosma dichotoma using FTIR revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents. And gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of crude extracts revealed different chemical entities with varying quantities and followed by in-silico molecular docking studies of hub genes against the photochemical small molecule. Thus, the identification of different biologically active compounds in the extracts of leaves A. dichotoma warrants further biological and pharmacological studies. Conclusion: Small molecules identified from A. dichotoma have robust activity against myocardial infarction, but need to be validated through in-vitro and in-vivo studies.

Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity of Ethanol, Ethyl Acetate, and n-Hexane Kluwak (Pangium edule) Extract on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction: Breast cancer occurs quite high and is one of the main causes of death in Indonesia and the world. Current treatment for cancer is expensive and has varying degrees of success and can cause side effects for patients. Kluwak (Pangium edule), whose reseach is still limited has the potential to be used as an alternative treatment for breast cancer. Methods: Kluwak powder was macerated using three different types of solvents to obtain ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane kluwak extract. Phytochemical tests and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were carried out to determine the type and amount of phytochemical components of kluwak extract. The antioxidant activity of kluwak extract was tested using the DPPH method and the cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells was determined using the MTT test. Results: The phytochemical components contained in kluwak extract include flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids and glycosides. The ethanol extract of kluwak showed very weak antioxidant activity (IC50 = 26459 µg/ml), while the antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts could not be determined. Ethyl acetate and n-hexane kluwak extracts also had a moderate cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values respectively 132.79 µg/ml and 232.93 µg/ml while the ethanol extract had a weak cytotoxic effect with values IC50 667.91 µg/ml.Conclusion: Kluwak (Pangium edule) extract contains phytochemical compounds and cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, so it has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent in the management of breast cancer.

PROFIL FITOKIMIA DAN ANALISIS TOKSISITAS Ficus racemosa L. MENGGUNAKAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina) LETHALITY TEST

A traditional plant, Ficus racemosa L., known as the ara plant in West Nusa Tenggara, is potentially beneficial as a drug candidate, which is one option to develop the biodiversity of natural ingredients in Indonesia. The extract was produced by maceration method with ethanol 96% solvent. Furthermore, they partitioned using various solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. The presence or absence of secondary metabolite is determined by the phytochemical screening test. Meanwhile, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) is a toxicity screening to determine the LC50 of extract and their partition with various concentrations used were 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm. The metabolite secondary flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are confirmed. The analysis showed that LC50 of extract was 218,34 ppm; n-hexane fraction was 413,57 ppm; ethyl acetate fraction was 309.51 ppm; and chloroform fraction was 314.60 ppm; all had toxic potential.

Artikel Review : Studi Fitokimia Dan Farmakologi Tanaman Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam)

The Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera L.) is a plant that has many properties in all parts of the plant. To find out the various properties, a phytochemical test is needed. Our phytochemical tests can determine the various chemical compounds formed and contained in plants, starting from chemical structure, biosynthesis, changes and metabolism, and bioactivity. This research aims to determine the classes of secondary metabolite compounds contained in the Moringa plant and their pharmacological activities based on the publication of scientific articles so that they can be a source of information in research and development of herbal medicines. The method used is literature study, the review process for this journal involves analysis of relevant articles, with a focus on empirical research conducted in the 2015-2023 time period. Article searches were carried out using the Google Scholar academic database. In the phytochemical test, it was found that Moringa contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and tannins. These compounds are found in parts of the Moringa plant such as leaves, seeds, roots, protective skin, and stems. The Moringa plant also has pharmacological activities as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and anticancer.

Phytochemical profile and allelopathic potential of Haloxylon scoparium Pomel (Chenopodiaceae) from Algerian Sahara

The aim of the present work is to study the chemical composition, to estimate the phenolic compounds content and to evaluate the potential allelopathic effects of the Haloxylon scoparium Pomel. Phytochemical tests revealed that Haloxylon scoparium contains tannins, saponins, coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids. Furthermore, it contains high levels of total phenolic (588.33 mg GAE 100 g-1) and flavonoids (95.45 mg QE 100 g-1) contents. Moreover, LC-MS-MS analysis allowed us to determine their chemical composition. The results of this characterization confirm the presence of vanillin, naringenin, folic acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, myricetin, qwuercetin, beta-carotene, butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), rutin, cafeic acid, hydroxy-4-coumarine, ascorbic acid, and gallic acid. The allelopathic effect was studied on seed germination and seedling growth of four weed species. The bioassays were performed using different concentrations (1 %, 2.5 %, 5 % and 10 %) against a negative control. The seed germination, shoot and root length of weed species were completely inhibited at the highest concentrations (10 %, 5 %). However, the lower concentrations exhibited lesser inhibition percentages on the germination and the seedling growth. The phytochemical results and the significant allelopathic effects of the plant extract suggest that this species may offer new substances for the biocontrol of weeds.

Effectiveness of bay leaf extract in reducing malondialdehyde levels

Excessive physical activity can lead to oxidative stress, resulting in elevated levels of free radicals in the human body. Oxidative stress is believed to be a precursor of various degenerative and chronic disorders, including arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Malondialdehyde serves as a biomarker for oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Hence, the use of antioxidants is imperative to restore the balance in the body. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bay leaf administration on malondialdehyde levels in male Wistar rats. A pre-test–post-test design with a control group was employed in this study. Bay leaf extract was prepared using a maceration method with 70% ethanol. The rats were divided into four groups, including one control group and three treatment groups based on the dosage. Technical terms were explained when first used, and concise objective language was employed throughout the report. The study adhered to the conventional structure with standard citations and was free from grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. Blood samples were collected from the retro orbital plexus on days 1 (pretest) and 15 (posttest). Blood MDA levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) method, which involves reacting blood plasma with 20% TCA, 1% TBA, and 50% glacial acetic acid. To determine the significance of differences between the test groups, one-way ANOVA was used at a 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Post Hoc Test with LSD technique was conducted for additional analysis or testing. Phytochemical test results indicated the presence of flavonoids, steroids, and tannins as secondary metabolites in the bay leaf extract. Administering bay leaf extract significantly lowered the MDA levels. The group receiving a 5 ml dose demonstrated greater effectiveness in reducing MDA levels in male white Wistar rats induced with excessive physical activity, based on average MDA levels.

Phytochemical analysis of Indonesian gadung mango leaf (Mangifera indica L. var. gadung) and their antibacterial activity

Abstract. Sulistyarsi A, Rahayu T, Primiani CN, Pujiati. 2023. Phytochemical analysis of Indonesian gadung mango leaf (Mangifera indica L. var. gadung) and their antibacterial activity. Biodiversitas 24: 6295-6304. The study was carried out to find out the secondary metabolite compounds in mango leaf extract (Mangifera indica L. var. gadung) using qualitative, quantitative, LC-MS and antibacterial activity with well diffusion method in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Research used a quantitative approach of randomized block design with variations of concentrations of 60, 80, and 100%, K- (aquadest), and K+ (chloramphenicol) in three times repeated groups. The results of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical tests show that mango leaf extract contains flavonoids (63408.464 mg/kg), saponins 3212.942 mg/kg), tannins (1050.191 mg/kg), alkaloids (605.123 mg/kg) and steroid (1050.191 mg/kg). Test of flavonoid derivat extract using LC-MS shows apigenin, kaempferol, fisetin, catechins, quercetin, ramnetin, astragalin, hirsutrin, isocercitrin, hyperin, rhamnetin 3-glucoside, rhamnetin 3-o-?galactopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-galactoside, amentoflavone, routine, hyperin-6-gallate, epigallocycin (4??8) epigallocycin-3-ogalate ester. Antibacterial testing on S. aureus forms an average clear zone diameter of 30.46, 31.43, 32.81 mm furthermor in E.coli is 23.23, 23.84, 24.23 mm. Data of clear zone diameter was analyzed using ANOVA two-way and showed a value of sg. 0,001<0,05. It can be concluded that Indonesian gadung mango leaf extract contains secondary metabolites which have the potential to be an antibacterial agent.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties from Endophytic Fungi of Chrysanthemum indicum (L.) Flowers against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Uncovering the therapeutic potential of secondary metabolites produced by plants, animals, and microbes constitutes the foundation for the development of novel medications. The objective of this investigation is to discern the classes of secondary metabolites and assess the antibacterial properties of endophytic fungal extracts obtained from Chrysanthemum indicum L. flowers. Through the isolation process, five isolates designated as JEC1, JEC2, JEC3, JEC4, and JEC5 were identified. The cultivation of endophytic fungal isolates spanned a three-week period before undergoing extraction with ethyl acetate. The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins in the ethyl acetate extract. Antibacterial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method, with ciprofloxacin serving as a positive control. Notably, all ethyl acetate extracts from endophytic fungi exhibited antibacterial activity. The most substantial inhibitory diameter against Staphylococcus aureus was recorded as 19.1±0.8 mm for the JEC3 endophytic fungi, while Escherichia coli exhibited an inhibitory diameter of 16±1.1 mm for the JEC2 endophytic fungi.

Uji Antioksidan Limbah Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L.) Menggunakan Metode 2,2-Difenil-1-Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH)

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) is a plant that has the potential as a source of bioactive compounds for antioxidants. The flavonoid content in this plant contains an antioxidant mechanism by inhibiting the initiation process of radical compounds, so that the oxidation process inhibited and prevents oxidative stress in the body. This research aimed to identify secondary metabolites in pineapple peel waste and the potential antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple peel. This research began with an extraction process using a multilevel maceration method with three different solvents encompassing n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each fraction was subjected to a phytochemical screening test, thin layer chromatography test, and antioxidant test qualitatively by spraying 0,2% DPPH. Subsequently, the positive fraction in the qualitative test was continued with the quantitative test using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. As a result, the secondary metabolites detected in pineapple peel fraction were alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, and tannin. Meanwhile, the potential antioxidant activity was the ethyl acetate fraction of pineapple peel with an IC50 value of 40,52 ppm which was included in the very strong antioxidant category

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Activity of Asphodelus Tenuifolius in Normal and Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Asphodelus tenuifolius is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). The current study aims to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Asphodelus tenuifolius in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of whole Asphodelus tenuifolius plant were prepared by using the maceration process. DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (140 mg/kg b.w) in rats. Glibenclamide was used as the reference drug. In an acute study, ethanolic extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius (ATEE) and aqueous extract of Asphodelus tenuifolius (ATAqE) were administered in 200 and 400 mg/kg doses to normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Both extracts (ATEE and ATAqE) significantly lowered the blood glucose level of both normal and diabetic treated rats in a concentration dependent fashion. However, ATEE produced prominent results at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In a fourteen-day study, ATEE considerably decreased the blood glucose level of alloxanized rats. The results were similar to the reference drug, that is, glibenclamide. In the prolonged study, the effects of ATEE on liver enzymes and hematological parameters of diabetic rats were also studied. Hb level and platelet count was increased in ATEE-treated diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control. However, it did not affect other hematological parameters. ATEE significantly decreased the ALP level as compared to diabetic control. Although, the test extract did not significantly alter the SGOT and SGPT levels. Further, the phytochemical testing of ATEE revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. It was concluded that Asphodeleus tenifolius possesses antidiabetic activity. More comprehensive studies are needed in the future to explicate the mechanism of action and to characterize the phyto-components of this plant.

Dyeing of doyo fiber (Curculigo latifolia) using teak leaf extract (Tectona grandis) as a natural coloring material

The Dayak Benuaq tribe uses natural dyes to give color to the Ulap Doyo woven fabric made from an endemic plant, namely Doyo (Curculigo latifolia). The purpose of this study was to carry out the extraction process and identify the phytochemical compounds in teak leaves, to carry out the fixation process on doyo fiber that had been treated with mordant, to measure the color fastness on doyo fiber. The extraction process uses the decoction method with 1 L distilled water as a solvent. Phytochemical testing using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Brightness and color discoloration were measured using the Colorimeter WR10 FRU. The test results show teak leaves have the potential as a red natural dye on doyo fiber. The phenol content contained in the teak leaf extract solution was 29.46 GAE/mg extract. Then the flavonoid content contained was 3.74 µg CE/mg extract. Furthermore, the anthocyanin content contained was 0.181 mg/g extract. lime (CaCO3) mordant is to maintain the original color, the alum (Al2(SO4)3) mordant is to increase the brightness of the colors, and the tunjung (FeSO4) mordant is to give a dark color to the doyo fibers. Color fastness with dye heat testing (40°C) showed color direction values is good/4.

Effect of antibacterial activity and analysis of active compounds of Hyrtios erecta sponge ethanol extract using maceration method

This type of sponge Hyrtios erecta has not been widely studied as an antibacterial agent. The method used to extract the Hyrtios erecta sponge is using maceration. The use of this maceration method aims to compare the use of extraction in producing yields. This study used tests such as water content test using the Loss on Drying method, yield test, phytochemical test using the tube method, and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method (Kirby Bauer). The research design used was RAL. Antibacterial activity data using ANOVA. While the data from the other tests were analyzed by descriptive method. The results showed that the use of different extraction methods and extract concentrations resulted in significantly different diameters of the inhibition zones. The results showed that the best treatment in producing the diameter of the inhibition zone was the maceration method with a concentration of 30000 ppm/disk which was 7.08±1.81 for Escherichia coli and 2.83±1.21 for Staphylococcus aureus. Hyrtios erecta extract was more sensitive to gram negative than gram positive. The ethanol extract of the Hyrtios erecta sponge which has been tested in the form of phytochemicals shows the presence of bioactive compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant analysis on algae of the Phaeophyta Division (Sargassum sp. and Padina sp.)

Algae Division of Phaeophyta (brown algae) is a group of macroalgae that have important benefits for life because they contain bioactive compounds such as antioxidants. This study aims to identify bioactive compounds and analyze the antioxidant activity of algae of the Phaeophyta Division in the genus Sargassum sp. and Padina sp. The methodology in this study included extract preparation by maceration method using 70% ethanol, phytochemical tests using several reagents, phenolic total was carried out quantitatively, and antioxidant activity testing using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Pycrihydracyl (DPPH) method. The results showed that Sargassum sp. contains tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids. Meanwhile, Padina sp. contains only tannins. The yield of Sargassum sp. extract was 0.086% while that of Padina sp. extract was 0.065%. The total phenolic content of the Sargassum sp. extract was 419.133% while that of the Padina sp. extract was 248.467%. Antioxidant activity of Sargassum sp. extracts with IC50 10.93 mg/L and Padina sp. of 10 mg/L. The higher the total phenolic content, the higher the antioxidant activity, in which phenolic compounds are known to play a role in neutralizing free radicals, inhibiting oxidation in body cells, and can prevent cell damage.

Antidiabetic Activity of Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) Extracts in Diabetes Mellitus-induced Rats

Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus erosus) is in the pea family (Fabaceae) and is a native Mexican vine that produces an edible tuber called jicama or Mexican turnip in English. This study evaluated the antidiabetic activity of bengkuang extracts administered via oral gavage into rats at 4 days post-induction of streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes mellitus. At 14 days post injection (daily) of extracts at 28 and 56 mg/200 g body weight (BW), blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) from 277 ± 4 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) for the Diabetes Control Group to 182 ± 3 and 99 ± 55 mg/dl, respectively. The latter glucose level was comparable to that in the Antidiabetic Control Group rats (111 ± 63 mg/dl) injected with glibenclamide at 0.09 mg/200 g BW. The diabetes-induced rats also showed signs of cell recovery from diabetic-associated pancreatic tissue damage, supporting the efficacy of bengkuang treatment. According to phytochemical tests, the bengkuang extract contained various metabolites, mainly alkaloids and flavonoids, that may have been responsible for its antidiabetic activity. The results justify further studies on the underlying mechanisms of bengkuang antidiabetic activity.

Antibacterial and biolarvicidal activity of extracts of ethanol of Goniothalamus macrophyllus leaves and roots

Tendani (Goniothalamus macrophyllus) is empirically often used by Dayak people as a mosquito repellent by burning the stem bark and roots which have the ability as anti-bacterial. The objective of this research is to evaluate the antibacterial and biolarvicidal properties of ethanol extracts of Goniothalamus macrophyllus’s leaves and roots. The research method used qualitative method with colour phytochemical test, antibacterial test, and larvicidal test. Based on the study of active compounds contained in G. macrophyllus, the results of colour phytochemical tests of ethanol extracts of leaves and roots all contain compounds of the alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid/steroid, saponin, tannin and phenol groups. The results of the antibacterial tests on the leaves and roots have a strong ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acne and Streptococcus mutans. The highest larval mortality rate in the biolarvicide test was obtained in the root part of tendani with a concentration of 15% at 88%. The conclusion of the study is that the leaves and roots of the tendani plant have potential as antibacterial and biolarvicidal.