Photothermal Activity Research Articles

Hollow core-shell B-g-C3N4-x@Bi2S3/In2S3 dual S-scheme heterojunction photothermal nanoreactor: Boosting photothermal catalytic activity in confined space

The utilization of photothermal effects to promote chemical reactions represents an important approach for enhancing photocatalytic activity. However, the development of catalysts that can synergistically harness both light and heat remains challenging. Herein, we design a hollow core–shell B-g-C3N4-x@Bi2S3/In2S3 dual S-scheme photothermal nanoreactor by loading Bi2S3 and In2S3 particles onto nitrogen-defect-rich boron-doped g-C3N4-x (B-g-C3N4-x). The dual built-in electric fields drive the photogenerated electrons on g-C3N4-x to transfer towards Bi2S3 and In2S3 through multiple channels, enhancing the charge separation efficiency. Furthermore, the heat generated by the photothermal effect can form localized high temperature in the cavity of B-g-C3N4-x@Bi2S3/In2S3 to enhance chemical reaction kinetics within the nanoreactor. This nanoreactor coupled with dual S-scheme heterojunction and confined photothermal effect exhibits excellent performance in photocatalytic tetracycline degradation (99.5%) and H2 evolution (5067 μmol g−1 h−1). The dual-functional B-g-C3N4-x@Bi2S3/In2S3 photothermal nanoreactor may paves valuable insights for the advancement of clean energy production and environmental remediation.

TiO2-Ti3C2 Nanocomposites Utilize Their Photothermal Activity for Targeted Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

The search for effective and low-risk treatment methods for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a pressing concern, given the inherent risks and adverse reactions associated with traditional therapies. Photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment, offering advantages such as non-radiation, non-invasiveness, and targeted treatment. Consequently, the development of nanoparticles with high stability, biocompatibility, and photothermal effects has become a significant research focus within the field of PTT. In this study, TiO2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized, and their photothermal conversion efficiency in the near-infrared region II (NIR-II) was determined. Then studied the in vivo and in vitro photothermal activity and anti-tumor effect of TiO2-Ti3C2 in human colorectal cancer cell lines and nude mice subcutaneous tumor model. The results showed that TiO2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites have strong absorption ability in the NIR-II, and have high photothermal conversion efficiency under 1064 nm (0.5 W/cm2, 6 min) laser stimulation. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that TiO2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites significantly inhibited the invasion, migration, and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells, and induced cell apoptosis; in vivo, experiments showed that TiO2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites-mediated PTT had good biocompatibility and efficient targeted inhibition of tumor growth. In conclusion, TiO2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites can be used as NIR-II absorption materials in PTT to suppress the invasion, migration, and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells, induce colorectal cancer cell apoptosis, and thus inhibit the development of CRC. Therefore, TiO2-Ti3C2 nanocomposites can be used as potential anti-tumor drugs for photothermal ablation of colorectal cancer cells.

Temperature and photosensitive PVDF-g-PNIPAAm/GPE-PDA@ZnO composite membranes with efficient dyes separation capability and light-cleaning function

In this paper, PVDF-g-PNIPAAm/GEP-PDA@ZnO composite membranes that can undergo light-induced structural response and photodegradation to achieve self-cleaning have been designed and applied to the separation and purification of dye wastewater. The membranes were prepared by blending graphene (GPE)-polydopamine (PDA)-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) core–shell particles into the PVDF-g-PNIPAAm matrix with a non-solvent induced phase separation technique. The GPE and ZnO are tightly bonded by highly adhesive PDA to form a “strawberry-like” core–shell structure. GPE absorbs light energy and converts it into heat, resulting in changes in PNIPAAm chain segments to expand the pore size for self-cleaning. While the membrane is warming up, GPE further promotes the activation of active groups on the surface of PDA@ZnO at high temperature, resulting in unique and excellent photothermal catalytic activity. As a result, the membrane achieves both self-cleaning and pollutant degradation, which results in an FRR of 99.6% after light cleaning. Moreover, the GPE-PDA@ZnO nanoparticle-modified PVDF-g-PNIPAAm membranes exhibit excellent cycling stability with a degradation flux recovery rate of more than 97% even after multiple UV cleaning. Thus, PVDF-g-PNIPAAm/GPE-PDA@ZnO composite membranes extend the versatility of PVDF-based membranes and show extraordinary potential for application in wastewater treatment.

Durable superhydrophobic PDA-ZIF-8/PDMS composite fabric with photothermal antibacterial and self-cleaning properties

Inspired by mussels, a novel superhydrophobic composite fabric with photothermal antibacterial and self-cleaning properties was prepared by polydopamine induced growth of ZIF-8 nanocrystals (PZIF-8) and subsequent modification with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The composite fabric showed self-cleaning property with a water contact angle (WCA) of 153.1° and excellent photothermal antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Polydopamine acts as an adhesive and photothermal agent (PTA), which can bind ZIF-8 nanocrystals on cotton fabric firmly and kill E. coli and S. aureus synergistically with ZIF-8. The composite fabric can withstand five cycles of laundering and 100 cm of friction without obvious WCA decline. Consequently, the durable multifunctional composite fabric may have great potential in medical protection applications.

Metal-Phenolic Nanocapsules with Photothermal Antibacterial and Ros Scavenging Ability for Diabetic Wound Healing.

The presence of bacteria in diabetic wounds not only leads to the formation of biofilms but also triggers oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which hinder the wound-healing process. Therefore, it is imperative to formulate a comprehensive strategy that can proficiently eliminate bacteria and enhance the wound microenvironment. Herein, this work develops multifunctional metal-phenolic nanozymes (TA-Fe/Cu nanocapsules), wherein the one-pot coordination of tannic acid (TA)and Fe3+/Cu2+ using a self-sacrificial template afforded hollow nanoparticles (NPs) with exceptional photothermal and reactive oxygen species scavenging capabilities. After photothermal disruption of the biofilms, TA-Fe/Cu NPs autonomously capture bacteria through hydrogen bonding interactions with peptidoglycans (the bacterial cell wall component), ultimately bolstering the bactericidal efficacy. Furthermore, these NPs exhibit peroxidase-like enzymatic activity, efficiently eliminating surplus hydrogen peroxide in the vicinity of the wound and mitigating inflammatory responses. As the wound transitions into the remodeling phase, the presence of Cu2+ stimulates vascular migration and regeneration, expediting the wound-healing process. This study innovatively devises a minimalist approach to synthesize multifunctional metal-phenolic nanozymes integrating potent photothermal antibacterial activity, bacterial capture, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis properties, showcasing their great potential for diabetic wound treatment.

CDs-ICG@BSA nanoparticles for excellent phototherapy and in situ bioimaging

For the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, a great challenge is the fabrication of straightforward, non-toxic, multifunctional green nanomaterials. In this study, carbon quantum dots self-assembled with indocyanine green dye at bovine serum albumin for phototherapy and in situ bioimaging are produced by a flexible hydrothermal method. We find that the synthesized nanoparticles have high tumor photothermal therapeutic activity when exposed to 808 nm light, with a photothermal conversion efficiency up to 61 %. The phototoxicity study revealed the excellent phototherapy of the nanoparticles mainly arises from photothermal therapeutic effect other than photodynamic therapy effect. Simultaneously, it allows biological imaging in the visible and near-infrared ranges because of the significant absorption at 365 nm and 840 nm. The current work offers a simple, environmentally friendly, and reasonable method for developing photothermal drugs with a high photothermal conversion efficiency in the near-infrared region, as well as good biosafety for multifunctional nanomaterials for bioimaging tumor diagnosis and direct phototherapy.

Construction of Pd/Mn3O4 heterojunction catalyst for efficient photothermal synergetic catalytic propane total oxidation

Photothermal synergistic low-temperature catalytic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) degradation has an advantage on energy efficiency and reduction of carbon emissions. Herein, an impregnation-pyrolysis-oxidation strategy was adopted to synthesize Pd/Mn3O4 heterojunction catalyst. Under photothermal synergistic conditions, 0.60Pd/Mn3O4 catalyst exhibited an excellent activity for propane total oxidation, with a T90 value of 219.1 ℃, which was 115.3 ℃ lower than that of Mn3O4. Enhancement effect of the heterojunction structure on photothermal synergy was detected by various characterization techniques and density functional theory calculation. The presence of Pd species enhanced the low-temperature reducibility of Mn3O4. Meanwhile, O2 molecules were more easily activated at the Pd sites and overflow to the surface of Mn3O4 for reaction. Besides, the formation of p-n junction between Pd species and Mn3O4 in heterojunction structure promoted the charge separation and the migration of carriers, and boosted the generation of oxygen free radical, resulting in a significant improvement in photothermal catalytic activity. Overall, this study provided new strategy and deep insight for constructing heterojunction to enhance photothermal catalytic performance of VOC elimination.

Intensifying heat using AgCu core-shell-based black titania with highly efficient photothermal conversion performance for solar-driven seawater desalination

A novel photoreceiver composed of black titania (BT) matrix with biochar for efficient steam production was investigated to measure the desalination efficiency under the illumination of one sun (1 kW m−2). The density of localized hotspots on the surface of the photothermal system is enhanced by the incorporation of AgCu core-shell that promotes photothermal activity and improves the degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye. Assemblages of AgCu nanoparticles on the surface of BT generated a strong stochastic plasmonic coupling and therefore broad-band absorption for much better solar energy consumption. The nanocomposite exhibited an excellent vaporization flux of 1.4 kg m−2 h−1 with high efficiency reaching 95.7 % under the illumination of one sun. AgCu@BT/BC exhibited an excellent surface temperature of 41 °C after only 5 min compared to other prepared photothermal systems. Furthermore, the prepared composites revealed superb degradation of MO dye under UV–vis light with a percentage of 96 %. The band gap energy of white titania decreased from 3.2 eV to 1.86 eV in the case of AgCu@BT/BC nanocomposite. Moreover, the crystalline AgCu@BT/BC demonstrates outstanding photocatalytic performance because of boosted charge migration, reduced electron-hole pair recombination rate, and identifiable shift to the red region.

NIR-triggered bacterial cellulose-based wound dressings for multiple synergistic therapy of infected wound

Skin wounds are repaired by a complex series of events and overlapping phases in which bacterial infection and insufficient angiogenesis at the wound site delay the healing process. Thus, functional wound dressings with enhanced antibacterial activity and angiogenic capacity have attracted attention. Herein, bacterial cellulose (BC)-based dressings were successfully fabricated by functionalization with a polydopamine (PDA) coating and copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuS NPs). Under 808 nm laser illumination, the BC/PDA/CuS composite membranes exhibited outstanding adjustable photothermal and photodynamic activities as well as controlled Cu2+ release, endowing the composite membranes with synergetic antibacterial activity. Specially, a bactericidal efficiency of 99.7 % and 88.0 % for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was achieved after treatment with BC/PDA/CuS5 sample under NIR irradiation (0.8 W/cm2, 10 min), respectively. Moreover, the BC/PDA/CuS5 composite membrane could enhance the angiogenesis due to the released Cu2+. In vivo experiments revealed that the BC/PDA/CuS5 composite membrane dressing could accelerate the wound closure process of the full-thickness skin defects with S. aureus by synergistically reducing inflammation, enhancing collagen deposition, and promoting vascularization under NIR irradiation. Additionally, the BC/PDA/CuS5 composite membrane exhibited high biocompatibility and biosafety. This work offers a new strategy to prepare multifunctional BC-based dressing for clinical wound healing.

Enhancement of Carrier Migration by Monolayer MXene Structure in Ti3CN/TiO2 Heterojunction to Achieve Efficient Photothermal Synergistic Transformation of CO2

Carbon nitride MXene exhibits good metal conductivity, high photothermal conversion, carrier mobility, and high exposure of active sites, which makes it a promising co-catalyst for photothermal synergistic transformation of CO2. In this paper, Ti3CN/TiO2 heterojunction was constructed in situ using Ti3CN as TiO2 precursor to investigate the performance of Ti3CN MXene in photothermal synergistic transformation of CO2, and then the monolayer structure was utilized to enhance the interfacial charge transfer and improve the photothermal catalytic activity of Ti3CN. The catalysts were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS, and it was found the heterojunction constructed by monolayer MXene had a narrower bandgap and a higher carrier generation mobility, which, combined with the catalytic activity test, proved the single monolayer Ti3CN MXene had better photothermal synergistic conversion efficiency of CO2, and the heterojunction yield was 11.36 μmol·g−1·h−1 after layering, compared with that before layering (9.41%), which was 1.2 times higher than that before layering (9.41 μmol·g−1·h−1).

Bioinspired soft-hard combined system with mild photothermal therapeutic activity promotes diabetic bone defect healing via synergetic effects of immune activation and angiogenesis.

Background: The comprehensive management of diabetic bone defects remains a substantial clinical challenge due to the hostile regenerative microenvironment characterized by aggravated inflammation, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), bacterial infection, impaired angiogenesis, and unbalanced bone homeostasis. Thus, an advanced multifunctional therapeutic platform capable of simultaneously achieving immune regulation, bacterial elimination, and tissue regeneration is urgently designed for augmented bone regeneration under diabetic pathological milieu. Methods and Results: Herein, a photoactivated soft-hard combined scaffold system (PGCZ) was engineered by introducing polydopamine-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8-loaded double-network hydrogel (soft matrix component) into 3D-printed poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold (hard matrix component). The versatile PGCZ scaffold based on double-network hydrogel and 3D-printed PCL was thus prepared and features highly extracellular matrix-mimicking microstructure, suitable biodegradability and mechanical properties, and excellent photothermal performance, allowing long-term structural stability and mechanical support for bone regeneration. Under periodic near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the localized photothermal effect of PGCZ triggers the on-demand release of Zn2+, which, together with repeated mild hyperthermia, collectively accelerates the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts and potently inhibits bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Additionally, the photoactivated PGCZ system also presents outstanding immunomodulatory and ROS scavenging capacities, which regulate M2 polarization of macrophages and drive functional cytokine secretion, thus leading to a pro-regenerative microenvironment in situ with enhanced vascularization. In vivo experiments further demonstrated that the PGCZ platform in conjunction with mild photothermal therapeutic activity remarkably attenuated the local inflammatory cascade, initiated endogenous stem cell recruitment and neovascularization, and orchestrated the osteoblast/osteoclast balance, ultimately accelerating diabetic bone regeneration. Conclusions: This work highlights the potential application of a photoactivated soft-hard combined system that provides long-term biophysical (mild photothermal stimulation) and biochemical (on-demand ion delivery) cues for accelerated healing of diabetic bone defects.

A thiol-triggered croconaine-chromene integration to induce ferroptosis and photothermal synergistic efficient tumor ablation.

Theranostic probes, combining diagnostic and treatment capabilities, have emerged as promising tools in tumor precision medicine. However, existing probes with constant fluorescence and photothermal activity can result in low signal-to-background ratios and phototoxicity. In this study, we introduced CM-Croc, a novel probe comprised of chromene and croconaine, selectively triggered by thiol. CM-Croc exhibited turn-on fluorescence and released croconaine for photothermal therapy. The croconaine moiety possesses high photothermal conversion efficiency up to 55%. Besides, it demonstrated potent activity against various cancer cell lines at low micromolar concentrations, including drug-resistant variants, through enhanced photothermal therapy combined with the ferroptosis effect. What's more, CM-Croc was proved to inhibit the activity of GPX4 to induce ferroptosis. Finally, CM-Croc was demonstrated to be the first croconaine-derived SOP, which targeted tumors and significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo following intravenous administration with irradiation. This study showed CM-Croc's potential for enhancing tumor precision medicine.

In situ fabricating a Rh/Ga2O3 photothermal catalyst for dry reforming of methane

Rh2O3/Ga2O3 is in situ reduced to Rh/Ga2O3−x during the photothermal DRM reaction. The Rh NPs and oxygen vacancies promote light absorption and reactant activation, respectively, thereby enhancing photothermal catalytic activity at 500 °C.

Multifunctional MXene-doped photothermal microneedles for drug-resistant bacteria-infected wound healing.

Skin injuries and drug-resistant bacterial infections pose serious challenges to human health. It is essential to establish a novel multifunctional platform with good anti-infection and wound-healing abilities. In this study, a new MXene-doped composite microneedle (MN) patch with excellent mechanical strength and photothermal antibacterial and ROS removal properties has been developed for infected wound healing. When the MN tips carrying the MXene nanosheets are inserted into the cuticle of the skin, they will quickly dissolve and subsequently release the nanomaterials into the subcutaneous infection area. Under 808 nm NIR irradiation, the MXene, as a "nano-thermal knife", sterilizes and inhibits bacterial growth through synergistic effects of sharp edges and photothermal antibacterial activity. Furthermore, ROS caused by injury and infection can be cleared by MXene-doped MNs to avoid excessive inflammatory responses. Based on the synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant strategy, the MXene-doped MNs have demonstrated excellent wound-healing properties in an MRSA-infected wound model, such as promoting re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis and inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Therefore, the multifunctional MXene-doped MN patches provide an excellent alternative for clinical drug-resistant bacteria-infected wound management.

Antioxidant, hemostatic, and injectable hydrogels with photothermal antibacterial activity to accelerate full-thickness wound regeneration

Developing injectable hydrogel dressings with multifunctional properties, including antibacterial and antioxidant ability, and good mechanical properties to treat infected full-thickness skin wounds is of particular importance in clinical applications.

S-Doped Hollow Multi-Metallic Prussian Blue Analogue (PBA) Nanoplatform for Enhanced Anticancer for Cervical Cancer.

Developing novel multimodal nanomaterials-based anticancer agents to meet complex clinical demands is an urgent challenge. This study presents a novel uniform hollow S-doped NiCuFe Prussian blue analogue (NiCuFe-S) with satisfactory size and properties as anticancer agents for efficient cervical cancer therapy using a simple and environmentally friendly procedure. The formation mechanism and the reason for enhanced performance of NiCuFe-S were characterized and discussed by diverse spectroscopic and microscopic methods. Moreover, to demonstrate the anti-cancer ability of NiCuFe-S, in vitro and in vivo experiments were carried out. Compared to the non-doped NiCuFe, the NiCuFe-S exhibited significantly enhanced photothermal and catalytic activity attributed to the electronic bandgap-narrowing effect and the increased electron circuit paths resulting from S doping. The hollow structure of NiCuFe-S facilitated the loading of small-molecule drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX), transforming it into a multimodal nanoplatform for cervical cancer treatment. In vitro and in vivo experiments proved the potential of the NiCuFe-S nanotheranostic agent for chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemotherapy for cervical cancer. This research not only overcomes inherent limitations but also significantly broadens the applications of Prussian blue analogues in biomedicine.

PdMo bimetallene nanozymes for photothermally enhanced antibacterial therapy and accelerated wound healing.

Although antibacterial platforms involving nanozymes have been extensively investigated, there are still problems of poor reactive oxygen species generation efficiency and obstinate bacterial biofilms. Developing a nanozyme-photothermal therapy nanoplatform with superior sterilization effects and minimal side effects would be a good alternative for completely eliminating bacteria and biofilms. Herein, an ultrathin PdMo bimetallene nanozyme with a planar topology and boosted metal utilization, exhibiting excellent photothermal and peroxidase-like activity, is designed for synergistic nanozyme-photothermal sterilization applications and accelerated wound healing. The superior catalytic activity of PdMo bimetallene nanozymes could convert a biosafe concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into large quantities of toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under laser irradiation, enhancing bacterial membrane permeability and thermal sensitivity for efficient removal of bacteria and biofilms. In addition, PdMo bimetallene presents a good wound-healing ability according to the results of fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition with minor side effects. This work would provide an innovative avenue for developing metallene-based nanozymes for biomedical applications.

Nanogold-coated stent facilitated non-invasive photothermal ablation of stent thrombosis and restoration of blood flow.

In-stent restenosis (ISR) and stent thrombosis (ST) are the most serious complications of coronary angioplasty and stenting. Although the evolution of drug-eluting stents (DES) has significantly restricted the incidence of ISR, they are associated with an enhanced risk of ST. In the present study, we explore the photothermal ablation of a thrombus using a nano-enhanced thermogenic stent (NETS) as a modality for revascularization following ST. The photothermal activity of NETS, fabricated by coating bare metal stents with gold nanorods generating a thin plasmonic film of gold, was found to be effective in rarefying clots formed within the stent lumen in various in vitro assays including those under conditions mimicking blood flow. NETS implanted in the rat common carotid artery generated heat following exposure to a NIR-laser that led to effective restoration of blood flow within the occluded vessel in a model of ferric chloride-induced thrombosis. Our results present a proof-of-concept for a novel photothermal ablation approach by employing coated stents in the non-invasive management of ST.

Imparting anisotropic performance to soft materials via a magnetically-driven programmable templating-deposition strategy

Creating biomimetic aligned structures in soft materials with fast stimuli-responsive ability and tunable performance is of great interest to intelligent material science. However, there is still a technical challenge to balance the relative velocities of polymeric gelation and nano-alignment/accumulation processes in a controllable manner. Herein, a magnetically-driven programmable templating-deposition strategy coupled with an oscillating electrical signal has been developed to impart tunable anisotropic performance to the soft hydrogels. Specifically, the programmable electrophoretic deposition was initiated from a typical self-aggregated chitosan/Fe3O4 nanoclusters in the presence of an external magnetic field, in which case allows magnetically-driven fast templating of chitosan chains to the electrode surface, oriented/enriched nanoclusters into a compact “fiber-like” aligned structure, and then locked by the electric-field induced localized neutralization processes. An oscillating electrical signal has been used for the first time to manipulate the fiber thickness by varying the ON-OFF electrical signal sequences (e.g., each interruption provides extratimes/chances for nano-assembly), resulting in a higher concentration of magnetic particles and tunable aligned structure to the hydrogels with improved multi-functionalities (e.g., mechanical strength, conductivity, magnetic responsiveness, and photothermal activity). The proof-of-concept for potential applications in the controlled drug delivery system and smart magnetic catheter have also been demonstrated. Consequently, this versatile magnetically-driven programmable templating-deposition approach expands the range of stimuli-responsive materials beyond magnetic hydrogels, inspiring the creation of advanced functional soft materials and devices for wide-broad applications.

Biomimetic remote handling and sensing devices of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and vanadium pentoxide

Systems capable of managing toxic, reactive and explosive substances through remote handles like light and electricity have enormous technological significance. Here, we report the development of bilayer actuators of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT)/oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (o-CNT) and exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) flakes of vanadium pentoxide (VO) that can precisely handle reactive substances. The unequal photothermal activity of the carbon nanotubes-reconstructed VO were exploited to fabricate the bilayer membranes (CNT-VO) displaying light-controlled shape morphing characteristics (bending speed up to 45° s−1 with light intensity 15 k lux). Similarly, the unparalleled Joule heating effect of o-CNT and VO membranes (o-CNT-VO) was exploited to create electrical voltage-driven actuation (bending speed up to 64.5 °s−1 with an applied voltage of 12 V) of the bilayer membrane. While the light-responsive behaviour of the CNT-VO bilayer membrane was exploited to pick up and drop off reactive chemicals like potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium (Na) metal (up to ten times its body weight), the voltage responsiveness and rose petal effect of o-CNT-VO were used for transporting microdroplets (25 µL) of toxic chemicals like sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Similar to fingers the CNT-VO-based actuators sense the nature of the objects/materials it is picking-up or dropping-off . Owing to the inherent robustness of components, the shape-morphing characteristics of CNT-VO strips survived dipping into acidic, basic and organic liquids.