Physical Mutagens Research Articles

Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and HZ with Phenotyping of Induced Mutations in Lentil Cultivars

In mutation breeding, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the base parameters to predict the mutagenic potency of any mutagen. Studies on mutagenic effectiveness and mutagenic efficiency of physical mutagen (gamma rays) and chemical mutagen (hydrazine hydrates; HZ) on two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), viz. DPL 62 (macrosperma) and Pant L 406 (microsperma) have been reported. Dry and healthy seeds were treated with four doses of each gamma rays (100-400 Gy), HZ (0.1-0.4 %) and their combinations. Frequencies of the induced agro-morphological variations into different phenotypic categories were estimated in M2 population that resulted into identification and isolation of wide range of mutants with altered phenotypes. Data on effectiveness and efficiency of various mutagenic treatments calculated on the basis of the frequency of chlorophyll mutations, which showed effectiveness and efficiency were higher at the moderate doses of gamma rays and HZ, while in case of combination treatments; lower doses were most effective and efficient with few inter-varietal exceptions. Phenotyping of the mutants revealed that growth habits was the most sensitive category to which most of the mutant belongs, followed by leaf and flower/pod/seed in both the cultivars studied. Overall, the screened and isolated mutants with economically important agronomic traits can be further propagated in the subsequent generation for development of elite lentil mutant cultivars.

The influence of mutagenic factors on F1M1 and M1 plants of bread winter wheat

Purpose. To determine the influence of mutagens on plant growth and development of hybrid progenies (F1M1) and varieties (M1) of winter wheat obtained from seeds treated. Methods. In 2006-2013, seeds of F1 hybrids and varieties were treated with chemical mutagens N-nitroso-N-ethyl-urea (NEU), N-nitroso-N-methyl urea (NMU), 1,4-bisdiazoacetylbutane (DAB), dimethyl sulfate (DMS) at various concentrations. Dry seeds were also irradiated with gamma rays at dose of 100 Gy. Results. In 2007, when treating seeds with NMU 0.025 %, germination in 52.2 % of hybrid combinations was significantly over control. In 2011, when treating seeds with mutagens (NEU 0.01 %, NMU 0.0125 %, DMS 0.0125 %), 57.8 % of hybrid combinations exceeded the control for field germination under predominantly stimulating action of the two mutagens (NEU 0.01 % and NMU 0.0125 %). A significantly high stimulating effect the mutagen DMS 0.05 % (in 2012) on field germination of hybrid seeds was detected in 67 % of combinations, while when treating seeds with DMS 0.0125 % (in 2011), it was only in 33 % of combinations. In 2012, among eight varieties which seeds were treated with DAB 0.05 % six of them showed the stimulating effect of the mutagen on field germination level. In the winter of 2007–2008, excess over the control overwintering level in hybrids after treatment with NEU 0.005 % and NMU 0.025% was noted (in 47.7 % and 54.5% of combinations resp.). In 2011–2012, when treating seeds with NEU 0.01 %, the overwintering level exceeded the control in 27 % of combinations, while when treating with the mutagens NMU 0.0125 % and DMS 0.0125 %, it did in 20 % of combinations. In 2012–2013, when treating hybrid seeds with the mutagens NEU 0.05 % and DMU 0.05 %, overwintering level of plants significantly exceeded the control in hybrid combinations Romantika / TAM 107 and Yermak / Demetra (the latter was submitted to State Variety Testing as the variety MIP Valensiia) and also in the varieties Demetra when treating with DMS 0.05 %, and Voloshkova (DAB 0.05 %). Phenological observations conducted in 2008, 2011 and 2012 showed that for the most of F1M1 hybrids and M1 varieties heading dates did not exceed 1–3 days earlier or later than in the control. However, in some cases there are deviations from the control for 7 and 5 days which are rather significantly. Conclusions. It was revealed either inhibiting or stimulating effects of chemical and physical mutagens on winter wheat hybrids and varieties. Depending on kind of mutagen, concentration and genotype, these effects occurred in the parameters of field germination, overwintering level and heading date of F1M1 and M1 plants grown from seeds treated with the mutagens.

Induced chlorophyll mutations in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum)

An investigation entitled “Induced chlorophyll mutations in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum)” was conducted during kharif (summer-rainy season) 2012 and 2013 at Experimental farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, H.P., India. Healthy seeds of California Wonder of bell pepper were exposed to physical mutagen Gamma rays using 60CO as a source of radiation at Mutation Breeding Centre, Department of Biotechnology, BARC Trombay, Mumbai and chemical mutagen EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) to obtain the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation. The M1 generation was produced from these mutagen treated seeds. Several unique and interesting chlorophyll and viable mutants were obtained in M2 generation. In M2 generation, gamma rays induced higher proportion of chlorophyll mutants then EMS. A progressive increase in mutation frequency of chlorophyll mutations was observed with increasing doses/concentrations. Four different types of chlorophyll mutants namely xantha, yellow xantha, chlorina and viridis were induced. Out of these mutants, chlorina and viridis were most frequent and were produced even in lower doses/concentrations while yellow xantha was least frequent and produced only in higher doses. The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations (18.8 %) was reported in the 22 kR of gamma dose, while the lowest (0.80 %) frequency of chlorophyll mutations was found in the treatment of 1.0 % EMS. There was a dose dependent increase in the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations. These chlorophyll mutants induced by gamma radiation and EMS could be used in mutation breeding programme for inducing viable mutations for improvement of bell pepper varieties.

Gamma rays, EMS and DES induced changes on cytology of bhendi [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

Mutation breeding in crop plants such as bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench) is a successful approach in change of product having narrow genetic base. In the present study to the determine the effect of physical mutagen such as gamma rays and chemical mutagens such as Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and Diethyl sulphate (DES) were used. The seeds were treating with different doses/concentration of Gamma irradiation (10KR, 20KR, 30KR, 40KR, 50KR and 60KR), EMS and DES (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6%) for six hours were applied to 200 seed sample of each concentration and one respective control on bhendi. plants of four generations viz., M1, M2, M3 and M4. The cytological analysis, for example, chromosomal number was watched and recorded for images. The maximum changes of chromosome were observed in 50 KR of gamma rays and 0.4 % of EMS treatments than the other physical and chemical mutagens. The length and shape of chromosome for varied in treated plants than the untreated plants.

Using Chemical and Physical Mutagens for Induction of Genetic Variation in the Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Three Cultivars of Faba beans (Vicia faba L.)

Filed experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of chemical and physical mutagens in inducing genetic variation in the quantitative and qualitative traits, such as morphological characteristics, yield components, seed yield and protein yield of three cultivars Zaina, Aguadulce and local of Faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Nitrous acid mutagen was prepared. This acid was unstable, weakly acidic compound and decomposes rapidly that has been prepared immediately in the form of cold according to the chemical methods. Also electric shocks were used according to the physical methods, seeds were sown in the season of 2010-2011 at Research field of Biology Dept., College of Science, Baghdad Univ. Factorial Experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. At maturity, seeds were collected first season of treatments, including the treatment comparison and then sown in the secound season of 2011-2012. Results showed that treatment of seeds soaked in nitrous acid mutagen solution for 24 hrs gave the highest seeds yield in both seasons recording 4370.39 and 3255.01 kg/ha, respectively and not significantly differed at 12-hrs soaking in the second season. Soaking treatment for 24 hrs was superior in some phenotypic traits such as plant height, leaf area index and yield components (number of branches/plant, number pods in plant, number of seeds in pod and the rate of seed weight). Also superiority in protein yield was found in the first season reached 857.87 kg / ha. The highest percentage of protein was found after using electric shock treatment for 6 or 3 min which differed significantly from seeds soaked in nitrous acid, Aguadulce and local cultivars gave higher protein percentages than Zaina cultivar in both seasons. Zaina cultivar showed superiority in seeds and protein yield in the first season reached 3774.61 and 734.4 kg / ha, respectively. While local cultivar gave the highest seeds and protein yield in the second season 3073.57 and 635.19 kg / ha, respectively. A significant interaction between cultivars and treatments was found, Zaina cultivar was superior in seeds and protein yield in the first season reaching 4997.09 and 929.94 kg / ha respectively and seed yield 3982.79 kg / ha in the second season when soaked for 12 hrs. Local cultivar gave the highest value of protein yield with mean value 755.71 kg / ha, and did not differ significantly with 3 min shocks and soaked for 24 hrs in the second season. It is concluded from this study that soaking seeds in nitrous acid mutagen solution for 24 hrs was effective in inducting genetic variation in faba bean cultivars which is useful in breeding programs either by selection or crosses.

Effect of physical mutagen on the salmonella inactivation, sensory evaluation and proximate analysis of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop grown and consumed all over the world. It is a good as well as the cheapest source of protein, soluble, insoluble fibers, vitamins, potassium and phosphorus. The present research was done to check the efficacy of gamma irradiation on chickpea’s proximate components and how the physical mutagen helped in Salmonella inactivation without any significant change in the proximate components of chickpea. The samples were treated with three different doses of gamma radiation (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy). Screening and evaluation of native micro flora on chickpea was performed and the viable counts of the microbes detected on samples of chickpea were Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. which were confirmed by biochemical test (API strips) before and after gamma irradiation. Results showed that 2 kGy is the optimum dose for chickpea at which complete elimination of Salmonella was recorded with no significant effect on sensory property as well as the proximate content of Cicer arietinum L.

Antioxidant, photoprotective and antimutagenic properties of Phyllanthus spp. from Cuban flora

Context: Sunlight ultraviolet (UV) radiation constitutes a significant physical carcinogen in nature. It could induce direct and indirect DNA damage, which if not properly repaired may generate mutations. Plants in the genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine and known as natural sources of antioxidant compounds. Recent investigations support their genoprotective activity against chemical and physical mutagens, among them UV radiation. Aims: To compare the antioxidant, photoprotective and antimutagenic activity of aqueous extracts obtained from three Cuban endemic Phyllanthus species: P. chamaecristoides Urb., P. microdictyus Urb., and P. williamioides Gr. Methods: DPPH radical scavenging assay was use for quantify the in vitro antioxidant capacity. Genoprotection against UVC radiation was measured at two levels: structural DNA damage and mutations, by means of the SOS Chromotest, Survival assay, and RifR mutagenicity test in Caulobacter crescentus cells. Results: P. chamaecristoides extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 0.032 mg/mL), and together with P. microdictyus exhibited the greatest bioantimutagenic effects (RMF ≤ 5%), diminishing UVC-induced DNA damage in three and five times, respectively. Conclusions: The reduction in DNA damage is not founded in a Phyllanthus aqueous extracts desmutagenic effect. It is possible that the genoprotective activity detected could be due to modulation of DNA repair mechanisms, diminishing SOS response and related mutagenicity induced by UVC radiation. Moreover, high antioxidant capacity could also decrease UV radiation oxidative-damage. Altogether, these outcomes validate future pre-clinic research regarding Phyllanthus photoprotective capacities.

Reaction of Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i> Linn.) Mutant Generations against Webworm, <i>Antigastra catalaunalis</i> Duponchel

Sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn.) (Pedaliaceae) is an important oilseed crop grown in many countries. Among the insect pests infesting sesame, the webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) is predominant throughout the crop period. For managing this insect, resistant sesame varieties with higher yield potential and better adaptability to varied locations are essentially needed. Keeping this in view and based on earlier work, three promising accessions viz., IVTS-2001-7, KMR-102 and TMV-3 were selected. To enhance resistance and/or yield traits, these three accessions in comparison with a susceptible check SVPR 1 were subjected to mutagenesis using gamma rays as physical mutagen; Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) and Diethyl Sulphate (DES) as chemical mutants. The first and generation mutants were evaluated under field conditions at Methikudi village, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, Southern India during May, 2012-September, 2014. Webworm infestation was evaluated based on leaf, flower and capsule damage. Among the first mutant (M1) and second mutant (M2) generations, plants of the accessions namely IVTS 2001-7 and TMV-3 were rated as resistant and plants of SVPR-1 were highly susceptible to A. catalaunalis.

An Effort of Mutation Breeding by Oryzalin and Gamma Rays on Wild Raspberry (Rubus sp.) in Cibodas Botanical Garden

<p>Currently, Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) has a domestication programme of wild raspberries (<em>Rubus</em> sp.) from Indonesia mountain forest. One of the activities in the domestication programme is fruit breeding. In order to improve the quality of wild raspberry, two mutagens i.e. chemical (oryzalin) and physical (gamma rays) mutagens were used in the breeding programme. Moreover, seed of wild raspberries from the collection of CBG were used in the programme of mutation breeding. The results showed that each species of wild raspberries has different response on the mutagen. Percentage of seed germination were affected by mutagen of oryzalin and gamma rays. <em>Rubus fraxinifolius </em>and<em> Rubus rosifolius</em> seeds were still able to germinate after treated by 100 µM of oryzalin. In the other hand, with increase in radiation above 300 Gy a reduction in percentage of germination was observed in M1 generation of <em>Rubus lineatus </em>and <em>Rubus chrysophyllus</em>.</p><p><strong>How to Cite</strong></p><p>Surya, M. I., Ismaini, L., Destri, D. & Normasiwi, S. (2016). An Effort of Mutation Breeding by Oryzalin and Gamma Rays on Wild Raspberry (Rubus spp.) in Cibodas Botanical Garden. <em>Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education</em>, 8(3), 331-335. </p>

Using physical and chemical mutagens for enhanced carotenoid production from Rhodotorula glutinis (PTCC 5256)

Abstract Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to manipulate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (physical mutagen) and sodium azide (chemical mutagen) on the pigment production from Rhodotorula glutinis , and to optimize the condition of pigment production. The irradiation time of 36.86 s, irradiation distance of 38.13 cm, incubation temperature of 24.54 °C, and incubation time of 90.0 h were found as the optimum conditions for production of pigment from R. glutinis treated with UV irradiation. For R. glutinis treated with SA, SA concentration of 94.95 µg/L, SA exposuring time of 13.23 min, incubation temperature of 25.91 °C, and incubation time of 87.87 h were found as the optimum conditions for production of pigment. At the above optimum conditions, the production of pigment from R. glutinis treated with UV irradiation (7.88 mg/L) was higher than the amount extracted from the mutant treated with SA (7.61 mg/L). However, BDW content of R. glutinis treated with SA (8.36 g/L) was higher than BDW content of R. glutinis treated with UV irradiation (7.73 g/L).

Saline soil microbiome: A rich source of halotolerant PGPR

Twenty halotolerant free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains were isolated from the Lonar Soda Lake and screened for growth at different NaCl concentrations. Out of 20, only Four isolates DL2, DL3, and DL6 showed optimum growth at 4% NaCl, and DL11 showed optimum growth at 6% NaCl concentration and tolerated 10% NaCl concentration. Biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing identified DL2 as P. mendocina, DL3 as A. beijerinckii, DL6 as P. stutzeri, and DL11 as B. subtilis. Further, these four isolates were characterized for plant growth-promoting traits and all are indole acetic acid and ammonia producers and they also solubilize the phosphate under 4% NaCl concentration. The salt tolerance of these isolates was also increased from 10 to 14% by using a physical mutagen like UV and mutant strains were also screened for PGP traits. To determine the efficacy of these isolates as plant growth-promoting bacteria, Bioinoculum I (mixed culture of wild strains) and Bioinoculum II (mixed culture of mutant strains) were prepared and tested on Catharanthus roseus at 4% NaCl concentration. Plants treated with Bioinoculum II showed 12.61 and 82.35% increase in shoot and root length, respectively, and 71.42% increase in number of flowers as compared to control plants under saline conditions. These results indicate that halotolerant bacteria isolated from saline environments have the potential to enhance plant growth under saline stress through direct or indirect mechanisms and would be most appropriate as bioinoculants under such conditions.

Genetic variability on protein content of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] induced by gamma rays and EMS

Legumes are considered as the major source of protein, however, the protein and their amino acid constituents are less when compared to animals. The attempts were made to improve the protein quantity of legumes with various strategies and achieved a little improvement. However, it is not sufficient to fulfill the portion requirement. In the present investigation, blackgram var. VBN 4 was treated with physical mutagen gamma rays (40kR, 50kR and 60kR,) and chemical mutagen EMS (50mM, 60mM and 70mM) individually and also in combination with an objective to assess the genetic variability on protein content in M 2 generation. Genetic variability is the most essential prerequisite for any successful crop improvement programme as it provides spectrum of variants for the effective selection. Phenotypic co-efficient of variation was found to be greater than genotypic co-efficient of variation for all the treatment. The results showed some level of improvement in protein content in 60mM (23.31mg.g) of EMS and 50kR+50mM (21.94mg.g), 60kR+60mM (21.70mg.g) and 60kR+70mM (23.14mg.g) of combination treatments.

Hyper-Production of Laccase By Pseudomonas putida LUA15.1 through Mutagenesis

Pseudomonas putida LUA isolated from rice rhizospheric soil samples of paddy fields of Una district Himachal Pradesh India produced extracellular laccase EC at C and pH In this study the wild strain of Pseudomonas putida LUA was improved for enhanced laccase production by using physical mutagen ultraviolet rays and chemical mutagens ethidium bromide mg ml and ethyl methanesulfonate l ml Mutant E with hyper laccase production was obtained after treating wild strain with ethyl methanesulfonate on the basis of zone formation and laccase activity Mutant E U l resulted in a increase in laccase activity over wild strain U l Pseudomonas putida LUA mutant E exhibited maximum extracellular laccase activity at pH after hrs of incubation period at C The laccase enzyme was purified from Pseudomonas putida LUA mutant E by using ammonium sulfate precipitation gel filtration chromatography and ion exchange chromatography The procedure yielded mg protein with fold purification with a percent yield of The effectiveness of hyper laccase producing mutant E indicates its possible applicability in various biotechnological and industrial processes

Agro-morphological Study on Induced Mutants and Mutant Hybrids in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Cereals and legumes represent the two most important groups of food crops, so that an improvement in these two groups of crops has been the major concern of plant breeders over the years. In the past, these crops have been improved through several conventional approaches of plant breeding. Mutations provides an opportunity to create hitherto unknown alleles, so that the plant breeder does not remain handicapped due to limited allelic variation at one or more gene loci of interest. A number of mutants have been induced by several workers in lentil by using various physical and chemical mutagens. Present work was undertaken to study the agro-morphological study on induced mutants and mutant hybrids in lentil. Results suggested that of the eight induced mutants studied here, two mutants namely bold seeded and early maturing ones are of economic importance and can be used for direct commercial cultivation, while the rest may be utilized in cross breeding programs.

Determination of lethal dose and effect of physical mutagen on germination percentage and seedling parameters in kodomillet variety CO 3

An experiment was conducted to estimate the lethal dose of the physical mutagen gamma ray in Kodomillet variety CO 3. Genetically pure seeds were treated with different doses of gamma rays viz. , 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy and 500 Gy. Untreated seeds were used as check for comparison. The LD 50 values were observed based on growth reduction of seedlings after gamma ray treatment. The LD 50 dose for gamma ray under in vitro and in vivo condition was fixed 300 Gy based on probit analysis. As the doses of applied gamma ray increased, there was a decrease in germination, survival rate of seedlings, root length, shoot length, seedling height, vigour index under in vitro conditions and emergence and survival under field ( in vivo ) conditions in M 1 generation as compared to the control.

Physical and chemical mutagenesis in Stevia rebaudiana: variant generation with higher UGT expression and glycosidic profile but with low photosynthetic capabilities

The leaf explants of Stevia rebaudiana were exposed to a range of EMS (chemical mutagen) and gamma radiation (physical mutagen) doses. Among all the treatments, doses of 0.4 % v/v EMS and 0.95 KR gamma radiation were found to be most effective treatment for selection of variants via direct shoot bud induction. The field-established plants designated as EMS (E), gamma (G), and control (C) plants were subjected to photosynthetic parameter studies where E and G plants showed lower chlorophyll content, transpiration rate, CO2 exchange rate, and stomatal conductance. The implanted field soil at the time of harvesting of plants showed reduction in organic carbon (OC), electrical conductivity (EC), phosphorus (P)/potassium (K), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). The ISSR profiling of E, G, and C scored total of 107 bands out of which 63 % were polymorphic bands, and plant E was found to be more distant from the C plant phylogenetically. On phytochemical analysis, the G plant registered twofold enhanced rebaudioside A with lower stevioside (3.2 ± 0.22 % dry wt.) content, whereas E plant showed more than 1.5- and 2.0-fold increase in stevioside and rebaudioside A as compared to control plants. Both the E (3.1 ± 0.15 % dry wt.) and G (2.3 ± 0.21 % dry wt.) plants registered lower steviol. The enhanced steviol glycoside profile was supported by the RT-PCR analysis of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 that corresponds to stevioside and rebaudioside A biosynthesis, respectively. While the E plant showed 5–6-fold increase in the UGT74G1 (RQ = 5.51 ± 0.5) and UGT76G1 (RQ = 6.61 ± 0.5) gene expression, the G plant showed 5-fold increase in UGT76G1 (RQ = 5.29 ± 0.2) gene expression.

Enhanced alkaline cellulases production by the thermohalophilic Aspergillus terreus AUMC 10138 mutated by physical and chemical mutagens using corn stover as substrate.

A thermohalophilic fungus, Aspergillus terreus AUMC 10138, isolated from the Wadi El-Natrun soda lakes in northern Egypt was exposed successively to gamma and UV-radiation (physical mutagens) and ethyl methan-sulfonate (EMS; chemical mutagen) to enhance alkaline cellulase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. The effects of different carbon sources, initial moisture, incubation temperature, initial pH, incubation period, inoculum levels and different concentrations of NaCl on production of alkaline filter paper activity (FPase), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and β-glucosidase by the wild-type and mutant strains of A. terreus were evaluated under SSF. The optimum conditions for maximum production of FPase, CMCase and β-glucosidase were found to be the corn stover: moisture ratio of 1:3(w/v), temperature 45 °C, pH range, 9.0–11.0, and fermentation for 4, 4 and 7 day, respectively. Inoculum levels of 30% for β-glucosidase and 40% for FPase, CMCase gave the higher cellulase production by the wild-type and mutant strains, respectively. Higher production of all three enzymes was obtained at a 5% NaCl. Under the optimized conditions, the mutant strain A. terreus M-17 produced FPase (729 U/g), CMCase (1,783 U/g), and β-glucosidase (342 U/g), which is, 1.85, 1.97 and 2.31-fold higher than the wild-type strain. Our results confirmed that mutant strain M-17 could be a promising alkaline cellulase enzyme producer employing lignocellulosics especially corn stover.

Mutational Changes In Delphinium malabaricum (Huth.) Munz.: A Potential Ornamental Plant

Abstract Mutation breeding is an established method used for crop improvement and has played a major role in the development of many new flower color/shape mutant cultivars in ornamentals. The present study is aimed at inducing mutations in Delphinium malabaricum using chemical mutagens ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), sodium azide (SA) and physical mutagen (gamma rays). It was observed that D. malabaricum manifested specific reactions to the treatments with EMS, SA and gamma rays. Identification and selection of mutations were carried out in the second generation (M2). A variety of chlorophyll deficient mutants and high percentage of the flower color and morphological mutants were recorded. The maximum frequency of chlorophyll and flower color and morphological mutations were recorded in EMS treated plants when compared to the other two mutagens. The frequency values for the individual mutant types were varied and randomly distributed at different mutagenic treatments. The highest percentage of color mutants arose after treatments with 0.25% of EMS and the lowest at 20 kR of gamma rays. The mutants were quite distinct, as compared to the control and often had more attractive ornamental features compared to the starting material. The major commercial benefit of the application of this technology has so far been obtaining of novel flower mutants that can be used as an initial material for further breeding of new cultivars.

Application of experimental mutagenesis in plant breeding

The aim and tasks of the study. The purpose of the review is to assess the depth of studies and to overview subjects that are insufficiently explored in this field. Material and methods . Experiments on experimental mutagenesis of sunflower and amaranth were laid out in the experimental fields of the Plant Production Institute nd. a V. Ya. Yuriev and the Kharkiv National Agrarian University nd. a V.V. Dokuchaev in 2014. The source material in the sunflower studies was 12 self-pollinated lines bred at the Plant Production Institute nd. a V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, which were pretreated with chemical supermutagen solution (at the concentrations of 0.01% and 0.05%) and 12 self-pollinated lines, gamma-irradiated (120 and 150 Gray). The aim was to study effects nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and gamma-rays as a function of solution concentration, dose and exposure. The control was seeds watered for 18 hours. The source material in the amaranth ( Amaranthus hypohondriacus ) studies was three varieties – Sem, Kharkovskiyv 1 and Studencheskiy. In order to obtain economically valuable forms of amaranth, seeds were treated with physical mutagens (gamma irradiation). The source of radiation was Co 60 ; the doses were 10 Gy, 15 Gy and 30 Gy. In addition, seeds were irradiated with the high doses of 400 Gy and 700 Gy to determine the lethal dose for amaranth. Results and discussion . The study will establish peculiarities of nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and gamma-ray action on sunflower seeds and plants, depending on solution concentration, mutagen dose and exposure. The final study results will be source forms of sunflower with new features and properties that are valuable for breeding as well as economically valuable forms of amaranth. Conclusions . One method that enables obtaining source material, which would be diverse by many traits, in the short term is induced mutagenesis. Experimental mutagenesis is used for various purposes: obtainment of macro- and micromutations of qualitative and quantitative traits for selection or for direct practical use, negotiation of incapacity for distant hybridization, influence on crossingover in hybrids, suppression of the self-incompatibility reaction in cross-pollinated plants, induction of polyploidy, etc. At present, the research is focused on raising the efficiency of induction of original and breeding-valuable mutants as well as on the creation of fundamentally new sources of high productivity, yield capacity and resistance to biological and abiotic factors.

Effect of chemical and physical mutagen in m1 generation and chlorophyll mutations in soybean (glycine max l. Merrill.)

Soybean variety ‘MACS 450’ was subjected to combination treatments of gamma rays (50 Gy and 100 Gy) and EMS (0.2% and 0.4%), different presoaked hours (12hrs, 16hrs and 20hrs) with 0.8% EMS, and gamma rays (50 Gy) with sodium azide (0.003 % and 0.005%) with an objective to induce variability for quantitative traits and estimate frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations. In M 1 generation effect of mutagenic treatments was assessed on the basis of parameters survival (%), plant height reduction and seed sterility against control. Overall compare to all combination treatments 100Gy +0.4% EMS exerted more injurious effects in M 1 in the form of reduction in height (36.4%) and pod /plant (35.3). Among combination treatments of gamma rays + EMS and EMS treatment to presoaked seeds, the highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations (2.91% and 4.50%) was observed in 100 Gy + 0.4 % EMS and 16hrs PSW + 0.8% EMS respectively on M 2 plant basis. The results indicated that both these treatments are most effective to induce a wide range of genetic variability in soybean.