Phrase Level Research Articles

Factors That Limit Evaluation of Velopharyngeal Closure During Nasopharyngoscopy.

To assess the quality of nasopharyngoscopy video recordings used for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) surgical planning and identify factors that limit evaluation of velopharyngeal closure. Prospective observational study. Metropolitan-based hospitals with craniofacial clinics in the United States and Canada. One-hundred and forty-two (142) patients with VPI across 10 hospitals. Nasopharyngoscopy video recordings used for VPI surgical planning . Ratability of nasopharyngoscopy video recordings, with "ratable" defined as the video (1) visualized the velum, lateral pharyngeal wall, and posterior pharyngeal walls at some point during speech production and (2) contained an oral speech sample at the phrase level or above. One-hundred and forty-two (142) nasopharyngoscopy video recordings were obtained from patients undergoing VPI evaluation, of which 59.9% (n=85) were ratable. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify factors that influenced the quality of nasopharyngoscopy video recordings. Factors associated with unratable nasopharyngoscopy videos were age (P=.030), sex (P=.005*), type of scope camera used (P=.039), presence of compensatory misarticulations (P=.008), and a limited speech sample (P=.040). A substantial proportion of nasopharyngoscopy video recordings obtained during VPI evaluation are not sufficient for rating velopharyngeal closure. Lack of ratability could impact the surgery selected to treat VPI. Younger patients, those with limited speech samples, or patients with extensive compensatory articulations may be more successful in completing other VPI imaging techniques, such as videofluoroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging.

A Phonological Metrical Investigation of Two of Ezra Pound and Bruce Ross’s Haiku Poems with Reference to Hayes's (1995) Parametric Metical Theory

Since its emergence in 1970 up to the present time with its different versions, metrical theory has been used and applied to different texts in different languages. However, Bruce Hayes's parametric metrical theory has been proved to be universal through its application to the word and phrasal levels of many languages. By the metrical grids and a number of principles and parameters of this theory, the rhythmic pattern of stressed syllables, feet, words, and phrases can be demonstrated. The present study aims at answering the question of whether the parametric metrical theory can be applied to show the rhythmic structure of haiku poems. A haiku is a poem that descends from the Japanese poetry with three lines in 5-7-5- syllables respectively and mostly talks about a moment in nature. Many of the English poets started to write poems in a traditional haiku form. Some others, however, made some modifications with different numbers of lines and/or syllables. This study analyzes four haiku poems according to the parametric metrical theory, two of which are written by the American poet Ezra Pound in a modified haiku form, and the other two are written by the Canadian American poet Bruce Ross in the traditional form. To sum up, the theory proved its applicability in showing how the horizontal rhythm of the haiku lines can be demonstrated through the metrical grids via the stress alternation in each line and by the application of some metrical rules.

Analyzing Asymmetric Prosody in Salim's Poetry: A Critical Examination of Words, Phrases, Poetic Lines and Punctuations

In this research, titled "Analyzing Asymmetric Prosody in Salim's Poetry: A Critical Examination of words, phrases, poetic lines and punctuations," we conduct a comprehensive and practical analysis to identify errors and asymmetric rhythmic prosody within Salim's poetry, focusing on the edition we have diligently worked on. Our study aims to explore potential solutions in accordance with established prosody criteria. Salim's body of work encompasses several books of poetry, with our research specifically delving into the most recent edition published in 2015 in Sulaimani by Mullah Abdulkarim Mudaris, Fatih Abdulkarim, and Mohammed Mullah Karim. We selected this edition due to its freshness and its incorporation of improvements from previous editions, making it a widely embraced reference among both writers and readers of Salim's poetry. Our research comprises four primary themes. Firstly, we analyze disruptions at the level of words and phrases. Secondly, we investigate instances of rhythmic disruptions resulting at the level of poetic hemistich. Thirdly, we explore disruptions caused at the level of poetic lines. Lastly, we analyze disruptions at the level of punctuations. In conclusion, our study offers valuable insights into the content of Salim's poetry by shedding light on its prosodic nuances and providing potential remedies for asymmetries.

Disinformation, Fakes and Propaganda Identifying Methods in Online Messages Based on NLP and Machine Learning Methods

A new method of propaganda analysis is proposed to identify signs and change the dynamics of the behaviour of coordinated groups based on machine learning at the processing disinformation stages. In the course of the work, two models were implemented to recognise propaganda in textual data - at the message level and the phrase level. Within the framework of solving the problem of analysis and recognition of text data, in particular, fake news on the Internet, an important component of NLP technology (natural language processing) is the classification of words in text data. In this context, classification is the assignment or assignment of textual data to one or more predefined categories or classes. For this purpose, the task of binary text classification was solved. Both models are built based on logistic regression, and in the process of data preparation and feature extraction, such methods as vectorisation using TF-IDF vectorisation (Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency), the BOW model (Bag-of-Words), POS marking (Part-Of-Speech), word embedding using the Word2Vec two-layer neural network, as well as manual feature extraction methods aimed at identifying specific methods of political propaganda in texts are used. The analogues of the project under development are analysed the subject area (the propaganda used in the media and the basis of its production methods) is studied. The software implementation is carried out in Python, using the seaborn, matplotlib, genism, spacy, NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit), NumPy, pandas, scikit-learn libraries. The model's score for propaganda recognition at the phrase level was obtained: 0.74, and at the message level: 0.99. The implementation of the results will significantly reduce the time required to make the most appropriate decision on the implementation of counter-disinformation measures concerning the identified coordinated groups of disinformation generation, fake news and propaganda. Different classification algorithms for detecting fake news and non-fakes or fakes identification accuracy from Internet resources ana social mass media are used as the decision tree (for non-fakes identification accuracy 0.98 and fakes identification accuracy 0.9903), the k-nearest neighbours (0.83/0.999), the random forest (0.991/0.933), the multilayer perceptron (0.9979/0.9945), the logistic regression (0.9965/0.9988), and the Bayes classifier (0.998/0.913). The logistic regression (0.9965) the multilayer perceptron (0.9979) and the Bayesian classifier (0.998) are more optimal for non-fakes news identification. The logistic regression (0.9988), the multilayer perceptron (0.9945), and k-nearest neighbours (0.999) are more optimal for identifying fake news identification.

Re-evaluating Affixes and Clitics in Munda Multi-verb Constructions

Languages from the same genetic lineage often exhibit differences in certain parameters, but significant variation in their morphological typology is uncommon. Austroasiatic languages present a notable paradox, where Munda languages are categorized as polysynthetic, while Mon-Khmer languages are considered isolating. This contrast within the same linguistic family, with both sub-branches occupying opposite ends of the synthesis continuum, is particularly intriguing. This paper aims to explore whether the morphological disparity between Munda and Mon-Khmer languages can be reconciled by examining specific bound elements in Munda languages that contribute to their synthetic characteristics. The study conducts a detailed analysis of numerous bound elements in Munda languages, comparing these to similar structures in Mon-Khmer languages. The focus is on understanding whether these bound markers are better classified as clitics rather than affixes, especially in the context of multi-verb constructions. The analysis suggests that many bound elements in Munda languages are more likely to be clitics rather than affixes. The study specifically investigates phrase-level affixation involving multi-verbs, concluding that when these markers attach at the phrase level, they should be considered clitics. This study sheds light on the synthetic nature of Munda languages within the Austroasiatic family, arguing for a reclassification of certain bound markers as clitics rather than affixes, particularly in multi-verb constructions. This reclassification could help reconcile the typological differences observed between Munda and Mon-Khmer languages.

Cortical encoding of hierarchical linguistic information when syllabic rhythms are obscured by echoes

In speech perception, low-frequency cortical activity tracks hierarchical linguistic units (e.g., syllables, phrases, and sentences) on top of acoustic features (e.g., speech envelope). Since the fluctuation of speech envelope typically corresponds to the syllabic boundaries, one common interpretation is that the acoustic envelope underlies the extraction of discrete syllables from continuous speech for subsequent linguistic processing. However, it remains unclear whether and how cortical activity encodes linguistic information when the speech envelope does not provide acoustic correlates of syllables. To address the issue, we introduced a frequency-tagging speech stream where the syllabic rhythm was obscured by echoic envelopes and investigated neural encoding of hierarchical linguistic information using electroencephalography (EEG). When listeners attended to the echoic speech, cortical activity showed reliable tracking of syllable, phrase, and sentence levels, among which the higher-level linguistic units elicited more robust neural responses. When attention was diverted from the echoic speech, reliable neural tracking of the syllable level was also observed in contrast to deteriorated neural tracking of the phrase and sentence levels. Further analyses revealed that the envelope aligned with the syllabic rhythm could be recovered from the echoic speech through a neural adaptation model, and the reconstructed envelope yielded higher predictive power for the neural tracking responses than either the original echoic envelope or anechoic envelope. Taken together, these results suggest that neural adaptation and attentional modulation jointly contribute to neural encoding of linguistic information in distorted speech where the syllabic rhythm is obscured by echoes.

Embodied cognition and L2 sentence comprehension: an eye-tracking study of motor representations.

Evidence from neuroscience and behavioral research has indicated that language meaning is grounded in our motor-perceptual experiences of the world. However, the question of whether motor embodiment occurs at the sentence level in L2 (second language) comprehension has been raised. Furthermore, existing studies on motor embodiment in L2 have primarily focused on the lexical and phrasal levels, often providing conflicting and indeterminate results. Therefore, to address this gap, the present eye-tracking study aimed to explore the embodied mental representations formed during the reading comprehension of L2 action sentences. Specifically, it sought to identify the types of motor representations formed during L2 action sentence comprehension and the extent to which these representations are motor embodied. A total of 56 advanced L2 learners participated in a Sentence-Picture Verification Task, during which their response times (RTs) and eye movements were recorded. Each sentence-picture pair depicted an action that either matched or mismatched the action implied by the sentence. Data analysis focused on areas of interest around the body effectors. RTs in the mismatch condition indicated an impeding effect. Furthermore, fixations on the body effector executing an action were longer in the mismatch condition, especially in late eye-movement measures.

Factors affecting the speech intelligibility of children with hearing impairment

Background: Children with hearing impairment have difficulties affecting their ability to understand speech and general communication development. It is essential to understand the background of the factors affecting young children's speech intelligibility in the Pakistani setting. Objective: To explore the factors affecting speech intelligibility among children with hearing impairment. Methods: A total of n=107 individuals were selected for the 6-month study at GMT clinic, Siemens Hearing Clinic, Hearing and Speech Care Clinic, and RHS in Islamabad using non-probability convenience sampling. Children between the ages of 6 and 12 who had mild to profound sensorineural hearing loss and could express themselves at the phrase level met the inclusion criteria. Speech-impairing conditions and progressive or conductive hearing loss were included in the exclusion criteria. Using the Assessing Intelligibility Worksheet, data was collected, in which 17 utterances with 57 words spoken by the therapist participants were repeated and the responses were noted by the therapist. Multiple linear regression, descriptive statistics, and percentage distribution were all analyzed using SPSS 21. Results: A multiple regression model was run to predict intelligibility utterance from age, gender, type of hearing aid, technology of hearing aid, degrees of hearing loss, and talkativeness. This model significantly predicted speech intelligibility of hearing aid users {F (8, 98) = 42.905, p<0.001}. All variables cause 77.8% (Adj. R2=.778) variance in speech intelligibility of hearing aid users. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is a considerable impact of gender, the technology of hearing aids, degree of hearing loss, and talkativeness level on speech intelligibility while no significant impact of types of hearing aids concerning Behind the ear and receiver in the canal on children's speech intelligibility.

Curious Case of the Vanished Coordinative Conjunction in Neo-Assyrian

While most Akkadian dialects use two coordinators, a phrase and clause level u= and a clause level =ma, in the Neo-Assyrian period both are mostly missing from native Assyrian texts. Not only is lack of overt coordination exceptional among the Semitic languages, cross-linguistically asyndeton is a rare strategy, only attested in languages with no writing tradition. In this paper, we will concentrate on u=. We sketch the various environments where u= is no longer used in Neo-Assyrian and consider what other strategies are used to mark coordination in this dialect. Finally, we propose a diachronic path to explain which processes contributed to the loss of the coordinator u=.

The cognitive roots of multimodal symbolic forms with an analysis of multimodality in movies

Condillac’s (1754) “Traité des sensations” is the philosophical background of modern discussions on the relationship between perception and multimodal communication. The differences between perception and communication and the transitions between them are discussed with a focus on odor and color. It becomes clear that even at this primary level, the complex interactions of different modalities are the precondition for effective and rich communication. The second part discusses Cassirer’s “Philosophy of Symbolic Forms” as a relevant framework for multimodality studies. Basic aspects are first commented on with a focus on music and visual art. The interaction is even more complex and rich in the case of language; the difficulty of large symbolic forms is mainly due to semantic composition and only to a lesser degree to syntactic concatenation. The first must merge/blend different semantic spaces. It must allow for the plurality of levels of integration from the lexical level, the level of phrases and sentences, up to texts and discourse. The third part focuses on multimodality in film. It treats the representation of movement and action in (film) narratives, the visual perception and representation/communication of movement and action, and the integration of music, moving images, and language.

Common syntactic errors in the writing skills of the 3rd year students at Van Lang University

This study aimed to analyze common syntactic errors found in the argumentative essays of third-year English major students at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Van Lang University, Vietnam. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to obtain data in this study. The quantitative approach involved counting and calculating the frequency, percentage, and ranking of syntactic errors, while the qualitative method was adopted to explain these errors. The instrument for collecting data was argumentative essays written by 37 third-year English majors enrolling in Writing-5 at Van Lang University. Microsoft Word was used to collect and analyze syntactic errors and sentence structures, while Microsoft Excel was employed to calculate the frequency and rank of these errors and structures. The results found that the five most frequent errors in their essays were at the noun phrase and sentence levels. These errors included run-on sentences, preposition errors, article errors, sentence fragments, and pronoun errors. Through error analysis, it was indicated that the majority of errors made by students were due to the negative transfer from their first language and the literal translation. Based on the findings, language teachers and syllabus designers could use these results as guidance to design appropriate teaching methods and materials.

Teaching sight translation to Economics and Management majors

Relevance. Teaching professionally oriented translation to students in non-linguistic areas of study is important and relevant, since future specialists will have to use the foreign language as part of their professional activities, which includes the translation of professionally oriented texts. Teaching visual-oral translation (sight translation) as a separate type of professionally oriented translation for economics and management majors is considered to be necessary to prepare future graduates for successful professional activities.Research Methods. The study used methods such as qualitative and quantitative analysis of the most typical difficulties of students (emotional, cognitive and motor difficulties), as well as the errors they make when sight translating.Results and Discussion. The authors provide typological characteristics of sight translation as a separate type of translation activity. We discuss the main obstacles that students of non-linguistic areas of training encounter when mastering the skills of sight translation of texts related to economic and managerial discourse. Among them are the following: translation of terminological vocabulary, recognition of syntactic connections at the level of sentences and phrases, translation of modern realities, stylistically colored vocabulary and idioms, translation of lexical inclusions of other industry discourse. The reasons leading to distortions in translation from the sheet are analyzed, ways of overcoming translation difficulties that have been tested and have shown their effectiveness in the Odintsovo branch of Moscow Institute of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation are considered.Conclusions. Skills of translating from a foreign language (English) into one’s native language (Russian) contributes not only to the formation of professional translation competence, but also a number of other academic and professional skills. To successfully implement this, a clear and competent course structure is required, taking into account the need to learn to translate modern English-language texts of economic discourse.

RETRACTED: Multi-Level interaction network for temporal sentence grounding in videos

This article has been retracted. A retraction notice can be found at https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-219433.

Comparative Analysis of Diplomatic Terminology in English and Vietnamese: Formation Methods and Terminological Elements

This paper provides an in-depth comparative analysis of the formation characteristics of English and Vietnamese diplomatic terminology. The research examines terms at both the word and phrase levels, exploring categories such as simple words, compounds, derived words, abbreviations, and noun, verb, and adjective phrases. By analyzing the number of terminological elements in diplomatic terms across both languages, this study reveals distinct patterns in how diplomatic language is constructed. A total of 1,317 English terms and 1,317 Vietnamese terms were analyzed to identify these structural patterns. This research also discusses the implications of these linguistic features for translation and international diplomatic communication.

Improvements in Similarity Measurement Method for Emotion Classification of Japanese Sentences

This study proposes the following three improvements to address the shortfalls of existing methods for emotion classification based on similarity measures between Japanese sentences. (1) The proposed method utilizes, as a similarity measure, an automatic evaluation metric for machine translation based on correlation considering global word order. Similarity measures used in existing methods are too strict or lax in their consideration of the order of words during the processing of Japanese sentences. They fail to incorporate the fact that Japanese exhibits a higher degree of freedom in word order compared to English. (2) Rather than word-level alignment, the proposed method aligns two sentences at the level of a base phrase constituted by one or more content words followed by zero or more function words. Word-level alignment, used by existing methods, may cause inappropriate matching, because it independently processes content words and function words which constitute a base phrase. (3) The proposed method integrates, using linear interpolation, similarity scores by the alignment of word-level and those of base phrase-level. Integration can avoid data sparsity, namely a problem that a similarity score between two sentences becomes zero, occurring when base phrase-level alignment is made. The experimental results found that (1) the proposed method demonstrated significantly higher classification accuracy than existing alternatives; (2) the base phrase-level alignment was effective because the alignment exhibited higher classification accuracy than the word-level alignment; and (3) integration of the word-level and base phrase-level alignments was valid because the integrated method outperformed the base phrase-level alignment. Key Words: Emotion classification, Similarity measure, Japanese, Word order, Base phrase, Linear interpolation

Using early LLMs for corpus linguistics: Examining ChatGPT's potential and limitations

This study evaluates the extent to which information can be obtained from early Large Language Models (LLMs) for corpus linguistic research. Various tasks were conducted using ChatGPT 3.5, such as generating word frequency lists, collocations, words that fit certain grammatical patterns, and identifying genres. The generations were then compared with the search results from a large-scale general corpus (COCA). While favorable results were not achieved in identifying the genres of words or paragraphs, there was notable congruence in the frequency lists (75.0 %), collocations (42.8 %), and grammatical patterns (53.0 %) for the top 20 items. Even when the generated items did not perfectly match those from COCA, it was evident that high-frequency items were produced. Although LLMs may not be sufficient for rigorous academic research, the results are adequate for discerning overall trends or assisting learners. In addition, the results of this study show that the ability to search at the phrase level is an advantage of using LLMs for corpus research.

Decoding Bilingual EEG Signals With Complex Semantics Using Adaptive Graph Attention Convolutional Network.

Decoding neural signals of silent reading with Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) techniques presents a fast and intuitive communication method for severely aphasia patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition is convenient and easily wearable with high temporal resolution. However, existing EEG-based decoding units primarily concentrate on individual words due to their low signal-to-noise ratio, rendering them insufficient for facilitating daily communication. Decoding at the word level is less efficient than decoding at the phrase or sentence level. Furthermore, with the popularity of multilingualism, decoding EEG signals with complex semantics under multiple languages is highly urgent and necessary. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no research on decoding EEG signals during silent reading of complex semantics, let alone decoding silent reading EEG signals with complex semantics for bilingualism. Moreover, the feasibility of decoding such signals remains to be investigated. In this work, we collect silent reading EEG signals of 9 English Phrases (EP), 7 English Sentences (ES), 10 Chinese Phrases (CP), and 7 Chinese Sentences (CS) from the subject within 26 days. We propose a novel Adaptive Graph Attention Convolution Network (AGACN) for classification. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving the highest classification accuracy of 54.70%, 62.26%, 44.55%, and 57.14% for silent reading EEG signals of EP, ES, CP, and CS, respectively. Moreover, our results prove the feasibility of complex semantics EEG signal decoding. This work will aid aphasic patients in achieving regular communication while providing novel ideas for neural signal decoding research.

مشاكل القواعد في ترجمة مجموعة قصة قصيرة "أرنى الله" لتوفيق الحكيم في موضوع الحب

The problem in this research is the grammatical problem found in the translation of the short story collection of Arinillah by Taufik Hakim. This study aims to determine (1) the number of grammatical problems, (2) the types of grammatical problems, and to describe (3) the relationship between the translated text and the theory of grammatical problems found in Arinillah's short stories with the theme of love. Based on the data sources studied, the researcher found grammatical problems in the level of phrases and sentences found in four short story titles with the theme of love. The results of this study are tarkib washfi, tarkib idhafi, atahf mathuf, taukid, simple sentences, complete sentences, and complex sentences in a collection of short stories titled Taufik Hakim Arinillah. The short stories contain Taufik Hakim's philosophical thoughts which are good for the development of today's mindset

Urdu Text Reuse Detection at Phrasal level using Sentence Transformer-based approach

Urdu Text Reuse Detection at Phrasal level using Sentence Transformer-based approach

Explicitation and (In)directness in Literary Translations from Japanese into English and Romanian: A Contrastive Analysis

Abstract A complex process that necessarily goes beyond the surface level of words and phrases, (literary) translation is also a means to understand the cultures whose products the translated texts are. In this article, I look at the English and the Romanian translations of two Japanese novels in an attempt to identify those elements that prove that the texts carry the load of the specific type of culture that both the translators and the readers belong to. More specifically, I analyse the way in which the discourse is reconstructed in English and Romanian in light of Edward T. Hall’s high-context culture vs. low-context culture distinction. This article does not focus on the translation of culture-specific realities, as is the case with most studies that compare textual products belonging to different cultures, but on the way in which ordinary realities are rendered in English and Romanian. I look at the degree to which the context created by the Japanese authors is explicitly specified and the level of directness of the discourse in the two languages, as representative features of the high-context vs. low context cultures dichotomy. The examples analysed here suggest that the English translations tend to employ more strategies for an explicit specification of the context and to create a more direct discourse than the Romanian ones, which is consistent with the fact that English is a language considered typical of low-context culture spaces. Romanian translations are generally closer to the Japanese original, showing a more high-context culture perspective, confirming the existence of a continuum between the two extreme ends in Hall’s dichotomy.