Photodegradation Of Antibiotics Research Articles

N-doped graphene quantum dot-decorated N-TiO2/P-doped porous hollow g-C3N4 nanotube composite photocatalysts for antibiotic photodegradation and H2 production

N-doped graphene quantum dot-decorated N-TiO2/P-doped porous hollow g-C3N4 nanotube composite photocatalysts for antibiotic photodegradation and H2 production

Decoration of silver on ZnS for enhancement of sunlight-driven photodegradation of reactive red azo dye and norfloxacin antibiotic

High charge carrier recombination rate is the major difficulty affecting low photocatalytic performance of the UV-responsive ZnS photocatalyst. To overcome the problem, well dispersion of noble metals on the ZnS surface can be regarded as one of the useful strategies to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency. This is due to a synergy of creation of heterojunction structure and surface plasmon resonance effect. In the present work, the surface of the hydrothermally grown ZnS photocatalyst was modified with 10 wt %silver. The hexagonal Ag/ZnS photocatalyst provided high sunlight-active photocatalytic performance toward removal of anionic azo dye and norfloxacin antibiotic with the efficiency of about 99 % and 70 %, within 120 min, respectively. The improvement of the resultant photoactivity is attributed to increasing of charge separation capacity at the interface. Well distribution of silver on ZnS surface results in the generation of the Schottky barrier at the Ag/ZnS interface. This will end up with the increment of quantum efficiency and enlargement of the photocatalytic activity. Additionally, after modification of ZnS surface by addition of silver, a red shift in the light absorption toward visible region was found. This is assigned to the effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag on ZnS surface. The synthesized Ag/ZnS reveals high structural stability with enhanced performance even after the fifth cycle. This work demonstrates a new avenue for creation of a silver-modified ZnS for complete degradation of toxic organic contaminants including dyes and antibiotics by use of the abundant solar energy.

Visible-light-induced photodegradation of ofloxacin antibiotic by facile assembled BiFeO3/Bi-modified g-C3N4 heterojunctions

The design and assembly of photocatalytic heterojunctions with high visible-light-response have been considered an effective method for successful photocarrier separation, avoiding recombination, and thus boosting the photoactivities of the semiconductors to remove contaminants quickly and efficiently. In this research, we fabricated BiFeO3 (BiFO) nanoparticles and 5 wt% Bi-modified g-C3N4 (BiCN) separately; and then combined them in different percentages (BiFO wt% = 5–40 %) to achieve efficient and novel nanocomposite heterojunctions for visible-light-induced ofloxacin (OFL) degradation and successfully reduced charge recombination. Different description tests (XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDX, DRS, EIS, PL, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and VSM). Unsurprisingly, BiFO/BiCN (20 wt% BiFO) hybrids endorsed superb photocatalytic activity for OFL degradation. Under visible-light irradiation, 20 wt% BiFO/BiCN photocatalyst degraded 95.5 % of OFL in 1.5 h, which compared to bare BiCN and BiFeO3 samples were approximately 3.2- and 4.5-times improvements. This achievement is ascribed to the boosted visible-light harvesting and the great separation of photoinduced e−/h+ pairs as a result of the creation of direct Z-system heterojunction between BiCN and BiFO semiconductors. According to the trapping experiments, •O2−, •OH, and h+ act to different extents as key reactive species in OFL photodegradation. The photocatalytic degradation of 90.7 % was still reached at the end of the fifth photodegradation round (only 5 % reduction), demonstrating the high durability of synthesized BiFO/BCN heterojunction. This work presented significant insights and solutions for photocatalytically degrading antibiotic-contaminated wastewater.

Passivation bypassed Zero valent Iron based heterostructures for effective removal of persistent antibiotics by solar driven photo-Fenton process

The natural passivation phenomena in nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) through formation of surface oxide layer is a bottleneck for exploring the complete potential of the material. This problem is addressed by the in-situ synthesis of nZVI/Cu bimetallic heterostructure and exploring its improved potential towards solar-driven photodegradation of persistent antibiotics and their mixture in contaminated water. Effect of passivation bypassing by Cu0 on the stability of nZVI as a photo-Fenton candidate is scrutinized through aging of the materials and their effect on degradation performance. Post-aging studies reveal a higher performance of nZVI/Cu as compared to bare nZVI. A systematic comparative study of photo-Fenton activity for nZVI and nZVI/Cu is estimated through degradation of toxic organic pollutants such as Tetracycline (TET) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and also a mixture of both antibiotics using High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The degradation efficiencies achieved with nZVI/Cu for TET and CIP were 99.99% and 98.59% with rate constant of 0.0631 min−1 and 0.032 min−1 respectively. Furthermore, nZVI/Cu showed a removal efficiency of 99.34% and 99.9% for TET and CIP in antibiotic mixture. Hydroxyl radicals are found to be the prominent active species from radical trapping experiments. The degradation pathway is traced with LC-MS/MS analysis to identify the intermediates and byproducts formed during degradation process. The reusability of nZVI/Cu catalyst is evaluated with five successive cycles of CIP and TET degradation. The inherent magnetic property of nZVI/Cu sample is employed for the effortless retrieval of catalyst. Finally, a plausible explanation for the photo-Fenton degradation mechanism of nZVI/Cu for the antibiotics is put forward.

New 4′-(3,4-dicarboxylphenyloxy)-4-biphenyl carboxylic acid appended Ni(II) complexes as photocatalysts for dimetridazole photodegradation

Two new Ni(II) complexes having compositions [Ni(phen)(HL)(H₂O)] (1) and [Ni2(phen)2(H₂L)2(H₂O)6·2H₂L] (2) (H3L = 4′-(3,4-dicarboxylphenyloxy)-4-biphenyl carboxylic acid; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), have been successfully synthesized solvothermally and characterized by microanalyses, FTIR and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that both 1 and 2 possess distorted octahedral geometry and displayed varied types of non-covalent interactions to stabilize their solid state frameworks. Further, these complexes have been used as photocatalysts for the photodegradation of antibiotics. The photocatalysis experiments reveal that 1 is relatively a better photocatalyst than 2 for photo-decomposing dimetridazole (DTZ) upto 92.5 % in time spans of 45 min. Additional investigation on 1 suggests that it retains its photocatalytic activity after six catalytic cycles indicating its efficient catalytic activity and reusability. The plausible photocatalytic mechanism have been addressed with the help of density of states plots and Hirshfeld surface analyses.

A case study of different bismuth oxyhalides BiOX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I)/biochar-derived rice husk@graphitic carbon nitride for the robustness of H2O2 photoproduction and antibiotic photodegradation

In this study, the heterojunction photocatalyst bismuth oxyhalides/rice husk-derived biochar@graphitic carbon nitride (BiOX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I)/BC@CN) was successfully synthesized through calcination and hydrothermal self-assembly synthesis. The photo-absorption range of CN was expanded by coupling of biochar and BiOX, which also improved electron production and increased the number of active sites for O2 and H+ adsorption. This structure modification produced good H2O2 production performance with the H2O2 photoproduction of BiOI/BC@CN reaching 2.89 mM·g−1 under visible light illumination. Besides, the highest photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) of BiOBr/BC@CN was given at pH 7.5, catalyst dose 30 mg, and CIP concentration 20 mg·L−1 (99.79 %), in which the photodegradation kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order model with a rate constant of 0.03098 min−1. This work provides an innovative and practical modification method that utilizes agricultural by-products from rice husks to promote the advancement of semiconducting catalysts in the photo-activities of H2O2 generation and antibiotic removal.

Soil Adsorption, Photodegradation, and Removal of Antibiotics from Water by Duckweed:

Soil Adsorption, Photodegradation, and Removal of Antibiotics from Water by Duckweed:

A solar flow photo-reactor for antibiotic removal from aquaculture effluents using TiO2/carbon quantum dots

Effluents contaminated with antibiotics must be treated before reuse or even discharge into the aquatic environment, avoiding the increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – a major public health problem of the 21st century. Little is known regarding the natural solar photodegradation of antibiotics in tubular reactors operated under flow mode and even less concerning the application of photocatalysts. The use of photocatalysts is considered a promising strategy for a sustainable solar-driven removal of antibiotics from effluents. In this work, the photodegradation of two antibiotics widely used in aquaculture, namely, sulfadiazine (SDZ) and oxolinic acid (OXA), was investigated under solar flow mode in the absence and presence of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) coupled with titanium dioxide (TiO2) (4% (w/w)). The obtained results showed that TiO2/CQDs (4% (w/w)) enhanced the photodegradation of both antibiotics, which is highly beneficial for their application in the treatment of aquaculture effluents. The accumulated UV energy needed for SDZ removal using the photocatalyst was less than 4 kJ L−1 in both simulated freshwater (phosphate buffer solution (PBS)) and simulated brackish water (sea salt solution (SSS)), while for OXA less than 5 kJ L−1 and around 15 kJ L−1 were needed for removal in PBS and in SSS, respectively. Moreover, results demonstrated that the proposed photocatalytic treatment was also efficient in the elimination of OXA and SDZ antibacterial activity, either in PBS or SSS. Therefore, photocatalysis under flow mode using TiO2/CQDs constitutes a promising and sustainable treatment for antibiotics’ efficient removal from aquaculture effluents.

Low temperature in situ fabrication of NiFe2O4/tetragonal-BiVO4/Bi2MoO6 ternary heterostructure: A conjugated step-scheme multijunction photocatalyst with synergistic charge migration for antibiotic photodegradation and H2 generation

Rational design of novel conjugated step-scheme (S-scheme) multijunction heterostructure with synergistic charge channelization, superior light harvesting efficiency and strong redox ability is a pioneering approach to mimic natural photosynthesis process. Herein, a mild cetyltrimethyl ammoniumbromide (CTAB) assisted one pot reflux synthesis route is designed for in situ integration of metal organic framework (MOF)-derived NiFe2O4 with tetragonal-BiVO4 (t-BiVO4) and γ-Bi2MoO6 to prepare NiFe2O4/t-BiVO4/Bi2MoO6 (NFO/BVO/BMO) ternary composites. Morphologically, fine dispersion of NiFe2O4 (NFO) quantum dots over γ-Bi2MoO6 (BMO) and t-BiVO4 (BVO) nanoplates yielded three types of microscopic heterojunctions among BMO-BVO, BVO-NFO and BMO-NFO phases. The ternary composites displayed important physicochemical attributes including high surface area, strong optical absorption, superior charge mobility and higher excited state lifetime which accounted for its improved photocatalytic activity towards ciprofloxacin degradation (>99% in 90 min) and H2 evolution (1.11 mmolh-1g−1, photon conversion efficiency 18.5%). Kinetics study revealed 12–55 fold higher ciprofloxacin photodegradation activity and 31–41 times higher H2 evolution rate for the ternary composite in comparison to the pure semiconductors. A conjugated S-scheme charge transfer mechanism has been deduced from comprehensive band position analysis and radical trapping study to explain the enhanced photocatalytic activity. This work for the first time demonstrated the rational construction of conjugated S-scheme heterostructures with potential application in water remediation and green H2 production.

Effect of the molecular weight of DOM on the indirect photodegradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous and widespread in natural water and influences the transformation and removal of antibiotics. Nevertheless, the influence of DOM molecular weight (MW) on the indirect photodegradation of antibiotics has rarely been reported. This study attempted to explore the influence of the molecular weight of DOM on the indirect photodegradation of two fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs), ofloxacin (OFL) and norfloxacin (NOR), by using UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that indirect photodegradation was considered the main photodegradation pathway of FQs in DOM fractions. Triplet-state excited organic matter (3DOM*) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were the main reactive intermediates (RIs) that affected the indirect photodegradation of FQs. The indirect photodegradation rate of FQs was significantly promoted in DOM fractions, especially in the low molecular weight DOM fractions (L-MW DOM, MW < 10 kDa). The results of excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that terrestrial humic-like substances had a higher humification degree and fluorophore content in L- MW DOM fractions, which could produce more 3DOM* and 1O2 to promote the indirect photodegradation of FQs. This study provided new insight into the effects of DOM at the molecular weight level on the indirect photodegradation of antibiotics in natural water.

Rationally constructed synergy between dual-vacancies and Z-scheme heterostructured MoS2-x/g-C3N4/Ca-α-Fe2O3 for high-performance photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic from aqueous solution

Rationally constructed synergy between dual-vacancies and Z-scheme heterostructured MoS2-x/g-C3N4/Ca-α-Fe2O3 for high-performance photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole antibiotic from aqueous solution

ZIF-67/BiOCl Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Organic Dyes and Antibiotics

ZIF-67/BiOCl Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Organic Dyes and Antibiotics

Unveiling the enhancement mechanisms of algogenic extracellular organic matters on chlortetracycline photodegradation: Constitutive relationships of compound components and reactive oxygen species generation

Algogenic extracellular organic matters (EOMs) have been found to play a crucial role in the photodegradation of antibiotics. However, the specific molecular structure compositions of EOMs have not been fully characterized, and the intrinsic association between the structure and the production of ROS remains unclear. In this study, EOMs from Chlorella Vulgaris were characterized using FT-ICR-MS. Based on the FT-ICR-MS results, nine representative model compounds (MCs, i.e., benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, glucose, l-glutamic, triglyceride, tannic and lignin) were applied to investigate the physicochemical properties of EOMs and the ROS changes induced by the photoreaction of chlortetracycline (CTC). With the help of quenching assays, nine MCs were classified into prone-ROS and non-prone-ROS fractions. Prone-ROS compounds generate O2− upon electron transfer to 3O2, which then produces ·OH after disproportionation to generate hydrogen peroxide. The formation of 1O2 is attributed to energy transfer from prone-ROS to 3O2. Density functional theory revealed that prone-ROS exhibited higher reactivity compared to non-prone-ROS, this finding is as well supported by the result of steady-state photolysis measurement. Our study gives a new insight into photochemical fate of CTC in aquatic environments, providing theoretical basis for assessing antibiotics' ecological risk accurately.

Synthesis of Ta2O5 by introducing graphene quantum dot with excellent photocatalytic performance for degradation of tetracycline

Wide band gap, weak adsorption ability, poor electronic conductivity and insufficient charge transportation limit the applications of Ta2O5 in photodegradation of antibiotics. The paper reports synthesis of Ta2O5 photocatalyst by introducing glycine-functionalized graphene quantum dot (GGQD). The introduction of GGQD effectively prevents the hydrolysis of Ta(V) and finally leads to the formation of small Ta2O5 nanorods. The modification of graphene sheets on the Ta2O5 surface enhances the adsorption towards tetracycline. The presence of Ta4+ self-doped oxygen vacancy narrows the band gap of Ta2O5, optimizes the band position and creates new defect energy level. These improve the light absorption capacity to visible light and promotes the photogenerated charge transfer. The graphene as electron trap suppresses the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. The graphene as light sensitizer expands the absorption to visible light. The synergy of these multiple structure engineering realizes an excellent photocatalytic performance of Ta2O5 for solar-light driven tetracycline photodegradation. The photodegradation efficiency of 60 min solar-light irradiation is 6.6 times higher, apparent kinetic constant is 19.3 times higher and photocurrent density is 13.4 times over Ta2O5. The study also paves an avenue for construction of metal nanomaterials with desirable photoelectric properties in catalysis, energy storage and conversion and sensing.

Low-cost and eco-friendly synthesis of Mn-doped Tl2WO4 nanostructures for efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water

Water contamination from industrialization, drug use, and discharged sewage containing antibiotics is a growing concern. Photocatalytic water remediation using semiconductor catalysts is a promising approach to remove antibiotics from aquatic environments. However, high-tech semiconductor photocatalysts with reasonable costs and superior performance are still needed. In this study, we demonstrate visible light photodegradation of common antibiotics using nanostructures of Mn-doped thallium tungstate, which were synthesized using a low-cost and eco-friendly method. The ultrafine Mn doped Tl2WO4 in 35 nm size achieved by ultrasonic method. The best morphology and structure were obtained using 30 W ultrasonic waves for 15 min in the presence of Triton X-100 as a capping agent. We examined the photocatalytic activities of the produced Mn-doped Tl2WO4 nanoparticles on antibiotics such as amoxicillin (AMX), penicillin G (PCN), cephalexin (CN), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and azithromycin (AZN). The percentage of the degradation was 94%, 81%, 78%, 68% and 80% for AMX, CN, CIP and AZN respectively in presence of the UV light after 90 min of photocatalysis without the use of any oxidizing agent. Also, The yield of photocatalyst in presence of the visible light was 72%, 69%, 57%,63% and 61% for AMX, CN, CIP and AZN respectively. This study presents the initial documentation of the straightforward and low-temperature synthesis process of Mn-doped Tl2WO4 and its associated photocatalytic activity.

Gram-scale synthesis of atomically dispersed p-block Al atoms on polymeric carbon nitride for efficient antibiotic photodegradation

Single-atom decorating polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) is often regarded as a class of promising catalyst for energy conversion and environmental remediation due to its ultrahigh atom utilization and unparalleled performance. Herein, gram-scale atomically dispersed p-block aluminum (Al) atoms on PCN photocatalyst (denoted as ACN) was successfully synthesized via a facile thermal polymerization strategy. Atomic-level, optical characterizations and band structure analysis unveil that Al atoms are uniformly dispersed on PCN framework, which can effectively optimize the band structure, accelerate the separation and transport ability of carriers, and then facilitate antibiotics photodegradation efficiency. Remarkably, the optimal ACN-2 exhibits superb removal rates (∼80%) and outstanding pseudo-first-order kinetic constants (0.084 min−1, 0.051 min−1 and 0.067 min−1, respectively) over visible-light-induced degradation of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline in just 20 min, and ca. 95% of the original removal rate can be maintained even in 10 consecutive TC degradation cycles, illustrating the superior stability and reusability of ACN-2. Notably, >30 g of photocatalyst (i.e., ACN-500) obtained via precursor amplification procedure still displayed excellent TC photodegradation performance. This work paves the way for practical application of an advanced single-atom Al-decorated PCN photocatalyst for pollutant remediation.

Design and construction of a robust ternary Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO photocatalytic system for boosted photodegradation of antibiotics via dual-S-scheme mechanisms: Environmental factors and degradation intermediates

The detection of efficacious and environment-friendly nanomaterials with prominent photocatalytic performance is crucial for the detoxification of antibiotics in wastewater. Herein, a dual-S-scheme Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO semiconductor was designed and fabricated via a simple approach to degrade tetracycline (TC) and other types of antibiotics under LED illumination. However, Cd0.5Zn0.5S and CuO nanoparticles were decorated on the surface of the Bi5O7I microsphere to create a dual-S-scheme system that stimulates visible-light utilization and facilitates the dissolution of excited photo-curriers. Therefore, the Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO system offers strong redox ability, which reflects reinforced photocatalytic activity and robust stability. The ternary heterojunction discloses enhanced TC detoxification efficiency of 92% in 60 min with TC destruction rate constant of 0.04034 min−1, outperforming pure Bi5O7I, Cd0.5Zn0.5S, and CuO by 4.27, 3.20, and 4.80 folds, respectively. Besides, Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO manifests outstanding photo-activity against a series of antibiotics like norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin under the same operational conditions. The active species detection, TC destruction pathways, catalyst stability, and photoreaction mechanisms of Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO were accurately explained in detail. Summarily, this work introduces a new class of dual-S-scheme system with strengthened catalytic properties to effectively eliminate the antibiotics in wastewater under visible-light illumination.

Design and synthesis of Bi-doped NiAl-LDH/g-C3N4 heterostructure; a novel 2D/2D system for simultaneous enhanced photocatalytic degradation and fluorescence sensing of ciprofloxacin

2D systems enable new opportunities for the development of photocatalysts. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) indicate a wide range of applications due to their tunable functional properties. Regarding the intrinsic catalytic performance and excellent electronic structure of LDHs, and physicochemical stability of g-C3N4, we innovatively propose and investigate a novel Bi-doped NiAl-LDH/g-C3N4 2D/2D heterostructure system toward visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation and fluorescence sensing of ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Based on the electrostatic self-assembly method, LDH nanosheets were grown on the g-C3N4 surface. SEM and TEM images confirmed that the LDH nanosheets were successfully loaded on the carbon nitride’s smooth surface. The most efficient composite (40%-g-C3N4/LDH) displayed 86% Cipro removal efficiency over 180 min under visible light irradiation. The main reason for the aforementioned improvement in catalytic activity was due to the intimate face-to-face contact in heterojunction between two semiconductors and increased flow of charge-carrier to the surface. As an auxiliary agent, bismuth-containing LDH can trap electrons and thus reduce carrier pairs recombination. Additionally, the prepared composite displayed excellent fluorescence sensitivity toward Cipro with a low detection limit of 3.7 nM. Our approach will provide a new perspective on designing 2D/2D heterojunctions between LDH and other two-dimensional semiconductors toward simultaneous photodegradation and detection of antibiotics.

Preparation of Structure Vacancy Defect Modified Diatomic-Layered g-C3 N4 Nanosheet with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance.

Structure self-modification of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) without the assistance of other species has attracted considerable attention. In this study, the structure vacancy defect modified diatomic-layered g-C3 N4 nanosheet (VCN) is synthesized by thermal treatment of bulk g-C3 N4 in a quartz tube with vacuum atmosphere that will generate a pressure-thermal dual driving force to boost the exfoliation and formation of structure vacancy for g-C3 N4 . The as-prepared VCN possesses a large specific surface area with a rich pore structure to provide more active centers for catalytic reactions. Furthermore, the as-formed special defect level in VCN sample can generate a higher exciton density at photoexcitation stage. Meanwhile, the photogenerated charges will rapidly transfer to VCN surface due to the greatly shortened transfer path resulting from the ultrathin structure (≈1.5nm), which corresponds to two graphite carbon nitride atomic layers. In addition, the defect level alleviates the drawback of enlarged bandgap caused by the quantum size effect of nano-scaled g-C3 N4 , resulting in a well visible-light utilization. As a result, the VCN sample exhibits an excellent photocatalytic performance both in hydrogen production and photodegradation of typical antibiotics.

PVP encapsulated MXene coated on PET surface (PMP)-based photocatalytic materials: A novel photo-responsive assembly for the removal of tetracycline

Tetracycline (TC) antibiotic that is effective against wide-range micro-organisms, thereby used to control bacterial infection. The partial metabolism of TC antibiotics in humans and animals leads to the contamination of TC in the environments like water bodies. Thus, requirements to treat/remove/degrade TC antibiotics from the water bodies to control environmental pollution. In this context, this study focuses on fabricating PVP-MXene-PET (PMP) based photo-responsive materials to degrade TC antibiotics from the water. Initially, MXene (Ti2CTx) was synthesized using a simple etching process from the MAX phase (Ti3AlC2). The synthesized MXene was encapsulated using PVP and cast onto the surface of PET to fabricate PMP-based photo-responsive materials. The rough surface and micron/nano-sized pores within the PMP-based photo-responsive materials might be improved the photo-degradation of TC antibiotics. The synthesized PMP-based photo-responsive materials were tested against the photo-degradation of TC antibiotics. The band gap value of the MXene and PMP-based photo-responsive materials was calculated to be ∼1.23 and 1.67 eV. Incorporating PVP within the MXene increased the band gap value, which might be beneficial for the photo-degradation of TC, as the minimum band gap value should be ∼1.23 eV or more for photocatalytic application. The highest photo-degradation of ∼83% was achieved using PMP-based photo-degradation at 0.1 mg/L of TC. Furthermore, ∼99.71% of photo-degradation of TC antibiotics was accomplished at pH ∼10. Therefore, the fabricated PMP-based photo-responsive materials might be next-generation devices/materials that efficiently degrade TC antibiotics from the water.