Phytochemical Screening Of Methanolic Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Rauwofia vomitera Leaves (MERVL) Using In-vivo Based Assays

Background of the Study: The response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as tissue damage or a pathogenic infection is known as inflammation. Rauwofia vomitera is a medicinal plant that is native to large areas of tropical Africa and it belongs to the family of Apocynaceae. It is a medicinal herb used in traditional Nigerian medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including inflammatory disorders. Aim of the Study:The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Rauwofia vomitera leaves (MERVL) using in-vivo based assays. Methodology: The anti-inflammatory effect of (MERVL) was ascertained using the Egg albumin -induced inflammation using in vivo assay. A total of thirty (30) adult male albino rats (130-170g) were divided into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay. Group 1 normal; Group 2 was given 10 mg/kg body weight of Indomethacin and Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of MERVL) respectively. Acute toxicity was carried out using standard method. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pharmacology Lab, Enugu State of University of Science and Technology Agbani Nigeria, between March 2021 and August 2021. Results: The percentage yield of the extract was 10.8%. The result of the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extract of R. vomitoria leaves showed that Phenol (1590 ± 55.66) Flavonoid (1168 ± 11.43) and Tannin (1466 ± 40.73) were present in high concentration whereas, Alkaloid (549 ± 4.21) Glycoside (315 ± 61.38) and Terpenoid (162 ± 1.38) were present in moderate concentration. Saponin (1.16 ± 0.23) and Steroid (0.84 ± 0.03) were present in low concentrations. Acute toxicity tests showed no toxicity and mortality at doses up to 5000 mgkg-1. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the mean paw oedema was observed for all the treatment groups from 1 hour to 12 hours when compared to the normal group. The result shown that groups treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w of extract inhibit the inflammation in a non-dose dependent manner with percentage mobilization of 5.7%, 14.1% and 6.2% respectively. Conclusion: The study's results demonstrate that MERVL exhibits remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities and the extract yielded a better reduction in edema and increases mobilization in leukocyte in response to agar suspension. It also demonstrates that MERVL has a modulatory effect on the vascular changes that accompany inflammation. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties could potentially result from the interaction of different photochemical substances present. The findings suggest that, if used, the plant may serve as a source of anti-inflammatory agents.

Nutritional composition, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activities of Abies marocana Trab. needles

IntroductionFinding natural sources of bioactive compounds is turning into a cutting- edge task for the scientific community and industry alike. Abies marocana, Moroccan fir, holds great importance due to its ecological, economic, social, and cultural significance.Material and MethodsThe current study aimed to evaluate the needles of Abies marocana in terms of its nutritional and anti-nutrient content, bioactive components, and antioxidant capacity. The AOAC technique was used to determine the composition of the needles. Mineral content was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Phytochemical screening of methanol extract was performed using standard procedures, and multiple assays evaluated antioxidant activity. The extract’s volatile profile was elucidated using GC-MS method.Results and DiscussionThe presence of various components in the needles was discovered through proximate analysis, including carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, and moisture. Anti-nutrients such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and vitamin A were confirmed. Needles are a rich source of mineral elements and contain significant levels of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and phytosterols. Palmitic acid, 17-octadecynoic acid, and (Z)-18- octadec-9-enolide were the main components identified by GC-MS analysis. The methanolic extract exhibited substantial antioxidant capacity. The DPPH scavenging activity displayed a remarkable percentage inhibition. The integration of Abies marocana needles into sustainable diets can contribute to the well- being of humans and the planet, since the nutrient and bioactive compounds present have potential applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Analysis of phytochemical constituent and biological significance of rhododendrons collected from capital of Laliguras, Laliguras municipality, Tehrathum district, Nepal

The largest genus of the Ericaceae family, Rhododendron includes an inspiring number of species. Some of which have been used in the treatment of various ailments such as diseases associated with heart, dysentery, diarrhea, detoxification, fever, constipation, bronchitis and asthma around the world including Nepal. However, systematic study on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Rhododendrons grown in the Capital of Laliguras, Laliguras Municipality, Tehrathum of Nepal is lacking. So this study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibition activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Rhododendron arboretum and Rhododendron campanulatum from Laliguras Municipality, Tehrathum of Nepal. Plant extracts were prepared in methanol by cold percolation method. Phytochemical constituents were analyzed by following standard methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method respectively. Alpha amylase inhibition assay was carried out by starch iodine method. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of flower and leaf of R. arboretum and leaves of R. campanulatum displayed the presence of different chemical constituents such as flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins and quinins. Samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and α-amylase inhibition activity. Radical scavenging activity and α-amylase inhibition activity of the methanolic extracts of different parts of R. arboretum and R. campanulatum ranged from 19.46 to 95.88% and 13.23 to 68.44% respectively. Flower extracts of R. arboreum showing the strongest radical scavenging activity and α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 33.61 and 443.44 μg/mL respectively. Among the tested samples, flower extract of R. arboretum showed the strongest antioxidant activity, alpha amylase inhibition activity and contained the highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content.

Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of Thymelaea hirsuta and Anacyclus pyrethrum from Algeria against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Associated with Skin Infections

Medicinal plants constitute a potential source of bioactive molecules which can provide a new source of antimicrobial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria associated with skin infections and to screen the phytochemical composition of Thymelaea hirsuta and Anacyclus pyrethrum from Algeria. For this purpose, four multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with skin infections were isolated from pus samples compared to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 were used. The antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants evaluated at two different concentrations (200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL) using the agar disc diffusion method revealed that all strains tested showed susceptibility to Thymelaea hirsuta methanol extract with the values recorded for inhibition zone diameters ranging from 11.00 to 25.00 mm at both concentrations: 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL. However, the methanol extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum showed an antibacterial activity only against the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Staphylococcus aureus 1 at the two concentrations 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL; Staphylococcus aureus 2 and Escherichia coli ATCC259 at the concentration of 200 mg/mL). The phytochemical screening of methanol extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, quinones and terpanoids; and the absence of alkaloids and anthraquinones in both extracts. However, coumarin was found only in methanol extract of Thymelaea hirsuta. This finding showed a high efficiency of Thymelaea hirsuta methanol extract against multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with skin infections mainly staphylococcus aureus.

Analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids content from methanol extract of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. seeds and antioxidant activity assay

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. seed is known as gorek seed contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics, due to the content of these secondary metabolites so that this plant has antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol extract of gorek C. bonduc seeds as well as antioxidant activity. Extraction of gorek C. bonduc seeds was carried out with methanol, then quantitative determination of total phenolic by the Folin-Ciocalteu method as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/gram of extract, flavonoid content by AlCl3 method as Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/gram of extract, and in vitro antioxidant activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was in IC50 (inhibition concentration). Based on the results of research, the phytochemical screening of methanol extract of gorek C. bonduc seeds showed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. The determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid content were obtained 0.55 ± 0.02 mgGAE/g and 0.50 ± 0.02 mgQE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts and ascorbic acid showed IC50 values were 3770.77 ppm and 3.36 ppm respectively.

Antimicrobial activity of Lannea coromandelica bark extracts against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background: In healthcare facilities, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been a common pathogen. Indiscriminate and incomplete uses of antibiotics are creating MRSA more alarming day by day.This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of Lannea coromandelica (Jhika or Indian ash tree) bark extract against MRSA.
 Methods: This experimental study was carried out in Department of Microbiology and Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, from January to July, 2021. In this study, a bark extract of Lannea coromandelica was prepared by macerating dried powder of the bark of the Jhika or Indian ash tree. Then bark extract was immersed in methanol, ethanol, and water for 48-72 hours, followed by solvent filtering and evaporation. MRSA were identified by biochemical test and then Kibry-Bauer disc diffusion method employed against MRSA isolates using commonly used antibiotics.Then the antibacterial activity of Lannea coromandelica extracts against MRSA was monitored. The microdilution method was used to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of bark extracts. Finally, phytochemical screening was carried out only for methanolic extract.
 Results: All MRSA isolates were completely resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, gentamicin followed by tetracycline. Methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Lannea coromandelica produce maximum zones of inhibition of 14 mm, 13 mm, and 12 mm, respectively, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 3.125 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/ml against MRSA. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract determined the presence of tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol which may be the cause of the highest zone of inhibition against MRSA.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that methanol, ethanol and aqueous bark extract of Lannea coromandelica exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against MRSA by disc diffusion method and detailed pharmacological screening should be carried out for the exploration of effective and natural drugs.
 BIRDEM Med J 2022; 12(3): 201-206

Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Azadirachta Indica and antibacterial activities against foot borne and contaminated bacteria

Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Azadirachta Indica and antibacterial activities against foot borne and contaminated bacteria

Analysis of phyto-constituents, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of some medicinal plants of Nepal

The plant kingdom is a wide field to search for natural effective antioxidant and oral hypoglycaemic agents that have slight or no side effects. The present study was carried out to analyze the phytochemical, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of six ethno-medical plants of Nepal viz Berberis aristata, Murraya koenigii, Xanthium strumarium, Cuscuta reflexa, Myrica esculenta and Syzygium cumini. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of all selected plants showed the presence of different chemical constituents such as alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides and tanins. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Ascorbic acid was used as standard during DPPH assay. S. cumini and M. esculenta were seen most active with IC50 values 33.35 µg/mL, 35.19 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-diabetic activity was evaluated by using α-amylase inhibition method. Acarbose was used as positive control during the assay. X. strumarium, S. cumini, M. esculenta, B. aristata were found to be potent towards α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values 197.21 µg/mL, 206.22 µg/mL, 246.07 µg/mL, 270.04 µg/mL.

Evaluation of In vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Methanol Extract of Curcuma longa Linn against Some Clinical Isolates

Since ancient times, plants have been used as a source of medicinal compounds. This study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial potential of the methanol extract of Curcuma longa rhizome against some clinical isolates. A total of seven clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium species were used. Different concentrations of the extracts were made. Agar well diffusion methods were used for bacterial and Candida albicans while agar dilution technique was used for the mold strains. Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as a standard positive control against the bacteria and fungi respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a negative control. The result showed that methanol extract of Curcuma longa rhizome inhibited the growth of all tested organisms. The zone of inhibition of K. pneumoniae ranged from 9.33-13.33mm, S. aureus, 6.33-12.67mm, E. coli, 8- 11.67mm, P. aeruginosa, 7.67-10mm, and Candida albicans 8.33-13mm while the control drug Ciprofloxacin ranged from 25.33-41.33mm and fluconazole was 20mm. The percentage inhibition of diameter of growth of Fusarium spp ranged from 74.61-100% and that of A. flavus ranged from 32.44-100%. The positive control drug (Fluconazole) and 250mg/ml of the extract showed complete inhibition of the test organisms. Qualitative phytochemical studies of the extract of Curcuma longa in different solvents (N-hexane, water, methanol, and acetone) showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids. This result is indicative of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential and could be employed in the management and treatment of infections. This study corroborates the plant's historic use and lays the groundwork for potential therapeutic development.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Leaf Methanolic Extract of Spermacoce hispida

The main objective of the present work to established the fingerprint profile of S.hispida using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done and HPTLC studies were carried out. The scanning was performed using 'CAMAG' densitometer scanner 3V equipped with CATS3 software, at a wavelength of 400 and 254 nm using deuterium lamp.Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract S.hispida showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, flavanoids, gums and mucilage. HPTLC finger printing of S.hispida methanolic extract showed best results in Toluene: Ethyl Acetate: Formic acid: 5:4:1 solvent system. After scanning and visualizing the plates in absorbance mode at 254nm, 366 nm and visible light range (400-600nm after spraying with anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent) best results were shown at 400nm. The Rf values ranged from 0.06 to 0.99. The result showed that out of 15 components, the component with Rf values 0.95, 0.82 were found to be more predominant as the percentage area is more with 28.85% and 12.91% respectively.

High resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis of Bryonia laciniosa L.

Bryonia laciniosa L. (Family: Cucurbitaceae) is commonly known as ‘Shivlingi’ and is a highly valued medicinal plant in Ayurveda and Homeopathy systems of medicine particularly as a remedy for infertility. In the present study, sophisticated, highly reliable, and sensitive high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) was carried out for the determination of chemical constituents present in B. laciniosa . Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed the presence of saponins, sterols, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. TLC of sterol-rich petroleum ether extract (SRPE) produced six major spots on precoated silica gel GF 254 , using toluene: methanol (96:04 v/v) as mobile phase. The spots showed green, purple, light purple to violet colour spots in the Rf range of 0.2-0.91, after derivatization with the anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent. Further, based on TLC, HR-MS analysis of SRPE was performed for the identification of phytoconstituents, at positive ESI (electron spray ionisation) mode. It indicated the presence of a total of 30 compounds including short fragments of peptides. The major compounds predicted in HR-MS: Q(quadrupole)-TOF(time-of-flight)-MS, as per METLIN database, were swietenine, ergosterol acetate, 4, 4, dimethyl-14α-formyl-5α-cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol, L-olivosyl-oleandolide, mitoxantrone, isogedunin, 3S-aminodeconoic acid, and nisoldipine.

Evaluation of Anxiolytic potential of various extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima leaves

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Swartz native to India referred to as Guletura is widely distributed in South India, and its leaves, flower, bark, and seeds are employed in Indian medicine. The plant contains many active elemental fractions like caesalpin-type diterpenoids, sitosterol, pulcherrimin, lupeol, lupeol acetate, myricetin, quercetin and rutin, flavonoids, carotenoids, glycosides, peltogynoids, phenols, and steroids. The current study was designed to gauge the anti-anxiety activity of varied extracts viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima by using elevated plus maze (EPM) model in albino mice. Albino mice have ministered orally with different doses of the extracts (i.e. 200 and 400mg/kg) and behavior was observed on the EPM. Diazepam (2mg/kg, P.O) was used as a standard (positive control). Results indicate that the methanol extract of Caesalpinia leaves showed maximum and significant dose-dependent effect at 200 and 400mg/kg on EPM, the results were just like the standard antianxiety agent diazepam (2mg/kg). In the Actophoptometer model, two different doses of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (200 and 400mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent decrease within the locomotor activity, compared to the control animals. As the phytochemical screening of methanol extract exhibited the presence of polyphenols could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of C.pulcherrima. Hence this plant could also be developed as a potentially useful anti-anxiety agent.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of stem of Conocarpus lancifolius

Aims: To evaluate pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical analysis of stem of Conocarpus lancifolius including macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters. Methods and Material: Macroscopic and microscopic properties of dried stem were investigated. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of various extracts and fluorescence analysis of dried stem powder was performed using various chemicals. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results: Organoleptic parameters of stem of C. lancifolius like colour, shape, size etc were noted. Transverse section of fresh stem revealed the presence of epidermis, cortex, sone cells, phloem, xylem and pith. Whereas, powder microscopy showed the presence of epidermis, xylem, stone cells, phloem fibre with crystals of calcium oxalate etc. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of stem showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, steroids etc. Ethyl acetate extract showed the presence of alkaloids and steroids while aqueous extract showed presence of tannins. Physicochemical parameters viz. ash value, extractive value, moisture content, fluorescence analysis and foaming index of stem powder were determined. The total tannins were also determined in the stem of C. lancifolius. Conclusion: The present study revealed pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical parameters of stem of C. lancifolius which would be beneficial for its standardization and future scope of the work.

Screening of secondary metabolites and immunostimulation potential of poly herbal formoulation (Asparagus racemosus, Mucuna pruriens, Anacyclus pyrethrum and Tribulus terristeris) in Wistar Albino rats

Immune system is a defensive mechanism system which is responsible to defend against several foreign invading agents that harm individual health. It generates several types of cells which have ability to recognize, eliminate and kill all the undesirable agents. The immune system works by inhibition, multiplication, amplification, expression and induction response at different phases of immune system. Hence immunology is the most advance and recent biomedical research system which covers the prevention and treatment of wide range of medical disorders. In this study, Immunomodulatory activity of Polyherbal formulation was determined. First of all, plants methanolic extracts of Asparagus racemosus, Mucuna pruriens, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Tribulus terrestris were prepared. The methanolic extracts of each plant were taken separately in equal amount and mixed to prepare the Polyherbal formulation (PHF). Screening test was applied on PHF for quantitative analysis. Hemolytic activity, thrombolytic activity and antioxidant activity were determined on experimental animals. To demonstrate the effect of standard Immunol drug, CCl4 and polyherbal formulation extract on hematological parameters. The methanolic extract of PHF was dissolved in distilled water and the dose was selected at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Blood sample collected in EDTA as anticoagulant were processed to determine the effect of PHP on selected hematological parameters including hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell counts (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) count and Platelets count. Liver enzymes like transaminases (ALT and AST), uric acid, urea and creatinine were determined by automated photometric method to evaluate the drug safety. Serum samples were using for the estimation of Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Further, the C-reactive protein (CRP) was also estimated using standard protocol. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of polyherbal formulation showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols and cardiac glycosides. Bioactive constituent’s alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols were present in higher concentration. The maximum hemolysis was seen at a dose of 800μg/ml (40 ± 0.38). The methanolic extracts of PHF were investigated for its thrombolytic activity. Addition of 800μl of streptokinase as positive control (30,000 IU/ ml) to clots and successive incubation for 90 minutes at 37 oC showed 74.53±1.11% lysis of clot. Distilled water was considered as negative control which exhibit insignificant percentage of lysis of clot (3.74±0.51). In the study, the methanolic extract of PHF showed highest thrombolytic activity at 800μg/ml concentrations (41±0.38) when compared with streptokinase (positive control). When all the groups were compared the serum level ALT, AST, TAS, TOS and OSI 50 index, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. A variety of antioxidant function approaches have been suggested. During the study, it was found that induction of CCl4 increases the number of altered macrophages. However, the administration of Polyherbal extract in CCl4 intoxicated animals, the number of altered macrophages came to level. Administration of polyherbal formulation extract in control mice also showed significant reduction of changed macrophages. Immunomodulatory drugs are substances that can alter the immune function of an individual, are called immunostimulants if their immune responses are enhanced, or are called immunosuppressant’s if they decrease. These medications are most widely used in infections, allergies and cancer infections. Modern medical treatment is also far-reaching because of the economic limitations in developed countries including Pakistan. For immunomodular operations, just a few plants have been tested. The analysis indicates that many medicinal plants and marine products have immunomodulatory function, however there is little proof that their use in clinical practice is not allowed. In future work in herbal medicine, therefore, immunomodulatory agents should become more relevant.

Nutritional characteristics and phytochemical screening of traditional panai (Borassus flabellifer) olai kozhukattai

Panai Olai Kozhukattai (POK) or simply palm leaf dumpling is a traditional south Indian delicacy which is very much popular in Tamil Nadu, India. POK preparation by traditional methods involves mixing all the ingredients to form a thick paste, which is then wrapped in tender palm leaf strips and cooked using steam under pressure. The present paper is the first-ever attempt on studying the nutritional characteristics of POK. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The nutritional analysis of POK involves proximate analysis, and vitamin and mineral composition. RESULTS: The proximate analysis results demonstrated that POK is nutritionally predominant over the other South Indian breakfast foods. High levels of fat-soluble vitamins were present in POK. Water-soluble vitamins including niacin, pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin were found in POK and with a high percentage of riboflavin. Among the mineral elements analyzed, the concentration of potassium in POK sample was the highest followed by magnesium, phosphorous, manganese, zinc, iron, and selenium. The study also documented a protocol of POK preparation. It is believed that the steaming in the palm leaves gives the palm leaf flavor to POK and it also transfers phytonutrients into the product from the palm leaves. Hence, the paper also focuses on investigating the presence of essential bioactive compounds in POK using qualitative phytochemical tests. The phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of POK revealed the presence of certain phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and saponins and total flavonoid content of POK was estimated to be 148.25 mg/100 g. CONCLUSION: Overall, the study leads to the documentation of a preparation protocol along with the nutritional and phytochemical aspects of traditional POK with a view to promoting its consumption in other parts of the world.

Antioxidant activity and solar protection factor of two Vismia species colleted from Venezuelan Andean

Long lasting exposure to UVA and UVB radiation might lead to premature aging and the appearance of skin cancer. The use of photoprotectors that contain oxygenated aromatic chemical compounds obtained from natural sources has been established. Species of Vismia genus (Hypericaceae), distributed mainly in the tropical zone of Central and South America, has been used in traditional medicine to alleviate several ailments. Present investigation aims to evaluate the free radical scavenging capacity, total phenolic, flavonoids content, solar protect factor and the qualitative phytochemical screening of methanol extracts obtained from Vismia baccifera (VB) and Vismia macrophylla (VM). Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content assays were performed in order to determine antioxidant activity on the extracts under investigation. Methanol extracts of VB and VM showed by means of phytochemical screening the presence of polyoxygenated compounds like anthraquinones, xanthones, anthrones and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity study carried out with DPPH and total phenol content assays showed similar values for both species, IC50 5.90 µg mL-1 (VB) and 5.65 µg mL-1 (VM); 375.32 and 381.23 mg Eq ÁG/g Ext, respectively. However, VB showed a higher amount of flavonoids with 267.07 mg Eq Q/g Ext. On the other hand, the In Vitro study to determine the solar protection factor displayed values of 25.3 for VB and 20.7 for VM, being these considered as medium protection capacity according to FDA and COLIPA data. Results obtained are considered as contribution to Vismia genus activity investigation.

Evaluation of chemical constituents of Lyonia ovalifolia (wall.) Drude (1897) leaves extract

Lyonia ovalifolia has been used in a folk medicine for the treatment of wounds, cuts, burns, and scabies by different communities in Nepal. The present study is intended to evaluate the phytochemical constituents present in the leaf of plant and to subject methanol and hexane extract of plant leaf to phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, HPLC and FTIR analysis. Phytochemical screening of methanol extract revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, xanthoprotein, quinones and saponins. Hexane extracts showed the presence of resins and quinones. The bioactive compounds of L. ovalifolia leaves have been evaluated using GC-MS, HPLC and FTIR. Fourteen chemical constituents have been identified through GC-MS analysis, among that the major constituents are Cyclopental [c] pyran-1(3H)one, hexahydro4,7-dimetyl (27.88%), Cyclopentene, 1-(2-propenyl) (16.52%), Diglycerol (14.99%) and others. The compounds identified through GC-MS analysis were probably helpful for the cure of many infections. The mass spectra of the compounds formed by the methanol extract are matched with NIST library.

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Leaves and Stem Bark Extracts of Garcinia Imberti - An Endangered Plant

Garcinia imberti Bourd. a critically endangered tree belongs to the family Clusiaceae found only in India. The phytochemicals and antioxidant studies were carried out for the methanolic extracts of Garcinia imberti leaves and stem bark using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts of Garcinia imberti revealed the presence of various bioactive components like alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, resins, carbohydrates and tannins in both leaves and stem bark. The quantitative analysis of phytochemicals of the extracts showed the presence of high amount of tannins (0.92 ± 0.23mg/gm) and alkaloids (0.83 ± 0.48mg/gm) in leaf and high concentration of flavanoids (0.65±0.16mg/gm) and tannins (0.78±1.12mg/gm) in bark extract. The result of the present study concluded that the methanolic extracts of Garcinia imberti leaves and stem bark possess antioxidant activity due to the presence of significant amount of phenolic compounds which are the major contributors of antioxidant activity. The finding of this study suggests that the studied plant is a potential source of natural antioxidant that could have great importance as therapeutic agents in preventing or slowing the progress of oxidative stress related degenerative diseases.

Experimental Investigation on Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Aegle Marmelos (Bael) Plants

The present investigation aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antibacterial potential of different parts of A. marmelos. Thousands of species are acknowledged to have medicinal value and the use of different parts of several medicinal plants to cure specific aliments has been in vogue since archaic periods. Keeping this point in view, a study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemical and biological activity of a very valuable medicinal plant ‘Aegle marmelos‘. Pieces of literature were collected from various journal articles, Government institutes and other relevant reports were studied and the major findings were summarized. Leaves of Aegle marmelos has been picked and collected from the local area of Chitwan, Nepal. During the present study, the extraction of the phytochemical was performed by Soxhlet extractor. The leaves were subjected to successive extraction using methanol inclusive of hexane as a solvent to procure extra activity test. Phytochemical screening of methanol extract and hexane extract leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, etc. For the antibacterial activity test, the Disc diffusion method was used which showed the presence of S. aureus and E.coli. The study concluded that Aegle marmelos plant incorporated miscellaneous phytochemicals along with the antibacterial activity. Such phytochemicals derived from plant has a great prospect in contributing effective antibacterial agents to treat against intractable life-threatening diseases. Within this view, the present study has explored the efficiency of the Aegle marmelos as a valuable natural source.

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LINDERNIA RUELLIOIDES (COLSM.) PENNELL

Objective: The objective of the study was collection of plant materials, Extraction of phytoconstituents using a different solvent, to carry out preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracted solvent, to perform fluorescence analysis, to estimate the proximate composition of the leaves Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell, and to determine the presence of in vitro anti-oxidant of the methanolic extract of the plant.
 Method: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract of Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell, estimation of proximate composition of the leaves, fluorescence analysis, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanol extract (DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power assay, and nitric oxide scavenging activity).
 Results: The result of phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell contents the presence of amino acid, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The moisture content and Ash value were found to be appropriate and the in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract showed potential antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power assay, and nitric oxide scavenging activity.
 Conclusion: The work presented here suggests that the methanolic extract of Lindernia ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell possesses potential antioxidant activity.