Photosensitizer Unit Research Articles

Design and fabrication of Zr-based MOF photocatalyst with functionalized moieties for CO2 reduction and coupling selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol

Zirconium-based metal organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) are considered as promising photocatalysts due to their excellent stability, unique pore structure, and versatile photocatalytic applications. To strengthen the visible-light absorption, a well-designed targeted MOFs photocatalyst was fabricated by a solvothermal method with Co-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrinate (Co-TCPP), 1,3,6,8-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) pyrene (TBAPy), and Zr clusters as sensitizer, ligands and active sites, respectively. Benefiting from the excellent photo-responsiveness of Co-TCPP, the robust catalytic ability of Zr clusters, the promising electron transfer ability of pyrene moiety, the prepared Zr-Co MOF@TBAPy exhibit excellent photocatalytic performance and stability. A high reduction rate of 127.42 μmol g−1 h−1 from CO2 to CO, this is 3.5 and 2.8 times that of Zr-TBAPy and Zr-Co MOF, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of CO2 reduction coupling with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) to benzaldehyde (BD) was also tested. The transferring pathway of photogenerated electron from the photosensitive unit to the active site mediated by the electron transport unit was further confirmed by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, providing intuitive insights into the catalytic mechanism. This work manifests that well-designed MOFs integrated with functional moieties is a feasible strategy for developing high performance MOF based photocatalyst.

Tumor Microenvironment-Triggered Self-Adaptive Polymeric Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs photosensitizers to convert nearby oxygen into toxic singlet oxygen (1O2) upon laser light irradiation, showing great potential as a noninvasive approach for tumor ablation. However, the therapeutic efficacy of PDT is essentially impeded by π-π stacking and the aggregation of photosensitizers. Herein, we propose a tumor microenvironment-triggered self-adaptive nanoplatform to weaken the aggregation of photosensitizers by selenium-based oxidation at the tumor site. The selenide units in a selenium-based porphyrin-containing amphiphilic copolymer (PSe) could be oxidized into hydrophilic selenoxide units, leading to the nanoplatform self-expansion and stretching of the distance between intramolecular porphyrin units. This process could provide a better switch to greatly reduce the aggregation of photosensitive porphyrin units, generating more 1O2 upon laser irradiation. As verified in a series of in vitro and in vivo studies, PSe could be efficiently self-adapted at tumor sites, thus significantly enhancing the PDT therapeutic effect against solid tumors and minimizing side effects.

A computational study photophysical properties of a series phenothiazine-linked-BODIPY as D-D-π-a photosensitizer unit for photo-induced hydrogen production from water

Phenothiazine-derivatives are designed as sensitizers which covalently-linked with BODIPY for application in a system of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs). A series of phenothiazine-linked-BODIPY as D-D-π-A chromophore have been investigated by a computational approach for studying the capability of the photosensitizers for application in photoinduced water splitting hydrogen production in DSPECs. The geometries of sensitizers at the ground state and excited state were optimized by the CAM-B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level method. The theoretical study has been done in order to investigate the photophysical properties such as absorption profile, HOMO-LUMO energy and surface plots of the photosensitizer. The result of calculation for HOMO-LUMO energy level of each dyes showed that the LUMO energy are ranging more than -2.8 - (-2.86) eV which is higher than -4.0 eV of conduction band of TiO2 as semiconductor in DSPEC, meaning that all these dyes could be used as photosensitizers in DSPECs. In addition, the oscillator strength data of each dyes showed the dyes have absorption profile in visible region, meaning the dyes could harvest higher intensity of sunlight to induce water splitting reaction to produce hydrogen.

Light and temperature dual stimuli-responsive micelles from carbamate-containing spiropyran-based amphiphilic block copolymers: Fabrication, responsiveness and controlled release behaviors

With the increasing demand for treating cancer and cardiovascular diseases in recent years, drug delivery therapy using intelligent nanocarriers has been investigated intensely. Usually, hydrophobic dyes were used as drug models for the development of drug-release carriers. In this study, light and temperature dual-responsive micelles were designed and fabricated, and the controlled release property was investigated using the hydrophobic fluorescent dye coumarin 102 as the model. A carbamate-containing spiropyran methacrylate monomer (SPMA) was adopted as the photosensitive unit because it is more conducive to stabilize the micelle structure compared to traditional spiropyran. Firstly, a light and temperature dual-responsive copolymer P[DMA50-b-(SPMA20-co-NIPAAm17)] was synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Then, the copolymer was self-assembled into micelles with coumarin 102 encapsulated in the hydrophobic core above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and under visible light (Vis) irradiation. When the visible light was switched to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the micelles' permeability increased as a result of the change from closed, three-dimensional spiropyrans (SP) to open, planar merocyanines (MC), resulting in the release rate of 51% for coumarin 102 in 15 min with “low” release capability. Lowering the temperature to room temperature (RT), the hydrophobic nuclei were partially destructed as a result of the changing of PNIPAAm segment from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity. Meanwhile, the release rate was observed to be 77% in 15 min showing “medium” release capability. The micelles were almost wholly disintegrated under the dual stimulation of both UV irradiation and RT, achieving the release rate of 96% within the same time exhibiting “high ” release capability. This study offered an approach for the construction of controllable drug release carriers.

Self-Supervised Joint Dynamic Scene Reconstruction and Optical Flow Estimation for Spiking Camera

Spiking camera, a novel retina-inspired vision sensor, has shown its great potential for capturing high-speed dynamic scenes with a sampling rate of 40,000 Hz. The spiking camera abandons the concept of exposure window, with each of its photosensitive units continuously capturing photons and firing spikes asynchronously. However, the special sampling mechanism prevents the frame-based algorithm from being used to spiking camera. It remains to be a challenge to reconstruct dynamic scenes and perform common computer vision tasks for spiking camera. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised joint learning framework for optical flow estimation and reconstruction of spiking camera. The framework reconstructs clean frame-based spiking representations in a self-supervised manner, and then uses them to train the optical flow networks. We also propose an optical flow based inverse rendering process to achieve self-supervision by minimizing the difference with respect to the original spiking temporal aggregation image. The experimental results demonstrate that our method bridges the gap between synthetic and real-world scenes and achieves desired results in real-world scenarios. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to jointly reconstruct dynamic scenes and estimate optical flow for spiking camera from a self-supervised learning perspective.

Dual Photosensitizer Coupled Three‐Dimensional Metal‐Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic Reactions

AbstractIn this work, we innovatively assembled two types of traditional photosensitizers, that is pyridine ruthenium/ferrum (Ru(bpy)32+/Fe(bpy)32+) and porphyrin/metalloporphyrin complex (2HPor/ZnPor) by covalent linkage to get a series of dual photosensitizer‐based three‐dimensional metal‐covalent organic frameworks (3D MCOFs), which behaved strong visible light‐absorbing ability, efficient electron transfer and suitable band gap for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution. Rubpy‐ZnPor COF achieved the highest H2 yield (30 338 μmol g−1 h−1) with apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 9.68 %@420 nm, which showed one of the best performances among all reported COF based photocatalysts. Furthermore, the in situ produced H2 was successfully tandem used in the alkyne hydrogenation with ≈99.9 % conversion efficiency. Theoretical calculations reveal that both the two photosensitizer units in MCOFs can be photoexcited and thus contribute optimal photocatalytic activity. This work develops a general strategy and shows the great potential of using multiple photosensitive materials in the field of photocatalysis.

Dual Photosensitizer Coupled Three-Dimensional Metal-Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic Reactions.

In this work, we innovatively assembled two types of traditional photosensitizers, that is pyridine ruthenium/ferrum (Ru(bpy)3 2+ /Fe(bpy)3 2+ ) and porphyrin/metalloporphyrin complex (2HPor/ZnPor) by covalent linkage to get a series of dual photosensitizer-based three-dimensional metal-covalent organic frameworks (3D MCOFs), which behaved strong visible light-absorbing ability, efficient electron transfer and suitable band gap for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen (H2 ) evolution. Rubpy-ZnPor COF achieved the highest H2 yield (30 338 μmol g-1 h-1 ) with apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 9.68 %@420 nm, which showed one of the best performances among all reported COF based photocatalysts. Furthermore, the in situ produced H2 was successfully tandem used in the alkyne hydrogenation with ≈99.9 % conversion efficiency. Theoretical calculations reveal that both the two photosensitizer units in MCOFs can be photoexcited and thus contribute optimal photocatalytic activity. This work develops a general strategy and shows the great potential of using multiple photosensitive materials in the field of photocatalysis.

Mesoporous Mixed-Metal-Organic Framework Incorporating a [Ru(Phen)3]2+ Photosensitizer for Highly Efficient Aerobic Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Amines.

[Ru(Phen)3]2+ (phen = phenanthroline) as a very classical photosensitizer possesses strong absorption in the visible range and facilitates photoinduced electron transfer, which plays a vital role in regulating photochemical reactions. However, it remains a significant challenge to utilize more adequately and exploit more efficiently the ruthenium-based materials due to the uniqueness, scarcity, and nonrenewal of the noble metal. Here, we integrate the intrinsic advantages of the ruthenium-based photosensitizer and mesoporous metal-organic frameworks (meso-MOFs) into a [Ru(Phen)3]2+ photosensitizer-embedded heterometallic Ni(II)/Ru(II) meso-MOF (LTG-NiRu) via the metalloligand approach. LTG-NiRu, with an extremely robust framework and a large one-dimensional (1D) channel, not only makes ruthenium photosensitizer units anchored in the inner wall of meso-MOF tubes to circumvent the problem of product/catalyst separation and recycling of catalysts in heterogeneous systems but also exhibits exceptional activities for the aerobic photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amine derivatives as a general photocatalyst. The conversion of the light-induced oxidative coupling reaction for various benzylamines is ∼100% in 1 h, and more than 20 chemical products generated by photocatalytic oxidative cycloaddition of N-substituted maleimides and N,N-dimethylaniline can be synthesized easily in the presence of LTG-NiRu upon visible light irradiation. Moreover, recycling experiments demonstrate that LTG-NiRu is an excellent heterogeneous photocatalyst with high stability and excellent reusability. LTG-NiRu represents a great potential photosensitizer-based meso-MOF platform with an efficient aerobic photocatalytic oxidation function that is convenient for gram-scale synthesis.

47‐2: Photosensitive characteristics and application of photosensitive device based on TFT process

A glass‐based TFT (thin film transistor circuit) module with ambient light detection function was designed and manufactured on the display panel, and the photoelectric characteristics of TFT photosensitive devices were measured and obtained. After the data analysis and processing, the photoelectric characteristic curves with good linearity were obtained. After algorithmically optimizing the intrinsic data, the thin‐film transistor photosensitive element achieved the same photoelectric characteristic as the silicon‐based photosensitive element. Measurements of the photoelectric characteristics of the TFT photosensitive device showed that the photoelectric performance of the sensor is repeatable and relatively undetermined. The photoelectric characteristics demonstrate the corresponding relationship of multiple direction functions. Different products show different current values under the same illumination, but the overall photoelectric characteristics still maintain the trend of multiple direction functions. In the experiment, 200 TFT photosensitive device units were connected into a set of photosensitive elements array, and placed under the ambient illumination of 0~30000 LUX. The output current range of the photosensitive array after parallel connection is 0~200 mA. The results indicate that the photoelectric characteristic of TFT photosensitive device has linear relationship after effective data processing and algorithm computing. After testing with different products, the device characterizes the ambient light with less than 5% accuracy. Therefore, the glass‐based TFT module with ambient light detection function can accurately reflect the data of ambient light, realizing the practicability of the photosensitive device based on TFT technology.

Facile synthesis of highly stretchable, tough and photodegradable hydrogels.

Recently we reported highly stretchable and tough hydrogels that are photodegradable on-demand (Materials Today Bio, 15, 100 325, 2022). Unfortunately, the preparation procedure was complex due to the hydrophobic nature of the photocrosslinkers. Herein, we report a simple method to prepare photodegradable double-network (DN) hydrogels that exhibit high stretchability, toughness and biocompatibility. We synthesized hydrophilic ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB) crosslinkers with incorporating different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbones (600, 1000, and 2000g⋅mol-1 ). These photodegradable DN hydrogels were prepared by the irreversible crosslinking of chains by using such ONB crosslinkers, and the reversible ionic crosslinking between sodium alginate and divalent cations (Ca2+ ). Remarkable mechanical properties are obtained by combining ionic and covalent crosslinking and their synergistic effect, and by reducing the length of the PEG backbone. We also demonstrate the rapid on-demand degradation of these hydrogels by using cytocompatible light wavelength (λ = 365nm) that degrades the photosensitive ONB units. We have successfully used these hydrogels as skin-worn sensors for monitoring human respiration and physical activities. A combination of excellent mechanical properties, facile fabrication, and on-demand degradation holds promise for their application as the next generation of substrates or active sensors eco-friendly for bioelectronics, biosensors, wearable computing, and stretchable electronics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Transitions of Collective Motions Driven by Phase Resetting.

Abrupt (i. e. step) environmental changes, such as natural disasters or the intervention of predators, can alter the internal dynamics of groups with active units, leading to the rapid destruction and/or restructuring of the group, with the emergence of new collective structures that endow the system with adaptability. Few studies, to date, have considered the influence of abrupt environmental changes on emergent behavior. Here, we use a model of active matter, the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) self-oscillating gel, to study the mechanism of formation and transition between modes of collective locomotion caused by changes of illumination intensity in arrays of interacting photosensitive active units. New forms of collective motion can be generated by step changes of illumination intensity. These transformations arise from the phase resetting and wave-signal regeneration induced by the abrupt parameter variation, while gradual change results in different evolution of collective motion. Our results not only suggest a novel mechanism for emergence, but also imply that new collective behaviors could be accessible via discontinuous parameter changes.

Modulating microenvironment of active moiety in Prussian blue analogues via surface coordination to enhance CO2 photoreduction

Well-arranged photosensitive units and catalytic sites in closeness are critical for enhancing charge separation effectiveness and promoting photocatalysis. Here, a heterogeneous interface is constructed, which binds a deprotonated carboxyl group on perylene diimide (PDI) photosensitizer to unsaturated metal sites generated by etching of different Prussian blue analogues (PBAs). The atomically-dispersed metal sites and anchored photosensitive units greatly accelerate charge transfer. Typically, the S-scheme heterojunction built by etched NiCo PBA and PDI (NCSP) possesses bond of O-Ni. Density functional theory (DFT) and in-situ technology reveals the electron density of the Ni active site is optimized. Consequently, activation barrier of CO2 on the Ni site was reduced, thus improving the CO generation (60.0 μmol g−1) up to about 9 times than NiCo PBA. This work reveals key insights into the precise modulation of active moiety for efficient photocatalytic CO2 conversion.

Bound States in the Continuum Help Shrimp Eyes to Catch More Light

Optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) have recently attracted a great deal of attention as an efficient way to localize and manipulate light at nanoscale. Traditionally, generation of BICs has relied on using artificial structures where suppression of radiative losses leads to very high Q factors. Here, we show that BICs may play an important biological role by boosting light–matter interactions in a biogenic nanostructure: tapetum reflector of a shrimp eye. Enveloping photosensitive units of the retina (rhabdoms), this system contains quasi-periodic arrays of spherical core–shell nanoparticles which include concentric lamellae of single-crystal isoxanthopterin nanoplates arranged around a hollow core. The radial alignment of the plates gives rise to the spherical anisotropy of the nanoparticles which provides access to quasi-BIC modes in a full visible domain. Thus, a tapetum reflector hosting BICs maximizes light interactions with rhabdoms, enhancing the eye’s sensitivity. Our findings suggest that BICs, previously associated with man-made structures only, can be generated in biogenic structures, performing crucial optical functionalities in living organisms.

Deformable and Disintegrable Multifunctional Integrated Polyprodrug Amphiphiles for Synergistic Phototherapy and Chemotherapy.

Multimodal collaborative therapy has been recognized as one of the more effective means to eliminate tumors in the current biomedicine research field as compared with monotherapy. Among them, by taking advantage of its high-precision and controllability, phototherapy has become a mainstay of treatment. However, physical encapsulation of free photosensitive units within nanocarriers was one of the main implementations, which might inevitably result in the photosensitizer leakage and side effect. For this purpose, a kind of multifunctional integrated polyprodrug amphiphiles, P(PFO-IG-CPT)-PEG, were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization from polymerizable pentadecafluorooctan monomers, indocyanine green monomers, reduction-responsive camptothecin monomers, and acid-responsive PEG based methacrylate monomers (GMA(-OH/-PEG)). The resultant copolymers could self-assemble into spherical nanoparticles in water, performing size-deformability in acidic conditions and subsequent disintegration in reduction environment as demonstrated by in vitro experiments. Furthermore, an enhanced CPT release ratio and rate from nanoparticles could be achieved by a NIR irradiation due to the hyperthermia induced by the covalently linked IG moieties. Not only that, because of the sufficient O2 content brought by PFO, the NIR light-triggered generation of 1O2 was also detected in cells. With the combination of CPT-guided chemotherapy as well as NIR light-guided photo-thermal and photodynamic therapies, fatal and irreversible damage to cancer cells was observed by cell experiments; the implanted tumor size in the mouse model was obviously shrunk upon receiving multimodal collaborative therapy. We speculate that such fabricated nanodiagnosis and treatment systems could meet the growing emergency for effective drug delivery, programmed and on-demand drug release, and multimodal integrated therapy.

Erlotinib-Modified BODIPY Photosensitizers for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, non-invasive and highly selective therapeutic modality for tumours and non-malignant diseases. BODIPY based molecules can function as new generation photosensitizers (PSs) in various PDT applications. Despite numerous conjugated PS systems are available, BODIPYs containing erlotinib lagged behind other photosensitizer units. In this study, smart photosensitizers containing BODIPY, erlotinib and hydrophilic units were prepared for the first time, their physicochemical properties and PDT effects were investigated. Compared with non-halogenated compound, halogenated derivatives possessed much lower fluorescence profile as well as the good ROS generation ability under red light. In vitro PDT studies were performed on both healthy (PNT1a) and prostate cancerous cells (PC3) to determine the selectivity of the compounds on cancerous cells and their effects under light. The halogenated conjugates, exposed to low dose of light illumination exhibited potent activity on cancer cell viability and the calculated IC50 values proved the high phototoxicity of the photosensitizers. It was also determined that the PSs have very low dark toxicity and that the light illumination and ROS formation are required for the initiation of the cell death mechanism. As a result, erlotinib modified BODIPYs could serve as promising agents in anticancer photodynamic therapy.

Highly Antibacterial and Adhesive Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Wound Repair.

Bacterial infections accompanied with wound healing often lead to more serious health hazards to patients. Therefore, it is urgent to explore a wound dressing that can promote wound repair while possessing antibacterial capability. Here, we constructed a multifunctional hydrogel dressing by a redox-initiated cross-linking reaction of methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA), 5,10,15,20-tetra (4-methacrylate phenyl) porphyrin (TPP), and dopamine methacrylamide (DMA), named HAMA-TPP-DMA, with broad-spectrum photodynamic antibacterial capability, where the aggregation of TPP photosensitizer units could be greatly inhibited to produce more singlet oxygen. The hydrogel has excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, providing favorable conditions for wound healing. Furthermore, the incorporation of dopamine into the hydrogel gives the wound dressing with enhanced adhesiveness, benefiting for the wound repair. More importantly, the antibacterial experiments in vitro and mice wound models in vivo showed that the HAMA-TPP-DMA hydrogel can significantly resist bacteria and accelerate the wound healing in mice (the closure rate > 98% after 15 days). Thus, this hydrogel dressing with superior antibacterial infection and wound healing capability provides a promising strategy in wound repair.

Carbon Dots Mediated In Situ Confined Growth of Bi Clusters on g-C3 N4 Nanomeshes for Boosting Plasma-Assisted Photoreduction of CO2.

Synthesis of high-efficiency, cost-effective, and stable photocatalysts has long been a priority for sustainable photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions (CRR), given its importance in achieving carbon neutrality goals under the new development philosophy. Fundamentally, the sluggish interface charge transportation and poor selectivity of products remain a challenge in the CRR progress. Herein, this work unveils a synergistic effect between high-density monodispersed Bi/carbon dots (CDs) and ultrathin graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) nanomeshes for plasma-assisted photocatalytic CRR. The optimal g-C3 N4 /Bi/CDs heterojunction displays a high selectivity of 98% for CO production with a yield up to 22.7 µmol g-1 without any sacrificial agent. The in situ confined growth of plasmonic Bi clusters favors the production of more hot carriers and improves the conductivity of g-C3 N4 . Meanwhile, a built-in electric field driving force modulates the directional injection photogenerated holes from plasmonic Bi clusters and g-C3 N4 photosensitive units to adjacent CDs reservoirs, thus promoting the rapid separation and oriented transfer in the CRR process. This work sheds light on the mechanism of plasma-assisted photocatalytic CRR and provides a pathway for designing highly efficient plasma-involved photocatalysts.

Artificial Hyper Compound Eyes Enable Variable-Focus Imaging on both Curved and Flat Surfaces.

The artificial compound eye (ACE) with zoom imaging requires complex power sources. Meanwhile, its curved substrate makes it difficult for the ACE to realize the zoom imaging on flat surfaces. To realize a wide field of view and a zoom function on both curved and flat surfaces simultaneously, a novel ACE is proposed, which is a bionic design inspired by an ancient creature, trilobite. Compared with a dragonfly, photosensitive units of a trilobite's compound eye are composed of ommatidia with different focal lengths. By learning from this concept, an artificial hyper compound eye (AHCE) was fabricated. Its basic components are five microlenses with different curvatures, and they are capable of being treated as five ommatidia with different focal lengths. Five ommatidia form a photosensitive unit to realize a zoom function. AHCE is capable of variable-focus imaging on curved surfaces. With the information share function, we found that the AHCE not only images on curved surfaces but also has a zoom-imaging function on flat surfaces. The results confirm that the AHCE demonstrates an advanced imaging capability, a variable-focus imaging function on both curved and flat surfaces, which may open new opportunities in developing advanced micro-optical devices.

Development of a Crop Spectral Reflectance Sensor

In this study, a low-cost, self-balancing crop spectral reflectance sensor (CSRS) was designed for real-time, nondestructive monitoring of the spectral reflectance and vegetation index of crops such as tomato and rapeseed. The sensor had a field of view of 30°, and a narrow-band filter was used for light splitting. The filter’s full width at half-maximum was 10 nm, and the spectral bands were 710 nm and 870 nm. The sensor was powered by a battery and used WiFi for communication. Its software was based on the Contiki operating system. To make the sensor work in different light intensity conditions, the photoelectric conversion automatic gain circuit had a total of 255 combinations of amplification. The gimbal of the sensor was mainly composed of an inner ring and an outer ring. Under the gravity of the sensor, the central axis of the sensor remained vertical, such that the up-facing and down-facing photosensitive units stayed in the horizontal position. The mechanical components of the sensor were designed symmetrically to facilitate equal mass distribution and to meet the needs of automatic balancing. Based on the optical signal transmission process of the sensor and the dark-current characteristics of the photodetector, a calibration method was theoretically deduced, which improved the accuracy and stability of the sensor under different ambient light intensities. The calibration method is also applicable for the calibration of other crop growth information sensors. Next, the standard reflectance gray scale was taken as the measurement variable to test the accuracy of the sensor, and the results showed that the root mean square error of the reflectance measured by the sensor at 710 nm and 870 nm was 1.10% and 1.27%, respectively; the mean absolute error was 0.95% and 0.89%, respectively; the relative error was below 4% and 3%, respectively; and the coefficient of variation was between 1.0% and 2.5%. The reflectance data measured by the sensor under different ambient light intensities suggested that the absolute error of the sensor was within ±0.5%, and the coefficients of variation at the two spectral bands were 1.04% and 0.39%, respectively. With tomato and rapeseed as the monitoring targets, the proposed CSRS and a commercial spectroradiometer were used to measure at the same time. The results showed that the reflectance measured by the two devices was very close, and there was a linear relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index of the CSRS and that of the commercial spectroradiometer. The coefficient of determination (R2) for tomato and rapeseed were 0.9540 and 0.9110, respectively.

High‐Output Photodetector by Microlithographic Mono‐Layer MoS2 for Image Sensor

AbstractDue to the unique structure and properties, the 2D transition metal dichalcogenides attract extensive research interest. Especially, the 2D MoS2 film with high photoelectric response makes important research progress in the field of the photodetection and image sensing. However, at present, most of the 2D material image sensors are passive pixel structures, and the interfering noise of the external readout circuit can easily lead to a decrease in the actual detection rate of the sensors. Here, a microlithographic Y‐MoS2 photodetector, which integrates three identical MoS2 photosensitive units by micro‐lithographing a mono‐layer MoS2, is reported. Compared with the MoS2 photodetector with only one photosensitive unit, the Y‐MoS2 photodetector has the stronger output and anti‐noise ability. In the image sensing test, the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) of output images are increased by ≈1.9 and 3 times, respectively. It provides a certain reference for the preparation of high‐output 2D material photodetectors by microlithography.