Phytochemical Screening Of Methanolic Extract Research Articles

Central Nervous System Activity Studies of <i>Baptisia tinctoria</i> (L.) R. Vent. Roots

The present investigations were undertaken with a view to evaluate Baptisia tinctoria roots (Wild Indigo; family – Fabaceae) systematically for neuropharmacological activities. The methanol extract (ME) of plant was prepared by extracting properly identified plant in a Soxhlet apparatus with methanol, after defatting with n-hexane. Acute toxicity studies revealed that ME is safe for acute administration. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ME showed presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, coumarins and tannins as major classes of phytoconstituents. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) was prepared by fractionating crude ME using standardized procedure, which showed presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids. ME (400 mg/kg) and EAF (106 mg/kg) produced significant antistress activity in similar manner as exhibited by the standard drug. The ME and EAF exhibited mild antianxiety activity, and were found to be devoid of anticonvulsant, sedative and analgesic activities.

Metabolite Fingerprinting and Antioxidant Potential of Tartary Buckwheat- an Underutilized Pseudocereal crop from Kashmir Region

Objective: Buckwheat is an underutilized pseudocereal crop used as a staple food especially in Himalayan regions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical screening, antioxidant potential and metabolite profiling of tartary buckwheat extract. Methods: Tartary buckwheat leaf samples were tested for total phenols, flavonoids and in vitro antioxidant potential in terms of total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide) and DPPH assay. GC-MS profiling was done to identify and quantify the various metabolites from the methanolic leaf and groat extract. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins, coumarins, glycosides and anthoquinones. Methanolic extract exhibits higher TPC (28.32 ± 5.31 mg gallic acid equiva- lent g -1 DW) and TFC (25.18 ± 3.5 mg rutin equivalent g -1 DW). DPPH radical (EC50=1.8 µg ml -1 ) and H2O2 scavenging (EC50=0.103 µg ml -1 ) potential of tartary buckwheat leaf extract shows promising results. From GC-MS metabolite fingerprinting, over 111 and 24 metabolites were identified among leaf and groat extract respectively. The major compounds present in the extracts were fatty acids, hydrocarbons, steroids, terpenoids, esters, organic acids and aldehydes with excellent pharmaceutical properties. Conclusion: The tartary buckwheat extract were found to contain numerous metabolites with potent antioxidant and other pharmacological actions. Thus, tartary buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector to improve social well-being and neutraceutical to diminish malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

In vitro antioxidant activity and qualitative phytochemical analysis of two Vismia (Hypericaceae) species collected in Los Andes, Venezuela

Vismia genus is distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of Central, South America and some areas of Africa. According to previous investigations, antioxidant potential of Vismia species might be related to anthrones, anthraquinones, flavonoids and phenol derivatives biosynthesized by these plants. In this investigation, phytochemical screening of Vismia baccifera (VB) from Mérida-Venezuela and Vismia macrophylla (VM) from Táchira-Venezuela methanolic extracts, carried out using various chemical assays, revealed an abundant presence of anthraquinones in both species analyzed. Glycosides were also present while flavones and dehydroflavones were observed abundantly in VB but moderated in VM. Triterpenes were also detected and steroids showed to be abundant in VM but moderate in VB. On the other hand, antioxidant capacity measured by the DPPH assay showed that VM possesses a stronger antioxidant activity than VB with IC50 5.50 µg mL-1. Phenol and flavonoid assays carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric test also revealed that methanol extracts of both species contain high concentrations of these metabolites. A relationship between the antioxidant activity, total phenol and flavonoids content of the extracts analyzed was demonstrated in this investigation since those samples with higher phenolic concentrations showed likewise higher antioxidant activity.

Neuropharmacological Activities of Abies pindrow Aerial Parts in Mice

The methanol extract (200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and ethyl acetate fraction (25 or 50 mg/kg, p.o.) of A. pindrow aerial parts were screened for anticonvulsant, antidepressant, locomotor, hypnotic and antistress activities. The methanol extract (ME) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) could not reduce duration of MES-induced tonic extensor phase with respect to the standard drug, phenytoin (20 mg/kg, i.p.). Both ME and EAF showed significant reduction of time spent in immobile state in forced swim test and did not stimulate locomotion in an open field model, thereby confirming their specific antidepressant activity. In cold swim test, ME and EAF showed antistress activity comparable to diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). None of the test doses of ME and EAF could significantly increase duration of sleep in mice as compared to the control group. Phytochemical screening of ME and EAF showed presence of flavonoids as major class of phytoconstituents.

<i>In vitro</i> thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic activity with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of <i>Xanthium indicum</i> leaves

<p class="Abstract"><em>Xanthium indicum</em> is an important medicinal plant traditionally used in Bangladesh as a folkloric treatment. The current study was undertaken to evaluate thrombolytic, anthelmintic, anti-oxidant, cytotoxic properties with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of <em>X. indicum</em> leaves. The analysis of phytochemical screening confirmed the existence of phytosetrols and diterpenes. In thrombolytic assay, a significant clot lysis was observed at four concentrations of plant extract compare to the positive control streptokinase (30,000 IU, 15,000 IU) and negative control normal saline. The extract revealed potent anthelmintic activity at different concentrations. In anti-oxidant activity evaluation by two potential experiments namely total phenolic content determination and free radical scavenging assay by 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the leaves extract possess good anti-oxidant property. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the crude extract showed potent (LC<sub>50</sub> 1.3 μg/mL) cytotoxic activity compare to the vincristine sulfate as a positive control (LC<sub>50</sub> 0.8 μg/mL). </p><p> </p>

English

Senna siamea is a medium-size, evergreen plant which has been utilized as a source of food, medicine and other agricultural purposes in different communities. However, there is dearth of information in regard to its possible biomedicinal uses, especially in Nigeria. Thus the preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography (TLC) separation was done using methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:3:1) as solvent system while iodine vapour as spotting agent. The phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of leaves revealed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid and tannins while chloroform extracts of leaves revealed saponin only. Ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts revealed absence of all these phytochemicals. The chloroform, ethyl  acetate and petroleum ether extracts of flower revealed absence of saponin, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids but with traces of saponin and anthraquinones . TLC separation showed nine (9) spots each of chloroform and ethyl acetates, six (6) spots of methanol, three (3) spots of petroleum ether from leaves extracts. While, three (3) spots each of ethyl acetate and methanol, six (6) spots of chloroform were identified for flower extracts. No water spot separated from both leaves and flower extracts. From our findings, it can be concluded that S. siamea lam contains some significant phytochemicals that can exhibit desired therapeutic activities such as hypoglycemia, anti-arrthymia and antimicrobial. However, there is the need to conduct further pharmaceutical analyses on test extracts in order to establish these biomedical applications. Key words: Senna siemea, thin layer chromatography, antimicrobial, phytochemical.   &nbsp

Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Extracts of Different Parts of Rudraksh Plant (<i>Elaeocarpus Ganitrus</i>)

Since time immemorial plants have played a vital role in the field of health care and medicines. There are many plants with high medicinal values among which Elaeocarpus ganitrus (Rudraksh) holds utmost importance, both scientifically as well as spiritually. The different parts of a rudraksh tree have high concentrations of important phytochemical constituents thus adding to its medicinal value. This work is focused on phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts from the epicarp, endocarp of the seed and bark sample of rudraksh tree and their comparison to justify the high medicinal efficacy of the plant.

GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in the methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum leaves.

Background:Clerodendrum viscosum is commonly found in India and Bangladesh. Previously, various parts of this plant were reported for treatment of different types of diseases and there was no report on GC-Ms analysis.Objective:To analyze and characterize the phytochemical compounds of methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum using GC-MS.Materials and Methods:The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extract was carried out according to standard procedures described in WHO guidelines. Various bioactive compounds of the extract were determined by GC-MS technique.Results:The presence of steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrate was found on phytochemical screening of methanol extract of the leaves. The GC-MS analysis showed 16 peaks of different phytoconstituents namely acetamide, N, N-carbonylbis-, 4-Pyranone,2,3-dihydro-, alpha-D-Galactofuranoside, methyl 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-methyl-, Glycerin, Xylitol, N, N-Dimethylglycine, 4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, Benzofuran,2,3-dihydro-, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 2(1H)Pyrimidinone,1-methyl-, 2,4-Dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylpyrimidine, 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone, 1,3-Methylene-d-arabitol, Orcinol, n-Hexadecanoic acid and Phenol,4,4’-(1-methyl ethylidene) bis etc.Conclusion:The bioactive compounds present in the methanol extract of Clerodendrum viscosum suggest the application of this extract for the treatment of various diseases by the aborigine tribes.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screenings of Methanol Extract of Parmentiera cereifera Seem Fruits

Nature is the best source of medicines. Plants consisting of various types of organic substances, and they impart different biological activities. The numerous medicines are administered to our body though diets. These foods protect us from different types of diseases and disorders. Here we planned to conduct phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts of Parmentiera cereifera fruit. The outcomes of phytochemical screening of methanol extracts exhibited the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids as well as steroids. These phytoconstituents are used in ailment of various diseases such as antipyretic, analgesic, diabetes, cardioprotective, lipid lowering activity, hepatoprotective, antidiabetics, antidiarrhoeal, anticancer, antiasthmatic activities, antimicrobial etc. These are only preliminary studies to isolate potential compounds which may be use as a lead compound for several biological activities.

Antidiabetic and antidiarrheal effects of the methanolic extract of Phyllanthus reticulatus leaves in mice

To assess the anti-diabetic and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus reticulates ( P. reticulates ) leaves in an animal model. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of P. reticulatus leaves has been performed. Antidiabetic activity have been done by OGTT, normoglycemic hyperglycemia and alloxan induced diabetic mice. Plant extracts (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, b.w .) were administered orally in fasting glucose loaded mice with regard to normal control and in alloxan induced (110 mg/kg body weight i.p .) diabetic mice in comparison with reference drug Metformin hydrochloride (100 mg/kg) during 7 day test period. Antidiarrheal test was conducted by castor oil and magnesium sulfate. Findings confirmed that the continuous post-treatment for 7 days with both extracts showed significant ( P < 0.05) hypoglycemic activity in OGTT, normoglycemic and alloxan induced mouse models. Castor oil and Magnesium sulfate induced diarrheal test of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) has given significant effect in compairing to control diarrheal group. Methanolic extract of P. reticulatus leaves have shown significant antidiabetic and antidiarrheal properties.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Methanolic Extract Of Clerodendron infortunatum

Plants of genus Clerodendron belongs to family Verbenaceae and have been widely employed for controlling the various disease. Objective of the present study was to do preliminary phytochemical screening of Methanolic Extract of leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of this plant confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like sterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, and glycosides in its methanolic extract. Whereas flavonoids, phenols and saponins were found to be absent. This preliminary study draws attention to the need for further studies of the active secondary metabolites identified in the reported species for the treatment of many diseases also to understand their mode of action in controlling various dreadful diseases. Keywords-Phytochemical, Clerodendron infortunatum , Methanolic Extract, Secondary metabolites.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils and Methanolic Extracts of Tunisian Citrus aurantium L.

This study was designed to examine for the first time the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils and organic extracts of Tunisian Citrus aurantium. Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the peels, leaves and flowers were characterized by GC-MS. It results in the identification of three chemotypes: limonene (87,02 %), linalyl acetate (53,76 %) and linalool (39,74 %), respectively, as the major compounds. Phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts (peels, leaves and flowers) lead to identification of tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, polyterpenes and alkaloids. Antioxidant activities of both organic extracts and essential oils were examined using DPPH and ABTS methods. Methanol extracts in particular from the peel showed the highest activity compared with essential oils. The antimicrobial activities were tested by the well-diffusion method. Results showed that the tested bacteria were sensitive only to the essential oils.

Phytochemicals and hypoglycaemic effect of methanol stem-bark extract of Ficus sycomorus Linn (Moraceae) on alloxan induced diabetic Wistar albino rats

This paper reports the hypoglycaemic effect of methanol extract of stem-bark of Ficus sycomorus which was investigated in alloxan induced type-2 diabetic albino Wistar rats. The animals were separated into three groups and each was treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg (body weight) of the extract intraperitoneally. The methanol extract of stem-bark of F. sycomorus significantly reduced (P<0.05) the blood glucose levels in all the doses administered, but the effect was more prominent at the dose of 250 mg/kg. Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extract of the plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, reducing sugars, tannins, resins and saponins. The results of this experimental animal study indicate that stem-bark of F. sycomorus possess some antidiabetic properties.

Importance of white flowered Mirabilis jalapa with respect to its phytochemical and antimicrobial screening

The aqueous and ethanolic extract derived from the leaves of white flowered plant of Mirabilis jalapa L. were screened for antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus subtilis. Aqueous extracts did not display any inhibition to the tested bacteria. However, all the ethanolic extracts showed good antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens. The growth inhibitions (%) were calculated with reference to the activities of tetracycline which was taken as a standard (100%). Further, the qualitative phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of white flowered plant reveals the presence of trace amount of tannins, moderate amount of alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenes and saponins. Glycosides and flavonoids were not observed as a notable amount. pH of the methanolic extract was found neutral. The research indicated clearly that white flowered plant ofM. jalapa has strong antibacterial potential and is active against a wide range of microorganisms. Key words: Mirabilis jalapa, phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity.

Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Celosia leptostachya Benth leaves on some selected clinical isolates

The antibacterial screening of Celosia leptostachya Benth leaves was carried out using the agar well diffusion technique and the methanolic extract of the leaves showed considerable activity on Escherichia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus both at 60 and 80 mg/ml with zones of inhibition of 15.50, 18.00 and 16.50, 19.00 mm respectively. Whereas, it showed activity only at a concentration of 80 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 17.50 mm on Salmonella typhi. However, the C. leptostachya Benth extract showed no activity on Shigella dysentriae.The phytochemical properties of the extract were also determined. The result reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and tannins, whereas phlobatannins, anthraquinones, steroids and saponins were not detected in the extract. The extract containssome major bioactive compound that inhibit the growth of microorganisms thereby proving very effective as alternative source of antibiotics. Key words: Phytochemical, antibacterial, methanolic extract, Celosia leptostachya Benth.

Nutraceutical potential and bioassay of Apium graveolens L. grown in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan

The present study investigates the nutritive and pharmacological potential of Apium graveolens commonly available as wild plant in Peshawar and suburbs of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. For this purpose, plants of A. graveolens L. was collected from its natural habitat at mature stage (seedling stage) from Palusi, near KPK Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan. Similarly, celery seeds were obtained from 3 different ecological zone markets of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa including Peshawar, Swat and Dera Ismail Khan Regions of KPK Pakistan. Analysis of the data revealed that all the examined plants contained appreciable amount of moisture, ash, fat, protein and fiber. The wild celery had good level of vitamin C and β-carotene. The phytochemical screening of methanolic extracts of celery showed the presence of various groups of compounds including tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, volatile oils and saponins, whereas cardiac glycosides was absent in all the samples. Among the antioxidant parameters, a significant amount of total phenols and tannins were observed. Likewise elements analyzed were in the order of Na> P> K> Ca> Mg> Fe> Cu> Mn> Zn> Ni> Pb> Pt> Cd> Se> Cr. The results further revealed that Mg, Ca, P, K and Na were present in fairly high amount. The methanolic extract of all the examined celery showed positive antibacterial activity against different strains tested. Similarly, antifungal potential of the celery was determined againstTrichphyton longifuss, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glabrata in concentration 200 µg ml-1 of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO). The results revealed that all the organic solvents (hexane, chloroform, methanol) and water extracts showed no brine shrimp lethality and leishmanicidal activity. Key words: Bioassay, proximate, antibacterial, antifundal, Apium graveolens.

Screening for Cytotoxic activity of Methanol Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall (Euphorbiaceae) Seeds

Screening of active compounds from plants lead to discover new medicinal drugs which have efficient protection and treatment roles against various diseases including cancer. The present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity of methanol extract of seeds of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall (Euphorbiaceae). The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol extract showed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. The extract showed cytotoxicity with LC50 of 427.74 μg/ml in brine shrimp lethality assay. Further studies on isolation of metabolites and their cytotoxicity are under investigation.

Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities Of Phytoestrogens In Crude Extracts Of Two Sesame Species Against Some Common Pathogenic Microorganisms

Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria.

Antimycobacterial Activity from Cyanobacterial Extracts and Phytochemical Screening of Methanol Extract of Hapalosiphon.

ABSTRACTThe recent increase in the number of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. has created an urgent need for the discovery and development of new antituberculosis leads. Natural products form one avenue in the search for new antitubercular agents. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a diverse group of photosynthetic, prokaryotic microorganisms found in fresh and marine waters. They produce a diversity of secondary metabolites having potential activity as antimicrobials, antivirals, and as other pharmacologically active compounds. In the current study, organic extracts of 10 cyanobacterial strains collected from the fields of an agricultural research institute in India were investigated for their antimycobacterial properties by an agar diffusion bioassay followed by minimum inhibitory concentration determination. Preliminary phytochemical screening methodologies were performed to identify active component of an extract from Hapalosiphon. sp. This study may be the first documentation of the activity of these species against mycobacteria.