Phytochemical Screening Studies Research Articles

Phytochemical Screening, Chromatographic and Quantitative Study of Phenols and Flavonoids in Leaves of Oroxylum indicum and Pongamia pinnata

Number of secondary compounds is produced by plants as natural antioxidants. The current study's goal was to identify the phytochemical components, thin-layer chromatographic profile, total phenol, and total flavonoid content in the leaves of Pongamia pinnata and Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) (P. pinnata). The well-known test protocol described in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of different phytochemical constituents, thin-layer chromatography, and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids. By using the Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively, phenolic and flavonoid quantities were analysed quantitatively. Both plants contained glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenes, phenol, proteins, saponins, and carbohydrates, according to a phytochemical analysis. Studies using thin-layer chromatography and various solvent systems revealed homogeneous spots with various Rf values. According to the findings of the current study, O. indicum and P. pinnata crude extracts are a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents that have significant antioxidant potential. The pharmaceutical industries, pharmacologists, and phytochemists will all benefit from the study's findings.

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Studies on Ethanolic Extract of Catharanthus Roseus Leaves

Phytochemical Screening and TLC Studies on Ethanolic Extract of Catharanthus Roseus Leaves

Proximate composition, phytochemical screening and mineral content studies of leaves extract of Adenanthera pavonina

Adenanthera pavonina belongs to the leguminous non-climbing plant, with a very prominent value in food chain and therapeutic medicine of traditional origin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate GC-MS analyzed methanolic leaf extract for proximate analysis, phytochemical screening and mineral content determination in order to authenticate its nutraceutical propensity. The leaves were collected, washed with distilled water, dried under shed and powdered. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, anthocyanin and betacyanin, quinones, cardiac glycoside, terpenoids, triterpenoids, coumarin, steroids, and acids while oxalates, phenol and tannins were absent. The results of a proximate analysis revealed that the plant possessed a significant amount of protein (8.050 ± 0.15% %), crude fiber (11.088 ± 0.07%), moisture content (7.135 ± 0.18%), crude fat (0.8459 ± 0.34%), carbohydrates (67.7911 ± 0.85%), ash contents (5.09 ± 0.11%), organic matters (94.91 ± 0.93%) and vitamin A (0.196). Quantitative analysis on mineral content revealed the presence of Mn (125.350 mg/kg), Fe (878.450 mg/kg), Ni (15.850 mg/kg), Cr (15.850 mg/kg), Cu (11.950 mg/kg), Zn (24.500 mg/kg), K (0.721%), Na (0.074%), Ca (0.988%), Mg (0.988%), Magnesium (0.9 (0.730%). The study also showed that cobalt, cadmium, and lead could not be detected due to the detection limits of the instrument. Physicochemical and spectral analysis were carried out using FT-IR and GC-MS to identify the content of each extract and the hypothesized structures were correlated from spectroscopic data.

Towards a better understanding of commonly used medicinal plants from Turkiye: Detailed phytochemical screening and biological activity studies of two Teucrium L. species with in vitro and in silico approach

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSince ancient times, Teucrium L. species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants mainly in the Mediterranean region. From tackling gastrointestinal problems to maintaining the healthy functioning of endocrine glands, and from treating malaria to severe dermatological disorders, Teucrium species are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. Teucrium polium L. and Teucrium parviflorum Schreb. are the two members of the genus that have been used in Turkish folk medicine for various medicinal purposes. Aim of the studyTo determine the phytochemical compositions of the essential oils and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium and Teucrium parviflorum collected from different locations in Turkiye along with the investigation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial activities, and both in vitro and in silico enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts. Materials and methodsEthanol extracts of Teucrium polium aerial parts and roots, and aerial parts of Teucrium parviflorum were prepared. Volatile profiling of the essential oils by GC-MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts by LC-HRMS, antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, CUPRAC, and metal chelating activity assays, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, activities by different enzyme inhibitory activity assays, anticancer activity by SRB cell viability assay, and antimicrobial activity against a standard panel of bacteria and fungi by the microbroth dilution technique. Molecular docking studies were performed by Autodock Vina (Ver. 1.1.2). ResultsThe studied extracts were found to be quite rich in various biologically important volatile and phenolic compounds. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, which is a molecule renowned for having great therapeutic potential, was the major compound of all extracts. Teucrium polium aerial parts extract was revealed as a great source for naringenin with 16327 ± 685.23 μg/g extract. All extracts exerted significant antioxidant activity by different methods. All extracts demonstrated antibutrylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities by in vitro and in silico assays. Teucrium polium roots extract stood out with remarkable tyrosinase and urease inhibitory and cytotoxic activities. ConclusionThe obtained results from this multi-disciplinary study proves that the traditional use of these two Teucrium species is justified, and the mechanisms behind are enlightened.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity and metal binding studies on floral extracts of Euphorbia milii

This study investigates the methanolic flower extract of Euphorbia milii using various phytopharmacological and advanced computational techniques. This study was intended to quantify the chemical characterization of the components, the in vitro antioxidant capacity and their metal binding capacity in Euphorbia milii flower extracts. The scavenging activity was found to be higher for DPPH. (19.65 ± 0.545 µg/ml) than in the H2O2 assay (14.66 ± 0.185 µg/ml), indicating that E. milii flower extracts are significantly rich in antioxidant potential. It can be concluded that the phytoconstituents found in the flower extracts of E. milii may possibly be responsible for the antioxidant properties and metal binding ability.

Phytochemical screening, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of aerial parts of Trigonella hamosa (branched Fenugreek)

Trigonella hamosa (Genus: Trigonella; Family: Fabaceae), also known as branched Fenugreek, is a medicinally important plant traditionally employed for the treatment of common ailments. This study aimed at the evaluation of the chemical composition and biological profile of T. hamosa. The hydro-methanolic extract of T. hamosa (METH) was prepared through maceration, and subjected to solvent–solvent fractionation to obtain n-hexane fraction (HFTH), chloroform fraction (CFTH) and n-butanol fraction of T. hamosa (BFTH). Chemical profiling was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of total phenolic (TFC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) and GC–MS analysis. In biological profiling, the extract and fractions were analyzed for in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiviral and thrombolytic activities. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various primary and secondary metabolites in extract and fractions of T. hamosa, polyphenolic quantification of METH showed highest TPC (139.32 ± 2.07 mg GAE/g D.E.) and TFC (61.31 ± 3.12 mg QE/g D.E). Similarly, a total of 22 compounds were tentatively identified in the GC–MS analysis of HFTH. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for HFTH in the CUPRAC and DPPH assays followed by METH which presented maximum results in CUPRAC assay. In vitro antidiabetic assay of HFTH showed significant alpha-amylase inhibition potential (70.13%) followed by CFTH (53.42 %). In the anti-thrombolytic assay, maximum results were observed for HFTH (60.99 %) followed by METH (45.24 %). The comparative bioactive fraction was subjected to antibacterial assessment which presented a concentration-dependent increase in antibacterial activity against various strains; Escherichia coli with a zone of Inhibition (16 mm), Bacillus subtilis (15 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), Bacillus pumilus (14 mm). Similarly, HFTH exhibited strong antiviral potential against all the tested viral strains; avian influenza A H9, avian infectious bronchitis virus IBV, and Newcastle disease virus NDV with strong hemagglutination titers 2, 0, and 2 respectively. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents identification by GC–MS was further analyzed by subjecting to in-silico molecular docking analysis for determination of interaction between identified phytoconstituents and α-amylase enzyme. This study highlighted the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potential of aerial parts of Trigonella hamosa that could be further explored for the selection of leads which may contribute to novel drug development.

Phytochemical Screening and Acute oral Toxicity Study of Root Extracts of Combretum hereroense Schinz and Balanites aegyptiaca Del. Traditionally Used to Treat Female Infertility in Baringo County, Kenya

Aims: To carry out phytochemical screening and acute oral toxicity test to validate their safety and efficacy.
 Study Design: Standard phytochemical screening tests were used to highlight phytochemical compounds of roots of the plants. The evaluation of acute toxicity of the root extracts of the plants followed the model of Acute Toxicity Class based on OECD 423 Guideline, 2001.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The study was undertaken at the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry for the extraction for samples extraction and phytochemical screening. Acute oral toxicity studies were done at the Department of Biological Sciences for acute toxicity study, University of Eldoret, Between June and September 2022.
 Methodology: Phytochemical screening for presence of Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthocyanin, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were carried out. Acute oral toxicity studies were done using the fixed dose method at a dose of 2000mg/kg body weights of rats. Three groups were used: control and test groups for each of the respective plant root extracts. Signs of toxicity and/or mortality were monitored daily for 14 days. Weekly fasting body weights were also recorded.
 Results: The phytochemical screening results showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthocyanin, terpenoids, steroids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates present in the root extract of Combretum hereroense. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates were present in root extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca. Following the acute oral toxicity study, there were no abnormalities observed in physiological parameters. In addition, no deaths were recorded during the study period. The LD50 was therefore greater than 2000 mg/kg. The fasting body weights of extract treated rats increased stably compared to the control [p = .05].
 Conclusion: The results showed C. hereroense and B. aegyptiaca methanol root extracts were considered safe in acute oral exposure. Long-term toxicity studies are needed for further toxicological profile elicitation of the plant, and a possible reinforcement of clinical relevance of the results of laboratory studies.

Phytochemical screening, toxicological studies of aqueous whole plant extract and characterized conjugated silver nanoparticles on liver function biomarkers

Assessment of the safety and possible effects aqueous whole plant extract and characterized conjugated silver nanoparticles derived from Euphorbia heterophylla as related to liver function can produce on the end users make toxicological studies a must. The phytochemical screening and toxicological studies of aqueous extract and characterized conjugated silver nanoparticles (CCAgNPs) were carried out using standard techniques. Phytochemicals such as: saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and reducing sugars were present in aqueous extract of whole plant Euphorbia heterophylla (AQEWEH). There was a reduction in the body weights of Wistar albino rats except an increment at a dose of 600 mg/kgbw. However, the highest average body weight of 176.50 g was obtained when 10 mg/kgbw of AQEWEH was administered to Wistar albino rats while 600 mg/kgbw of CCAgNPs gave the highest body weight of 152.50 g. Increment in serum asparte aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, reduction in total protein and urea concentration are indicative of hepatocellular dysfunction and cholestatic pattern. The implication of this study is that for both AQEWEH and CCAgNPs to be used as therapeutic agents and administered to man and animals, their safety doses must be determined.

Assessment of the effects of an aqueous extract of the leaves, flowers, and seeds of Crotalaria retusa L (Fabaceae) on the glycemia in rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Crotalaria retusa L (Fabaceae) (EACr) on glycemia in Wistar rats, to contribute to the valorization of plants used in traditional medicine for the improvement of people’s health. A phytochemical screening and pharmacological study of the aqueous extract of Crotalaria retusa L (Fabaceae) on glycemia in rats, were carried out. The administration of the substances in animals was made orally. The qualitative phytochemical study carried out with the aqueous extract of the leaves, the flowers, and the pods of Crotalaria retusa L (Fabaceae) made to highlight the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, catechic, and gallic tannins, quinonic compounds, alkaloids, sterols, and polyterpenes. This extract showed hypoglycemic activity in the normoglycemic animals, treated with the dose of 1000 mg/kg BW with a percentage of reduction of the glycemia of 21.04%. After an overload of glucose, EACr (1000 mg/kg BW) and the glibenclamide (10-2g/kg BW) showed better antihyperglycemic activity in the rats post-treated, with respective percentages of reduction of 41.90 and 50.39%. EACr has hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic properties which would be probably related to the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids. These compounds, generally recognized for their hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects, confer to this extract similar properties to those of certain insulin-secretors. These results support the use of this plant for the treatment of diabetes in traditional medicine and bring a scientific base.

POTENSI EKSTRAK KENCUR (Kaemferia galanga L.) SEBAGAI IMUNOMODULATOR PADA TIKUS MODEL YANG TERINFEKSI Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can infect anyone in the patient's environment. Someone with good body immunity conditions will avoid tuberculosis. Increased immunity for tuberculosis sufferers is very important. The active substances contained in plants such as flavonoids and essential oils are important components in supporting the body's immunity. One plant that contains flavonoids and essential oils is kencur (Kaemferia galanga L.). This study aims to prove the potential of kencur extract as an immunomodulator in model rat infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was a laboratory experiment using the kencur extract (EK) and samples of rats as a model. The sample used was 30 animals which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was a healthy animal (Normal). Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were treatment groups consisting of sick animals given placebo treatment (control), rifampicin (R), EK (Kencur Extract) and CRK (Mixture of Rifampicin and Kencur). Group 6 was a normal group given EK then infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (NK). Modeling was done by infecting experimental animals using Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The infection was 30 days and the treatment was 21 days. The parameters in this study were leukocytes and Laju Endap Darah (LED). The results of the kencur extract phytochemical screening study showed the presence of flavonoids. The results of the treatment showed that differences in the number of Leukocytes and LEDs between the control group and the treatment (sig <0.05). These results indicate that kencur extract has the potential as an immunomodulator.

Phytochemical screening study in different parts of Chromolaena odorata by LC MS method and related parameters

Chromolaena odorata (Syn: Eupatorium odoratum L.) (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb consisting of biologically potent chemical. It is mainly found in the humid tropics and sub-tropics in worldwide. C. odorata displayed allelopathic effects and have been reported to cause livestock death. C. odorata is used against dysentery, malaria, diarrhea, wound healing, toothache and headache in traditional medicine. In the present study, we investigated the assays tested for the presence of several phytochemicals (alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, resins and anthraquinones) in different extracts which included ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous. All the extracts were tested against Bacteria. Furthermore, we studied phytochemical screening by QTOF-MS analysis it represents various acids, flavonoids etc. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of approximately 20 compounds each from the leaf and stem extracts whereas root consisted of 10 compounds. Among these, the main compounds were Vanillic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Benzoic acid, Genkwanin, Naringenin and Luteolin. The ethanol and methanol extracts were found active alongside the tested bacteria as they showed potential phytochemical constituents. The bacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis showed promising activity against ethanol and methanol leaf, stem and root extracts which proved that the plant extracts are potential candidates for antibiotic resistance against such bacteria. In addition, the Chlorogenic acid present in leaf, stem and root extracts of the plant helps process blood sugar in a way that helps prevent and reduce the number of blood sugar spikes. It also helps boost metabolism, helping people with diabetes maintain a healthy weight.

Artocarpus hirsutus Lam Leaf Extract-Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

The study involved extraction, identification, and evaluation of pharmacological activities of the phytochemicals present. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam, commonly known as Wild jack is a greatly valued medicinal plant, which belongs to the plant family Moraceae. Preliminary phytochemical screening studies indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids. This study estimated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory prospective of ethanolic leaf extract of Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. The findings showed that at various doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight when administered orally to rats, analgesic effects were produced, also the anti-inflammatory effect studied by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test showed major anti-inflammatory action. The result indicates that the leaf extract of Artocarpus hirsutus Lam possesses major analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and therefore requires further investigations to better understand the mechanism of action.

Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Mulberry Plant

Mulberry is commonly used for silkworm rearing due to the presence of chemo-factors such as morin and sitosterol in the leaves. Mulberries are important in containing free radicals and pro- oxidants produced in the body as a result of metabolism and phagocytosis. Pharmacological uses of mulberry include phytochemical composition, antioxidant and medicinal properties. The pharmacological activity of mulberry plants can be predicted by the identification of phytochemicals. Although various modern techniques are used to determine phytochemicals, qualitative tests are still used for preliminary phytochemical screening of plants. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, quinones, anthraquinones, and other phytochemicals. The purpose of this research was to determine the antioxidant activity of the mulberry plant's fruits, stems, and leaves. The presence of antioxidant properties in the extract of mulberry plant was confirmed using the DPPH method.

Phytochemical screening and toxicity studies for ginger extracts with evaluation of some biochemical parameters and anticoagulant bioactivity

Phytochemical screening and toxicity studies for ginger extracts with evaluation of some biochemical parameters and anticoagulant bioactivity

Comparative Phytochemical Screening and Acute Toxicity Study of Two Varieties of Ginger, Zingiber officinale

Phytochemicals are a wide range of compounds that exist naturally in plants, enhancing them with a defensive role that prevents the advancement of chronic diseases. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the presence of phytochemicals and acute toxicity of the two varieties of Zingiber officinale. Samples of Z. officinale were extracted with methanol by maceration, and the extracts were screened for phytochemicals by conventional techniques, while extracts were evaluated for acute toxicity to estimate the LD50 through oral administration in albino mice. Results showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates and the absence of anthraquinone in all the two varieties of the methanolic extracts for both the leaves and the rhizomes. The acute toxicity study showed that the local variety (LV) had oral LD50 values of 2154.1mg/kgBW (leaves) and 3807.8 mg/kgBW (rhizomes). In comparison, the improved variety (IV) had LD50 values of 3807.8 mg/kgBW (leaves) and > 5000 mg/kgBW (rhizomes) in the mice. Findings from the preliminary phytochemical screening implies that both two varieties of Z. officinale are rich in phytochemicals and that both varieties are less toxic with the local variety having higher toxic effect with respect to the LD50 values.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, anti-apoptotic effects and molecular docking study of Tunisian cleome (Cleome arabica L.) fruits extract under optimized extraction conditions

ABSTRACT This study attempted to optimize the extraction conditions (liquid‒solid ratio, temperature and time) of phenolic yield from Cleome (Cleome arabica L.) fruits extract by the surface response methodology “Box‒Behnken plan” to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds and test their antioxidant activity. A molecular docking method was developed to clarify the anti-apoptotic effects of bioactive molecules of cleome fruits. Optimal conditions were found at a ratio of 8 ml/g, 4°C and 2 h when the maximum yield was 27.24%. The total phenolic and flavonoid content assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu and Quercetin methods were 195.20 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (mg GAE/g DW) and 51.20 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry plant weight (mg QE/g DW), respectively. HPLC and FT-IR protocols revealed the presence of five polyphenolic compounds of which catechin was found to be the most abundant. The antioxidant activity of the extract was quantified by DPPH and FRAP tests, and the IC50 values reached 6.125 mg/ml and 2.9 mg/ml, respectively. In silico analysis confirmed the beneficial effects of phenolic compounds. The results revealed significant antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of phenolic compounds of cleome fruits and may be useful in the pharmaceutical and food industries with appreciable human health-promoting properties.

Priliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Study of Dry and Fresh Aqueous, Ethanolic and Chloroform Extracts of Rosa Indica Petals

Plants are a valuable source of a multitude of secondary metabolites which have been used as medicine since times. Most unarguable merit of using plants as a source of medicine is that they are low priced and readily available with very minimal side effects. The present study deals with the comparative analysis of dry and fresh aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform extracts of Rosa indica petals for its phytochemical screening. The results confirmed the presence of almost all tested secondary metabolites in aqueous and ethanolic extracts, whereas chloroform extract showed only the presence of saponins. Further study was proceeded only with dry and fresh aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Rosa indica petals for its antimicrobial activity against Gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli (ATCC NO: 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC NO: 27853) and gram positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC NO: 43300), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC NO: 29212) and Candida albicans (ATCC NO: 24433) which is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast. Both dry and fresh ethanolic extracts showed a comparatively higher zone of inhibition for all the microbes. Aqueous dry and fresh extracts showed zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, where as none of the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. Results from the above study suggest that the ethanolic extract of Rosa indica petal are an encouraging alternative to some of the antibacterial drugs. This in turn would potentially be used as natural source to treat various multi drug resistant bacterial strains.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Methanol Leaf Extract of Senna italica (Mill.) Using Cotton Pellet-induced Granuloma Model in Wistar Rats

Senna italica Mill. belonging to the family Fabaceae has been used traditionally to treat various ailments diseases including skin diseases, fever, jaundice, stomachache, burns and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol leaf extract of the plant. Preliminary phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity studies were carried out using standard protocols. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in Wistar rats using cotton pellet-induced granuloma model at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Hematological and biochemical parameters were also evaluated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. The oral median lethal dose was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The extract reduced wet granuloma weight with percentage inhibition of 5.9%, 52.9% and 47.1 % at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively compared to the negative control. At same doses, the extract showed 14.3%, 17.1% and 28.6% inhibition in weight of dry cotton pellet. A significant (p<0.05) reduction was observed in platelets, platelet lymphocyte ratio, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels.The result from this study suggests that the methanol leaf extract of Senna italica has anti-inflammatory activity supporting the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory related diseases.

Phytochemical Screening and Bioactivity Studies of Endophytes Cladosporium sp. Isolated from the Endangered Plant Vateria Indica Using In Silico and In Vitro Analysis.

Vateria indica is persistent tree used in Unani sources for the medication and classified as critically endangered. Thus, endophytes for alternative methods to explore these endangered Plants having rich source pharmaceuticals' active molecules for drug development and production. Endophytes comprises unexplored microbes as a potential source of rich pharmaceutically bioactive compounds attributable to their relationship with the host. In the current study, we have isolated endophyte fungi Cladosporium from the plant Vateria indica and performed phytochemical screening of its ethanolic extract to detect the phytochemicals using thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of an anticancer compound hydroxymethyl colchicine, antioxidant compound benzoic acid, and antimicrobial 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-5-nitro in endophyte fungal extract of plant Vateria indica. Moreover, in silico analysis of bioactive compounds identified by GC-MS analysis using the Autodock Vina and SwissADME confirmed excellent anticancer activity methanone, [4-amino-2-[(phenylmethyl) amino]-5-thiazolyl] (4-fluorophenyl)- and hydroxymethyl colchicine against 6VO4 (Bfl-1 protein) as per Lipinski rule. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the excellent antioxidant of endophytic extract compared to plant extract by DPPH and ABTS assay, as well as antimicrobial activity against both Gram (+ ve) and Gram (- ve) bacteria. Moreover, the endophytic extract also showed its antimitotic activity with a mitotic index of 65.32, greater than the plant extract of 32.56 at 10mg/ml. Thus endophytic fungi Cladosporium species isolated from plant Vateria indica might be used as a potential source for phytochemical anticancer hydroxymethyl colchicine, an antioxidant benzoic acid, and antimicrobial 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-5-nitro.

Treatment of Trypanosoma evansi-Infected Mice With Eucalyptus camaldulensis Led to a Change in Brain Response and Spleen Immunomodulation.

Surra is a parasitic disease caused by the eukaryotic, unicellular hemoprotozoan, Trypanosoma evansi, which affects the development of animal production and is widespread among both domestic and wild animals. As such, in this research, we studied the antiparasitic activity and the ameliorative impact of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts (ELE) against T. evansi-induced brain injury and spleen immune response in mice. As a result, we found that ELE decreased the amount of trypanosomes in the blood and improved the weight loss caused by infection. In addition, ELE reduced the parasite-induced brain and spleen histopathological damage. The parasite affected the levels of dopamine and serotonin, but after treatment with ELE, their concentrations significantly decreased to 154 ± 7 and 258 ± 11 μg/g, respectively. We clearly observed the antioxidant activity of ELE because of its ability to increase the induced change in the brain’s total antioxidant capacity and the nitric oxide level. The histopathological changes in the spleen also improved after ELE application. Based on our results, we concluded that ELE possesses antitrypanosomal antioxidant and protective effects in the brains of mice infected with T. evansi. Additional phytochemical screening and molecular studies are required to understand the mechanism underlying the effect of ELE.