Photo Manipulation Research Articles

“Through the looking glass: envisioning new library technologies” AI is changing what photography means for libraries

Purpose The purpose of this column is to interrogate what it means for photographs as practical storehouses of data, how that interacts with society’s understanding of photography and what all of this may mean for the role of libraries as they relate to photographs. Design/methodology/approach A new generation of camera technology, integrated into phones, is being released. This column examines the implications for society at large, adding libraries in particular. Findings Once it is easy to do dramatic photo manipulation on the device that takes the photos, it will change how users think about photos. This has implications for how libraries plan information literacy, advocate for their users in the creation of standards and manage their collections. Originality/value This column will help information professionals think through the implications of this change for the future of the profession.

Digital Artistry: Exploring Techniques and Trends in Indian Art and Culture

From prehistoric cave paintings to contemporary digital creations, art has been integral to human expression throughout history. Digital art in modern art gradually includes various forms, such as Painting, sculpture and animation, using technology as its medium. Digital art includes any artistic work using digital technology, including Painting, 3D modelling, and interactive installations. It combines human creativity with computer technology, expanding the possibilities of creative expression. Studying digital artistry in India provides insights into cultural preservation, technological innovation, and social commentary. It promotes educational development and economic opportunities, contributing to the country's vibrant artistic scene. Technological advancements have democratized digital art creation in India, leading to diverse artistic expressions. Integrating digital art with emerging technologies like AR, VR, and NFTs opens up new possibilities for artistic exploration and dissemination. Digital art techniques include digital Painting, vector art, and 3D modelling, facilitated by hardware such as graphics tablets and software such as Adobe Creative Cloud. Brushes, textures and plugins enhance the creative process, while photo manipulation and 3D sculpting provide new avenues for artistic expression. Digital artistry in India offers insights into cultural dynamism, technological innovation and artistic development. This research paper delves into the evolving landscape of digital artistry in India, exploring various techniques, trends, and the socio-cultural impact of digital art in the country.

Augmented Attention: Enhancing Morph Detection in Face Recognition

Face Morphing is a technique that involves blending two or more faces to create new often realistic- looking images. These morphed images are generated or created using morphing techniques or photo manipulation tools pose a significant peril to face recognition systems. In this paper, we proposed a method to improve deep learning based face morphing detection systems to be more robust against face morphing attacks. Leveraging deep learning models and algorithms including MTCNN (Multitask Cascaded Convolutional Neural Network) for efficient face extraction from original and morphed faces with a high accuracy and FaceNet for extracting unified embeddings from the faces. The project aims to push the boundaries of face morphing detection capabilities by leveraging feature combination techniques using cosine distance and SSIM(structural similarity index measure) for identifying the similarity between faces and applying spatial attention mechanism which aims to enhance the feature representation learned by the model by focusing on the most informative parts of the image and training support vector machine classifier and voting classifier using the extracted embeddings significantly helps in building a robust face morphing detection system.

SYMBOLIC CONVERGENCE IN ALFIN RIZAL'S INSTAGRAM POETRY

Literary works such as poetry are no longer limited to books. In the digital age, poetry has also shifted to media that easily accessible by readers. It means that poetry is no longer consumed by specific community only. Poetry can be consumed by people from various demographics; age and gender; and can be expressed by anyone from various backgrounds through social media platforms such as Instagram. This study discussed Instagram poetry from the theoretical perspective of symbolic convergence. The data sources for this research were the poems of Alfin Rizal, analyzed qualitatively. Data was collected from the Instagram account @alfinrizalisme, supported by Alfin Rizal's poetry books. Each piece of poetry content on Alfin Rizal's Instagram was classified into smaller taxonomies to facilitate findings. The findings of this study indicated the dramatization of messages by Alfin Rizal, which impacts public response to his work. This message dramatization takes the form of poetry videos, photo manipulation, background as the setting, and illustrations as a secondary backdrop. Another finding was the construction of symbolic reality, which affects public interaction (followers) who utilize this message dramatization (in the form of Instagram posts with poetry content) to re-communicate to the public through other social media platforms.

The digitally manipulated family photograph: MyHeritage’s ‘Deep Nostalgia’, and the extended temporality of the photographic image

This article examines how the digitally manipulated family photograph functions as a means of understanding the temporal instability of the use and interpretations of photographic images. It begins by taking a close look at scholarly debates on how ‘credible’ the documentary value of a still photograph is, as well as how it is able to emotionally resonate with spectators. From this discussion, it becomes important to look at a key example of how an image can produce an emotional effect on a viewer; in this case, photographs of individuals’ deceased family members. While exploring how this allows the spectator to reconnect with their relatives, it is also crucial to acknowledge that readings of images like these are often determined by reductive interpretations of their stillness. As the consideration of photographs as ‘documents’ has been contested for an extensive amount of time, it is illuminating to turn to the properties of digital photography by inspecting the photo manipulation feature ‘Deep Nostalgia’ on the MyHeritage app that circulated around TikTok in 2021. I look at a YouTube compilation of people reacting to seeing photographs of their family manipulated in a way that gives the impression that they are moving and emoting, alongside discussions about this in recent pop culture articles. By taking a Barthesian reading of the extended temporality of these family photographs, it is important to recognise that the connection between the subject and the image is severed both iconically and indexically from its original context. However, by understanding this photographic image in the context of being digital it must be understood differently. I will therefore use the MyHeritage phenomenon as a means of arguing that the digital image is not inferior to the ‘realism’ of analogue photography and must, instead, be read in relation to the history of technological change.

Study on Image Background Removal using Deep Learning

Removing image backgrounds is a common job in image processing and computer vision. By isolating the main object from the back, background removal in photographs aims to make iteasier to examine or edit the image. There are numerous methods for removing the background from an image, including deep learning, color-based segmentation, and human selection.The U-Net architecture, one of the deep learning-based techniques, has demonstrated encouraging results in image segmentation tasks, including image background removal.A convolutional neural network created for biological image segmentation is known as the U-Net architecture. The design consists of an encoder network that stores the context and a decoder network that generates the segmentation map. The U-shape of the U-Net architecture enables it to record both the overall context and the local specifics of the image. For several picture segmentation tasks, including image background removal, U-Net architecture has undergone modification.The suggested method for removing image backgrounds using U-Net entails training a U-Net model on a dataset of pictures with and without background. Then, using the demonstrated methodology, the backdrop is removed from recent photographs. The suggested method differs from current approaches in various, including its high accuracy and capacity to handle complicated backgrounds. Computer vision, object identification, and photo manipulation arejust a few of the uses for the suggested method

«Камера – это глаз истории»: к вопросу о жанрообразующем потенциале фотографического экфрасиса в романе Г. Свифта “Out of This World”

The article deals with the role of photography in the novel Out of This World (1988) by the contemporary British writer G. Swift, which is not translated into Russian. The changed socio-cultural status of photography as an artefact is traced: from the ‘pencil of nature’ (G. F. Talbot) in the middle of the 19th century. to ‘simulacrum’ (L. Hatcheon) in the postmodern paradigm, implying ambiguity and variability in the ‘reading’ of a photographic image. Photography is presented in the novel at the main poetological levels: level of the plot, of the characters, spatiotemporal, narrative, motive-thematic levels. Photography allows one to ‘tell’ different types of stories: both family ones and those related to the tragic events of the 20th century. The protagonist of the novel, professional war photographer Harry Beach, creates photographs while in hot spots: Vietnam, Oran, Congo, etc. He does not only capture, but philosophically comprehends what is happening on the world stage. Photographs taken by Harry (in the form of photo-ekphrasis) are a historical photo chronicle, and he himself is a photo chronicler, presenting to the world the truthful documents that have an accusatory status. Harry realizes that it is a crime to ‘smooth out’ the cruel reality, especially in the age of modern media that abuse photo manipulation and are guided by the principle of replacing reality with simulacra. It seems possible to define the genre form of G. Swift's novel, based on a series of photographs (both personal and public), as a photo-ekphrastic novel and classify it as a so-called novel-photoreflection, which has been developed since the late 1970s.

Instagram use and negative and positive body image: the relationship with following accounts and content and filter use among female students

Exposure to Instagram content and photo manipulation behaviors may negatively impact women’s body image. However, some studies did not find support for this assumption. The current study aimed to explore this issue further. The first objective was to investigate associations between self-reported frequency of following Instagram beauty-related and body positive-related accounts and content and body image dimensions (i.e., Body Dysmorphic Disorder [BDD] symptoms, body appreciation, and body functionality appreciation). To achieve this, we controlled for the role of Instagram appearance comparison and internalization of general attractiveness ideal. As for the second objective, the influence of Instagram filter use was assessed: two groups of Instagram filter users (high-frequency and low-frequency users) and non-users were compared on dimensions of Instagram use and body image. Findings from a sample of 149 female undergraduates demonstrated that self-reported frequency of following body positive Instagram content was associated with higher levels of BDD symptoms even after controlling for appearance comparison and internalization of general attractiveness ideal. Conversely, the self-reported frequency of following beauty content was not. Moreover, positive body image dimensions were not associated with self-reported frequency of following any Instagram content. High-frequency Instagram filter users reported a higher frequency of following beauty content and higher levels of appearance comparison and internalization of general attractiveness ideal compared to non-users. However, these two groups did not differ on negative and positive body image dimensions. Finally, low-frequency Instagram filter users did not differ on any investigated dimensions from the other two groups.

What about young adults’ photo manipulation activity? The predictive role of body shame and the mediating effect of body esteem

In recent years, the centrality of photos on Social Networking Sites (SNSs) dramatically increased among young adults. The particular attention addressed to visual self-presentation might lead to body shame, influencing individuals’ body esteem and, likely, promoting photo manipulation (PM). Indeed, manipulating photos to alter how the body appears might be driven by the need to improve self-esteem and reduce body shame, albeit by digitally modified body image. Consequently, two studies were conducted. Study1 psychometrically evaluated the PM scale in a sample of Italian young adults (N = 922). Study2 verified the direct and indirect effect of body shame on PM, testing the mediating effect of body esteem and the moderating effect of gender (N = 595). The PM scale for young adults showed good psychometric properties. The tested mediation model revealed that body shame was both directly and indirectly associated with PM, via body esteem appearance in both male and female participants and via body esteem attribution among young men (R2 = 0.204; p < .001). Implications for young adults’ appearance-related issues are discussed.

Changing to Impress: Testing a Mediation Model from Instagram Self-presentation to Cosmetic Surgery

BackgroundThis study examined the relationship between false self-presentation on Instagram and consideration of cosmetic surgery through the mediating role of body image control in photos (BICP), photo manipulation, and body shame. We predicted that false self-presentation on Instagram was indirectly associated with cosmetic surgery intentions through the aforementioned constructs.MethodsA total of 504 young Italian adults (28.2% males, 18–30 years) completed an online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Self-presentation on Instagram Questionnaire, the Body Image Control in Photos Questionnaire—revised, the Photo Manipulation Scale, the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. The pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis.ResultsThe results show that false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with photo manipulation, both directly and indirectly, through BICP. Furthermore, photo manipulation was linked to body shame, but neither of them was associated with cosmetic surgery intentions. Finally, false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with the consideration of cosmetic surgery only through the mediation of BICP.ConclusionFindings indicate that self-presentation styles might affect Instagram photo behaviors and individuals’ cosmetic surgery intentions, suggesting that surgeons should fully examine patients’ motivations before providing them with services. Furthermore, intervention programs encouraging users to present a more authentic version of themselves online might reduce the risk of self-objectification and reduce the consideration of procedures aimed at modifying one's body for purely aesthetic reasons.Level of Evidence VThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

The Photo Manipulation from the Perspective of Photographers: Study from Jordan

From both positive and negative perspectives, photo manipulation has an impact on all areas of photography. Although the effect of photo manipulation is a personal matter, the effect of its application is reflected in the type of audience that consumes the image. Therefore, the research aims to study photographers' understanding of image manipulation and its ethics, in addition to identifying image manipulation techniques from the photographers' professional point of view. A total of 228 responses were obtained using the online questionnaire. The results of the study indicate that photographers consider photo manipulation as one of the elements responsible for losing the credibility of photography and the image. However, the respondents agreed that unethical photo manipulation is an issue of increasing importance in the photography community, and they identified the need for ethical conduct in all genres of photography in order to reduce wrong practices. The results also show that manipulation techniques that do not harm the content of image are acceptable to photographers.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND CLICKBAIT HEADLINES: ONLINE MEDIA TOOLS IN THE PROCESS OF READERS MANIPULATION

Online media no longer play only an informative role. One of the goals in the fight for profit is to be visited as much as possible. However, the rush to publish the news before competitors can also manipulate readers. Interestingly, photography is a powerful media tool. As a reminder, one of the first forms of photo manipulation was during the Crimean War. Photographer Roger Fenton was assigned the task of depicting the conflict more beautifully, confirming Queen Victoria's manipulation and inspiring the nation to fight. For online media in the 21st century, it is not enough to suggest content with a photo, which is why clickbait headlines play a role in the whole process. In this paper, I conducted research with 200 respondents to prove the thesis that clickbait headlines and photography are tools in the manipulation process, even using sports news examples. Participants indicated their agreement or disagreement with the statements using a Likert scale. They were also manipulated by the photos and clickbait headlines, according to the results.

Self-Consciousness, Self-Objectification, and Social Anxiety as Predictors of Photo Editing Behavior among Emerging Adults

This study aims to assess the impact of self-consciousness, self-objectification, and social anxiety on photo editing behavior among emerging adults. Correlational research strategy was used for the present quantitative research, and convenient sampling strategy was used to collect data of 444 university students (135 males and 309 females) with the age range of 18-25 years. The self-consciousness scale, objectified body consciousness scale, photo manipulation scale, and social anxiety scale were used as assessment tools for this study. For data analysis, t -test for independent samples, correlation, and regression analysis were implied. The results revealed that women had higher self-consciousness and social anxiety in contrast to men. Moreover, self-objectification and evaluation anxiety were positively correlated with photo editing behavior. Lastly, overall self-objectification and body shame, one of the three aspects of self-objectification resulted as significant predictors of photo manipulation behavior among emerging adults. This study contributes to the indigenous literature of clinical and social psychology.

Taking and Sharing Photographs of Virtual Court Proceedings to Social Media: A Critical Appraisal on the Law of Contempt in Malaysia

In response to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, virtual Court hearings in Malaysia are now conducted in a way that enables proceedings to continue, ensuring its accessibility to the public. However, the attendees of virtual Court hearings remain bound to the same prohibitions as those enforced in conventional hearings. In Malaysia, the Court bans photography of any proceedings in the Courtroom, in which, disregarding the prohibition, can cite one for contempt of Court. The excessive use of digital photography may trigger photo manipulation by creating unrealistic images, which causes a public misconception. However, Zoom Court hearings have remained a permanent feature of the Malaysian justice system post-Covid-19. This research aims to examine whether photography in Court proceedings amounts to contempt by disrupting the ongoing process. The methodology used is qualitative approach based on library and internet research. This research found that photography of Court proceedings and sharing the photographs on social media platforms give rise to the dangers of witness intimidation and prejudice to the accused person’s right to a fair hearing. It suggests a need to envision a detailed guideline, clearer signage, and develop special measures for the stakeholders to use mobile phones with cameras in Court proceedings.

Putting on your best face: investigating social anxiety in Instagram users

ABSTRACT Objective Socially anxious individuals may prefer social media platforms over in-person interactions. For those with high social anxiety (SA), Facebook-related tasks have been associated with anxiety, negative thoughts, and safety behaviours. However, Instagram-related research remains limited. The present study aimed to assess Instagram use alongside cognitive and behavioural processes among participants with low, medium, and high SA. We hypothesised that when using Instagram, individuals with higher SA would (1) experience more negative social cognitions, (2) report higher body image concerns, (3) endorse more safety behaviours when posting pictures, and (4) engage in more photo manipulation. Method A sample of 213 Instagram users completed an online survey and were divided into groups based on SA severity. Results The high SA group reported comparing themselves to others and being more anxious on Instagram than the low and medium SA groups. Four 3 (SA groups) x 2 (gender) ANOVAs revealed support for the first three hypotheses and that there was no interaction effect between SA and gender for all outcomes. Conclusions Results expand our understanding of how specific social media platforms may be aversive for individuals with high SA, which has important implications for conceptualising the role of safety behaviours in online interactions. KEY POINTS What is already known on this topic: Individuals with high social anxiety may prefer online social interactions. Clark and Wells’ cognitive model of social anxiety can be extended to the online social media platforms. Social anxiety may be underpinned by body image concerns. What this paper adds: Instagram users with social anxiety experienced more negative social media cognitions and reported more safety behaviours. Instagram users with social anxiety also experienced more body image concerns. Despite gender differences in photo manipulation, an associated relationship with social anxiety was not supported.

Achieving the ideal-self while harming my relationship: Examining associations between self-discrepancy, instagram photo manipulation, and romantic relationship outcomes.

Achieving the ideal-self while harming my relationship: Examining associations between self-discrepancy, instagram photo manipulation, and romantic relationship outcomes.

The Relationship between Selfie- Editing, Self-Esteem, and Social Appearance Anxiety among University Students

Existed research had investigate the impact of this new trend of selfie-editing on psychological well-being, but mainly focus on body image issue. However, there were limited study regarding the selfie-editing behaviour in the context of Malaysia, and regarding the relationship between selfie-editing behaviour, self-esteem, and social appearance anxiety. Therefore, this present study intend to widen the field of selfie- editing study by investigating the relationships between selfie-editing before online sharing, self-esteem, and social appearance anxiety in the context of Malaysia. Online survey methods was administered to a total of 253 university students. Three instruments, Photo Manipulation, Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) were used to measure the variables in this study. Hypothesis were supported that greater frequency of selfie-editing before online sharing was significantly related to higher level of social appearance anxiety. Meanwhile, this study reported higher frequency of selfie-editing before online sharing was significantly associated to lower level of self-esteem. In addition, selfie-editing before online posting was found to be a significant influence on both self-esteem and social appearance anxiety. Possible explanation for these phenomenon were explored. Lastly, this study advices further research on examine the possible mediator of these relationship as the frequency of selfie-editing behaviour was not the major influence of both self-esteem and social appearance anxiety. And also developing guideline on using selfie-editing that can reduce the risk of adverse psychological well-being.

Recognition Model of Counterfeiting Digital Records of Biometric Photographic Image

Biometric portrait as one of the most important means of identifying requirements through strict definition of dimensional relationships, preservation of realistic information about all technical characteristics of the photographic image, so that all biometric values can be digitized and used in recognition. The great variety and accessibility of applications for digital processing of digital record of a photographic image has enabled a visually convincing display of a forged photograph that leaves a different impression on the viewer and transmits a different, that is, a forged message. Due to the need to prove the authenticity of the digital record of the photographic image, methods have been developed for the analysis of the record that can detect deviations from the real record even when there are no visual signs of processing the photographic image. Not all analysis techniques can detect certain methods of photo manipulation, so multiple digital photography detection and analysis techniques need to be applied. In order to prove its authenticity, the scientific paper deals with methods for analysis and detection of forgery of digital photography with respect to the digital record and the structure of JPEG format.

Which are the Effects of Body-Objectification and Instagram-Related Practices on Male Body Esteem? A Cross-Sectional Study.

ObjectiveAccording to the objectification framework, media pressure toward body models promotes the internalization of beauty ideals that negatively influence individuals’ body image and self-esteem. Historically, women have been the main target of sociocultural pressures. However, research has recently suggested that self-objectification is a male phenomenon as well, which can be inscribed in men’s body experiences. Nevertheless, fewer studies have specifically focused on the male experience and general consequences of body-objectification are yet to be extensively analyzed regarding males’ body image features. The current cross-sectional study explores the consequences of body-objectification on male body esteem, specifically testing the predictive role of exercising/dietary habits, body-objectification features, and SNS-related practices on male body esteem.MethodA total of 238 male participants (mean age = 24.28 years, SD = 4.32) have been involved in an online survey. Three hierarchical analyses were performed to test the influence of objectified body consciousness and social networking-related experiences (i.e. Instagram intensity use, photo manipulation, selfie feedback investment) on young men’s body esteem with specific reference to the weight, appearance, and attribution features of the Body Esteem Scale.ResultsFindings highlighted that body shame played an interesting key role, influencing negatively all the body esteem dimensions, thus highlighting that attention needs to be deserved on this feature of OBC regarding males’ experience. On the contrary, appearance control-related dimensions positively influenced body esteem. Overall, findings confirmed that objectification theory can adequately mark a pathway by which media imagery is internalized also by men and may negatively affect their body esteem.ConclusionsDespite some limitations, this study may contribute to enlarging our knowledge on male body image and self-objectification experience and support literature shattering the stereotype that body dissatisfaction is a “female-exclusive” issue. Likewise, beyond some questioning positions, these findings also encourage further exploration of a healthier “control dimension”, including body appearance-related activities and beliefs.

Social Media Photo Manipulation, Beauty Ideal Internalization, and Problematic Body Image

Social Media Photo Manipulation, Beauty Ideal Internalization, and Problematic Body Image