Physical Character Research Articles

Quenching study of two-dimensional fractional reaction–diffusion equation from combustion process

The quenching phenomenon and its physical characters are critical issues in the study of combustion process. In this paper, a two-dimensional temporal fractional combustion model with Caputo derivative is considered. We design an ingenious adaptive finite difference discontinuous Galerkin method to solve this fractional combustion model. To catch quenching moment more accurately, an explicit bisection adaptive strategy is proposed for discretization of fractional derivative. Moreover, discontinuous Galerkin method is employed for spatial discretization to settle large gradient changes and non-smoothness property of solution in adjacent area of quenching moment. The physical properties of combustion process, such as positivity, monotonicity and stability, are theoretically or numerically investigated. Finally, we carry out systematic numerical experiments for such abstract combustor with different shapes and various parameter settings, which illustrate that the dynamics of such model depends on the intensity of initial inputs, the order of fractional derivative and the area of spatial domain.

Abundance and microhabitat use by the frog Platymantis hazelae (Anura: Ceratobatrachidae)

Introduction: Forest frogs that undergo direct development (no tadpole stage) rely heavily on moist microhabitats for their survival. Objective: To describe the abundance and microhabitat use and some aspects of the breeding behaviour of the threatened forest frog Platymantis hazelae at Twin Lakes Balinsasayao Natural Park, Negros Island, Philippines. Methods: From September 2016 to February 2017, we surveyed Platymantis hazelae using 27 (400 m2) plots in Twin Lakes Balinsasayao-Danao Natural Park in Negros Oriental, Philippines. Results: After a total of six months survey P. hazelae was found abundant in the montane zone with mean density ranging from 30.56±6.94 to 86.11±15.65 ind./ha. Fourteen environmental variables were measured and subjected to multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). PCA revealed that rainfall, altitude, relative humidity, and air temperature influenced the density of P. hazelae. Screwpines (Pandanus) leaf axils and leaves (51.56%) and palm leaves (14%) were the preferred microhabitats for the species. Details of physical characters of embryos and froglets are also described. Conclusions: P. hazelae was found abundant in higher elevations (sub-montane and montane zones) where ambient temperature was generally lower, higher rainfall and relative humidity and microhabitats (e.g. screwpines) remain intact and abundant.

Microbes Population and Soil Respiration Under The Kemenyan (Styrax spp) Stand Rhizosphere

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Effect of some antioxidant treatments on physical and chemical characters of jerusalem artichoke tubers under cold storage conditions

Jerusalem artichoke is one of the non-traditional crops of the family Asteraceae. Its tubers are considered one of the richest vegetable crop in sugars especially inulin. Jerusalem artichoke faces some problems during storage such as tubers browning. The aim of this study was to enhance tubers quality and storability by soaking treatments for 5 min with 3% ascorbic acid, 3% citric acid, 1% calcium chloride or water, which served as control, before storage. The results clearly indicated that 3% ascorbic acid reduced the weight loss and decay. Also, it maintained better tubers appearance as well as higher contents of carbohydrates, total soluble solids, protein and inulin compared to other treatments. The observed effects of ascorbic acid on the tubers quality and storability could be due to its effect on Polyphenol oxidase, whereas its activity was inhibited by ascorbic acid.

Adiabatic stability of stellar models in the unimodular framework

We investigate the behaviour of the Tolman metrics within the formalism of the trace-free (or unimodular) gravity. A solution generating algorithm is presented which influences the physical character of the models proposed. Specifically an additive constant of integration (K) is persistently in attendance and while it has little influence on the density, pressure, energy conditions and sound speed it exerts considerable influence on the equation of state, active gravitational mass and hence the compactification parameter (mass-to-radius ratio) as well as on the Chandrasekhar adiabatic stability index. A thorough study of the Tolman IV and V metrics is conducted and it is evident that the adiabatic stability criterion $\frac{\rho + p}{p} \frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{d}\rho} > \frac{4}{3}$ is achievable in the presence of K but not without at least in the Tolman IV case. A range of parameter values for the Tolman V solution is considered and graphical plots corroborate that the Tolman choice $n = \frac{1}{2}$ only allows for the model’s compatibility with the elementary requirements for physical plausibility.

Surfactant–modified serpentine for fluoride and Cr(VI) adsorption in single and binary systems: Experimental studies and theoretical modeling

Single-compound and binary adsorption isotherms of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and fluoride (F) ions onto surfactant–modified serpentine (MSP) are investigated at different temperatures (298, 308 and 318 K) and constant pH (2.0). For each temperature, F is adsorbed more than Cr(VI), in both single-compound and binary systems, mainly due to both higher electronegativity and number of active receptor sites (i.e., hydroxyl groups) on adsorbent surface. Moreover, in binary systems, both the adsorbates showed a reduction in their adsorption capacities, testifying the occurrence of competitive adsorption mechanisms.Classical models fit the experimental results but are not able to provide important information about the adsorption mechanisms. In order to understand the mechanism of Cr(VI) and F adsorption, the parameters of two advanced statistical physics models are determined and interpreted. For Cr(VI), more than one ion is adsorbed on a same active site (multimolecular mechanism), likely by an ion exchange mechanism between chromium anions/cations and the protonated/non-protonated OH groups of the MSP surface. For F, a multi-docking mechanism occurs (i.e. more than one active site is needed to bond one F ion), likely associated with electrostatic interactions between MSP active sites and the adsorbed ions. Sterically, the receptor sites density (NM) is found to be the main parameter controlling the adsorption capacities of the adsorbed ions and their difference, confirming the predominance of F ions. The adsorption capacity ratio between single-compound and binary values (i.e. Qb/Qs) indicates that Cr(VI) adsorption slightly decreases in the presence of F, allowing to quantify the competition between ions. The estimated adsorption energies for the investigated systems well represent the endothermic adsorption of both Cr(VI) and F, having a physical reversible character.

Biogenic deterioration of Egyptian limestone monuments: treatment and conservation

Abstract The aim of this research was to study the biodeterioration activity of bacteria on ancient Egyptian limestone monuments and their treatments. Specimens and swabs were collected from seven different archeological sites along Egypt. According to the results of bacterial count, high bacterial load was detected at Senusret I obelisk and Mosque of Elkadi Abd El Basset. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of calcium carbonate degradation showed that the most damaging isolates were Bacillus safensis 9K (MH370265) and Streptomyces rochei 50 (MH370266) with 20.9 and 25.6% of total amounts of CaCO3 degradation, respectively. Environmental scanning electron microscope/Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (ESEM/EDX) and physical characters of stone simulation model revealed that these isolates caused morphological, physical and chemical changes. Among the natural and chemical antimicrobial agents applied directly on the infected models as simulators of treatment and conservation processes, cetrimonium (1 mg/mL), tetra ethyl ammonium bromide (0.6 mg/mL), cinnamon (1 mg/mL) and cinnamon (5 mg/mL) were found to be effective against the two bacterial isolates. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for artificially deteriorated stones revealed that the compounds were safe for direct application on limestone monuments when no visual or chemical changes in the stone structure were observed.

Effect of Storage Temperature on Storage Efficacy, Germination and Physical Characters of Some Paddy Rice Cultivars during Different Storage Periods

Effect of Storage Temperature on Storage Efficacy, Germination and Physical Characters of Some Paddy Rice Cultivars during Different Storage Periods

Muḥammadiyah Fact or Complete Human in the theory of “Pantheism” to Ibn ʿArabī

Ibn ʿArabi thinks that Muḥammadiyah fact has some multiple names represent the last mattress of the isthmus or the absolute fiction, at the same time these multiple names represent the first mattress of the spiritual mediators in the ranking, mediating between the absolute fiction and sensual world, which is seen. Muḥammadiyah fact is not a material, but a spiritual fact, which is found in the whole universe from up to down. It had been found previously in the prophets and messengers, which embodied in the historical and physical character of Muḥammad at the end. This is a spiritual human fact, Adam was the first material representative of its physical manifestations. This is the highest Pen, which is on the top of the all spiritual and sensual assets -in term of the existence and knowledge-. This is the first Mind caused the other partial brains: Minds of the planets and humans alike. Finally, it is a spirit of Complete Human cannot be ignored by the universe anytime, which saves the universe, as its existence and rule. This spirit represents Summit of the protection, embodies in some certain persons represent the mystical esoteric State -at the Sufis generally and Ibn ʿArabi specially-.

Effect of subsoiling depths on soil physical characters and sugarcane yield

We investigated the physical properties of the plough soil and the components of sugarcane yield in the depth of mechanized subsoiling of sugarcane field, along with the clarification on the specific soil location and obstacle factors of subsoiling, with the aim to provide scientific basis for the construction of a good sugarcane cultivation layer and the development of soil improvement strategies. Three depths of subsoiling operation (35, 40 and 45 cm) were set up, with nosubsoiling as control. Soil physical properties, including compactness, bulk density, water content, porosity, three-phase volume ratio, and yield components and cane yield of sugarcane in the fields were investigated. The results showed that subsoiling depth was significantly correlated with the soil structure characteristics and the improvement of sugarcane yield in sugarcane field. Subsoiling broke down the plow bottom, significantly reduced soil compaction, bulk density, and the corresponding penetration resistance and shear strength during mechanical operation, especially for the above factors in 20-30 cm soil layer, with positive consequences for sugarcane yield. Moreover, subsoiling significantly increased the liquid volume rate of the soil layer within 30 cm and soil moisture storage capacity, and thus significantly improved the water index of the 10-30 cm soil layer. The 10-30 cm soil layer was the location for the most significant effect of subsoiling on the improvement of solid volume rate in the plough soil. The effective stem number, plant height, cane yield and sucrose content of sugarcane were significantly promoted by subsoiling. In view of the common equipment level in the sugarcane planting area, we suggested that the operating depth standard of mechanized subsoiling should not be less than 40 cm.

Studentification in Stellenbosch, South Africa

Globally, studentification has emerged as a prominent urban process, fast becoming entrenched in geographical discourse. Since the early 1990s, in both developed and developing world countries, an expansion in student enrolment has outstripped the ability of higher education institutions to provide adequate accommodation. These trends have been noted in South Africa too. The extent and impact of studentification on the urban geography of those places in which it has taken root is still poorly understood in both South Africa and the global South at large. This paper investigates studentification as experienced in one of South Africa’s secondary cities – Stellenbosch. An overview of generic studentification impacts is provided and the development of this process tracked. Thereafter, the motivation for living in these developments and the impacts of this process comes into view. It is argued that the areas affected by studentification have fundamentally changed in their physical and social character. Interestingly, a range of findings in the academic record were not present in the Stellenbosch context. Finally, it is suggested that studentification in South Africa requires greater research attention in a range of other urban settings in which this process has emerged. This is particularly urgent as it would appear that studentification can radically and very rapidly transform the geography of the areas in which it takes hold.

Effect of various mulches on soil physico—Chemical properties and tree growth (Sophora japonica) in urban tree pits

Mulching is a widely employed soil management practice. The mulches used have variable effects on the soil properties and plant growth. In China, mulches are used to cover bare soil at a few places in landscapes, where most of the soil is uncovered, especially in tree pits. As to improve our understanding on the effect of various mulches on soil properties and tree growth after two years of the treatment justifying its implication in soil fertility and tree growth. A comparison study was conducted to determine the effects of inorganic (cobblestone—CB; water permeable brick—WPB), organic (pine bark—PB; green waste compost—GWC), and living (turf grass—TG) mulches on soil physical and chemical properties at three different depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–40cm), and on tree growth (Sophora japonica) in urban tree pits. Soil moisture was measured once a month in 2015.The soil samples were collected from the tree pits two years after mulching and used to evaluate the physical and chemical properties. Further, trunk diameter and tree height were determined once a year. During the most months, all types of mulches significantly affected the moisture content of the soil at all the depths analyzed. In July and August, however, the moisture content of PB and TG treated soil decreased when compared with that of unmulched bare soil. Two years after mulching, the bulk density of the soil treated with PB, GWC, and TG was significantly affected at10–20 cm, with GWC exhibiting a relatively better effect. The treatments with PB, GWC, and TG also improved the total porosity, macroporosity, and microporosity of the soil at lower depths. Further, WPB worsened the bulk density and porosity of the soil, elevating the pH at lower depths. The organic matter, total N, mineral N, available P, and available K contents of the soil at lower depths increased when mulched with organic material. Turf grass significantly increased only the total N and available K at 0–10 and 10–20 cm. There was no significant difference in the soil properties among the treatments at 20–40 cm. Furthermore, the trunk diameter and tree height were not affected by the mulches two years after mulching. In conclusion, organic mulches especially GWC, not only increased soil fertility significantly but improved soil physical characters (0–10 cm depth) comparing to other mulches, are suitable to cover bare soil in urban tree pits.

Impact of some new generation insecticides on soil arthropods in rice maize cropping system

BackgroundSoil is the backbone of agriculture, and soil arthropods and earthworms are one of the key factors for maintaining soil physical characters. Densities of these populations are also an indicator of soil fertility. Several insecticides are now applied in field to manage different borer insects and get deposited in soil. They may exert impact on the inhabitants of soil.MethodsSeven different insecticides chemistry were evaluated to find out the impact (if any) on soil arthropods and earthworms in field condition. Simultaneously, richness of soil arthropods was enumerated using pitfall trap.ResultThe arthropod diversity present in the experimental site has 92.58% richness of class insecta population; of which the order hymenoptera accounts for 57.34%. Other than class insecta, representatives of class arachnida, diplopoda, chilopoda, annelida, and crustacea are also recorded. Rynaxypyr, cartap hydrochloride, fipronil, and chlorpyrifos showed no significant detrimental effect on the collembola population present in soil. Then, 27.65% and 13.47% reduction of collembola population was noted in the case of carbofuran- and phorate-treated plot. Several minute soil arthropods recorded during experiment includes minute ants, beetles, and soil oribatid mites pseudoscorpions. No appreciable toxic effect was noticed by the insecticides on the basis of mean population count over control. Carbofuran recorded the highest population of earthcasts (15.59% more over untreated check), while imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and phorate showed negative impact. Imidacloprid showed maximum toxicity toward the redworm. Further, 33.14% reduction of population was recorded by imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos which also showed toxicity toward Eisenia fetida L, while rynaxypyr and fipronil recorded more population over control. Cartap hydrochloride, carbofuran, and phorate did not pronounce toxic impact on redworm.ConclusionCollembola population was less sensitive toward rynaxypyr, cartap hydrochloride, fipronil, and chlorpyrifos. Imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and phorate showed negative impact on earthworm.

Evaluasi Mutu Fisik Tablet Antalgin Dengan Bahan Penghancur Amilum Kulit Pisang (Musa paradisiacal) Metode Granulasi Basah

Tablet merupakan sediaan padat yang digunakan melalui oral. Kulit pisang oleh sebagian masyarakat dianggap sebagai limbah, padahal kulit pisang mengandung amilum yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan amilum kulit pisang sebagai bahan penghancur dan pengaruhnya terhadap sifat fisik tablet antalgin.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membuat formula dengan variasi konsentrasi amilum kulit pisang (5%, 10%, 15%). Penelitian diawali dengan pembuatan granul dengan metode granulasi basah, dilanjutkan pencetakan tablet. Pengujian meliputi sifat fisik granul dan sifat fisik tablet antalgin (keseragaman ukuran dan bobot, kekerasan, kerapuhan, waktu hancur tablet) untuk masing-masing formula.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan ukuran tebal tablet disebabkan perbedaan tekanan pada waktu proses pencetakan, kualitas granul dan jumlah fines pada granul. Keseragaman bobot dipengaruhi kualitas granul termasuk sifat alir granul. Konsentrasi bahan penghancur yang semakin meningkat, tablet yang dihasilkan memiliki kekerasan dan waktu hancur yang semakin menurun, sedangkan kerapuhan tablet semakin meningkat. Dari hasil uji ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan variasi konsentrasi bahan penghancur terhadap sifat fisik tablet antalgin. Kesimpulan, amilum kulit pisang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penghancur tablet antalgin. Semakin meningkat variasi konsentrasi amilum kulit pisang sebagai bahan penghancur mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan kekerasan dan waktu hancur tablet serta terjadinya peningkatan kerapuhan tablet.

Characterization of Edible Film from Starch of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) with Addition of Chitosan on Dodol Substituted Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii L.)

Abstract.Edible film is a thin layer to protect food which it can be consumed. One of the main components to make edible film is starch, which could be derived from taro tubers. Taro tubers contain high starch content about 70-80% which consists of 5.55% of amylose and 74.45% of amylopectin with yield reach to 28.7%. However, the weakness of starch-based edible film are low resistance to water and low barrier properties to water vapor. One of the recommended hydrophobic biopolymers to improve the film characteristics of starch as well having antimicrobial activity is chitosan. The objectives of this research are to know the interaction and influence of starch concentration from taro tuber and concentration of chitosan on physical and mechanical character of edible film, including thickness, density, transparency, tensile, elongation and water vapor transmission eate (WVTR). The best treatment from first objective will apply on dodol (food made by glutinous rice) substituted by seaweed to know the effect of its application on dodol shelf life (texture analysis, weight loss and microbiology). Therefore this research was conducted in 2 stages and 2 experimental design methods. The first stage was the process of making edible film using Randomized Block Design method and the second stage was the application of edible film using Random Design Complete method. The results of physical and mechanical analysis of edible film based on its effect on the storage of dodol showed that the best treatment was obtained of P3K3 treatment (6% of Taro starch: 3% of Chitosan), P3K1 (6% of Taro starch: 1% of Chitosan) and P3K2 (6% Taro starch: 2% of Chitosan). The application of 3 types of edible films based on the best treatment of dodol substitute of seaweed has significant effects on the value of weight loss, texture and total plate count during the storage period. Effectiveness of edible film in inhibiting damage to dodol was obtained of P3K3 treatment (6% of Taro starch: 3% of Chitosan) with WVTR value equal to 0.189 g / cm2 hour, 0.170 N / mm2 of tensile strength, 0.088% of elongation, 0.160 mm of thickness, 0.151 of density and 0.000 mm-1of transparency.

A Comparative Study of Public Open Space Handling Methodology in Urban Area

P ublic open spaces (POS) handling in urban areas, regardless of their form , can be approached by various methods based on the potential and problems that exist in the POS. The public open spaces here can be in the form of green open spaces in the area, roads, parks, or outside natural spaces that function as public service facilities, including areas of the site developed into POS. Through this article we will look at four different cases for POS in three European cities and one Indonesian city which are carried out with different approaches as presented from the four scientific articles studied. The selected cities are located in Turkey, Cyprus, Montenegro and Denpasar, Indonesia. The reason for choosing four cities in various countries wa s also based on the physical and cultural character of these countries. By studying the different approaches taken, it is hoped that an understanding of the relationship between POS management results and the POS factual problems will result in the conclusion of the most appropriate approach to choose. Thus, it is expected to also find a relationship between the physical and cultural character of a country with the pattern of handling the city's public space.

SELECTIVE ATENOLOL DETERMINATION IN BLOOD USING MOLECULAR IMPRINTED POLYMER WITH ITACONIC ACID AS FUNCTIONAL MONOMER

Objective: This study was aimed to determine analytical performance and physical character of MI-SPE (Molecular Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction) atenolol using itaconic acid as the functional monomer and to implement the material for the extraction of atenolol in blood serum.Methods: This experiment was performed by determining association constants between monomer-template with UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the synthesis of MI-SPE atenolol using bulk polymerization method, template extraction, evaluation of the adsorption ability and capacity of sorbent, evaluation of sorbent selectivity, and determining their physical character using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In the end, the sorbent then was implemented to extract atenolol in blood serum.Results: Analytical performance showed that MI-SPE sorbent has Imprinting Factor (IF) 10.632 which is the largest number compared to IF when using another beta blocker compound. Physical characterization obtained by MI-SPE using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method showed that MI-SPE morphology has homogeneous pore and number of cavities than its blank. MI-SPE has recovery percentage 92.22 % atenolol when it applied to blood serum spiked with atenolol standard.Conclusion: MI-SPE sorbent made from the itaconic acid monomer in methanol porogen potential to be used for the extraction of atenolol from the blood sample by selectively bind to atenolol.

Aquatic beetles Cercyon unipunctatus as bioindicators of pollution in Lake Edku and Mariut, Egypt.

The lakes of the North Delta give a rich and imperative territory for marine fish and its regeneration, and have dependably been major areas of fish creation in Egypt, 75% of the production was collected from them. As of late, many difficulties are confronting these lakes and prompt the exhaustion of fish production from them. The aim of the present study is to evaluate different inorganic pollutants in Coleopterons aquatic insect (Cercyon unipunctatus) taken from both Lake Edku and Mariut and also, to estimate their effect on oxidative stress markers and chromosomal aberrations. The average concentrations of heavy metals differ in the two locations. The concentration of (Pb, Cd, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn) was significantly higher in water samples of Lake Mariut than those of Lake Edku. Also, the present work, showed the physical and chemical characters of the two lakes water. In the current study, the obtained results showed that there was a significant increase in (Pb, Cd, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn) concentrations in C. unipunctatus tissues which were collected from Lake Mariut. The biochemical parameters of oxidative stress have been affected by the pollution in Lake Mariut water. Significant increases in the activity level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde concentration were recorded, while there were significant decreases in (total protein content, GSH content, and GPx activity). The result of chromosomal aberration test showed that there were different types of aberrations as binucleate cell, lagging chromosome, and abnormal distribution of chromosomes. The obtained data showed that C. unipunctatus highly affected by environmental stressors in water. So we suggest that these beetles could be a suitable monitor for ecotoxicological studies.

Engraved in the Landscape: The Study of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Field Names in the Changing Landscape

AbstractThe importance of toponym studies for understanding the relationship between people and the place they inhabit has been emphasized by several studies. Despite the differences in the landscapes’ physical character and social relations, similar naming concepts can be found globally. Although toponyms are not visible or tangible, they are one of the most persistent linguistic symbols. As such they reveal much information about a landscape in the time when it was settled and named. The presented research focuses on three aspects of field names – microtoponyms, which in detail describe landscape that is shaped and managed by agriculture. An analysis of historical and contemporary sources offers insight into the temporal dimension of field names; the interconnection between names and named places shows the relation between named places, management practices, and landscape character; and last, an overview of landscape changes and their relationship to the persistence of field names is presented.

Physical-chemical and biochemical characterization in biribazeiro fruits through multivariate analysis

The present study aimed to select matrices of biribazeiro based on physical, physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of its fruits, in order to establish criteria for the genetic improvement program of this species, through the use of multivariate techniques. The UPGMA and main component cluster analysis using biplot were performed in Statística 7.7 software. The characteristics evaluated were: fruit weight, longitudinal and transverse diameter, peel thickness, seed number, spike size, pulp weight, fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS / AT ratio, pH, starch, compounds total phenolics, antioxidant activity and vitamin C. The analysis of clusters brought together the matrices in four heterotic groups on the physical and chemical attributes of the fruits. The analysis of the first two main components represented 58.88% of the total data variation and allowed to correlate matrices according to the angle and length of their vectors to the most relevant characters. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the G33, L89, D15 and K24 matrices are characterized by the high soluble solids content, while the matrix E18 presents high potential due to the higher content of bioactive compounds. Regarding the physical characters, highlight materials E23, J08 and C27 due to the higher weight of the pulp. The techniques of multivariate analysis used are consolidated as fundamental tools for the visualization and selection of the promising matrices, aiming at the genetic improvement of the biribazeiro.