Photo Manipulation Research Articles

Body Image Esteem and Photo Manipulation Among Social Media Users

When interacting with each other virtually on social media sites, users may potentially encounter their own “self-presence”. To improve their physical self-presence on social media, users might resolve to curate themselves to match their ideal perceptions of themselves and others. This study examines the intention to alter one’s factual self in real life whilst contemplating the on-line self on social media. Data were derived from a social survey of Vietnamese adults. The results indicate the remarkable mediating relationship from the level of editing self-images to three choices of intention to change the body image in real life. Nevertheless, this paper does not provide enough evidence to confirm any link connecting distal intentions (D-intentions), proximal intentions (P-intentions) and motor intentions (M-intentions) with private self-consciousness, with the latter as the moderator variable. This study, therefore, might provide an exclusive idea of how online behaviour can be related to one’s offline behaviour in terms of body image. With an understanding of this aspect, many implications can be found in regard to applications/programmes in research, development and marketing.

How easy it is to deceive people on social media through photo manipulation, and their attitude towards it

How easy it is to deceive people on social media through photo manipulation, and their attitude towards it

Photo manipulation as a predictor of facial dissatisfaction and cosmetic procedure attitudes

Photo manipulation (editing photos prior to sharing them) has become increasingly popular on social media. While intended to enhance a photo’s quality, this behaviour has been linked to heightened body image concerns. The present study investigated whether social media photo manipulation predicts facial dissatisfaction, attitudes towards cosmetic procedures, and intentions to undergo facial cosmetic procedures in young women, and the moderating role of self-discrepancy therein. Australian women (N = 227, 17–25 years) completed an online cross-sectional questionnaire. Social media photo manipulation was associated with greater facial dissatisfaction, cosmetic procedure attitudes/intentions, and appearance-based self-discrepancy. Photo manipulation was a significant predictor of cosmetic procedure attitudes and intentions, but not of facial dissatisfaction. Appearance-based self-discrepancy significantly moderated the relationship between photo manipulation and facial dissatisfaction, whereby the relationship between photo manipulation and facial dissatisfaction was stronger for those with lower self-discrepancy. Results highlight a key role for photo manipulation and appearance-based self-discrepancies in relation to facial dissatisfaction for young women. They also provide insight into predictors of cosmetic procedure intentions and attitudes. This signals a pressing need to develop effective intervention and prevention programs to help young women limit their appearance-based photo manipulation behaviours for use on social media.

MODERN UKRAINIAN PHOTO BOOK AS AN OBJECT OF CONCEPTUAL ART OF POSTMODERNISM

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of modern Ukrainian photo books, which have become a striking example of following the trends of postmodern art. Methodology. The study is based on the integrated use of historical, comparative methods, systems analysis, synthesis, generalization. Results. The modern Ukrainian photo book is considered as a work of conceptual art of postmodernism. Certain artistic and compositional features and design techniques of Ukranian photobooks are identified; originality of form; author's presentation of textual, content and visual components of the indoor unit: inclusion of ready-made images (ready-made) and photo manipulation, use of collages, photos of utilitarian objects, etc. Scientific novelty. On the example of art history analysis of a number of well-known Ukrainian photobooks, the characteristic features of the photobook as an object of modern conceptual art is determined, the features of figurative, stylistic, artistic and compositional design solutions are systematized. Practical significance. The artistic and compositional features and design techniques used by photographers in the implementation of creative ideas have been identified, the theoretical basis of modern conceptual art have been expanded that can be useful in future creative projects of photobooks that will have both artistic and commercial value.

Towards Facial Biometrics for ID Document Validation in Mobile Devices

Various modern security systems follow a tendency to simplify the usage of the existing biometric recognition solutions and embed them into ubiquitous portable devices. In this work, we continue the investigation and development of our method for securing identification documents. The original facial biometric template, which is extracted from the trusted frontal face image, is stored on the identification document in a secured personalized machine-readable code. Such document is protected from face photo manipulation and may be validated with an offline mobile application. We apply automatic methods of compressing the developed face descriptors to make the biometric validation system more suitable for mobile applications. As an additional contribution, we introduce several print-capture datasets that may be used for training and evaluating similar systems for mobile identification and travel documents validation.

The effects of self-disclaimer Instagram captions on young women's mood and body image: The moderating effect of participants’ own photo manipulation practices

The current experiment investigated the impact of attaching self-disclaimer captions (i.e., captions about whether photos had been edited) to thin-ideal Instagram photos on young women’s body image and mood. Participants were 311 undergraduate students aged 18–25 years. Participants were randomly assigned to view images of a thin woman on Instagram with no captions, or with a generic, specific, or warning self-disclaimer caption, and completed pre and post measures of body image and mood and a questionnaire about their own photo-editing practices. Across all conditions, exposure to the images resulted in decreased body satisfaction, likelihood to compare one’s body to another’s, happiness, confidence, and anxiety. There was no significant effect of disclaimer type on body image or mood, and therefore no type of self-disclaimer had an ameliorating effect. However, specific disclaimers were superior to the other disclaimers at reducing likelihood to compare one’s body to another’s, for women high on photo manipulation. Future research should be conducted in adolescent girls and men.

Adolescents’ selfie-taking and selfie-editing: A revision of the photo manipulation scale and a moderated mediation model

‘Selfie practices’ (e.g., editing, filtering, sharing) have become adolescents’ daily behaviors. The increasing centrality of online visual self-presentation might increase adolescents’ appearance-related concerns, problematic monitoring, and photo manipulation (PM). However, few studies focused on body image control in photos (BICP) and PM, and no studies evaluated the influence of selfie-expectancies on photo-taking and photo-editing. Consequently, two studies were conducted. Study1 psychometrically evaluated the PM scale (N = 1353). Study2 evaluated the mediating role of BICP and the moderating role of gender in the relationship between selfie-expectancies and PM (N = 453). The revised PM scale showed good psychometric properties. BICP mediated the relationship between selfie-expectancies and PM and being male significantly affected the relationship between the variables. Implications for adolescents’ appearance-related issues are discussed.

ПЕРЦЕПТИВНІ І КОГНІТИВНІ КОНТЕКСТИ ВІЗУАЛЬНИХ МАНІПУЛЯЦІЙ В МЕДІА

Visual media content as an environment for the functioning of distorted meanings and destructive images were studied. It was found that their effectiveness depends on the characteristics of the recipient's interaction with visual media manipulations at the perceptual and cognitive levels. It was analyzed how the influence of emotionally saturated messages on visual perception consolidates irrational reactions of recipients. Modern media use visualization to shift the emphasis from fact to subjective view in a message, which blocks the filters of audience critical thinking. In a rich information environment the media uses various formats of visual fakes as triggers that motivate users to spread destructive messages on social networks. Among the various forms of photo manipulation at different stages of their preparation, there are stage photos, retouching and editing, photo fakes, etc. To recognize most of them requires a professional view, detailed context analysis, the use of tools for verification. Users bypass the described procedures and are exposed to emotional reactions that diminish the significance of the fact. The most dangerous type of visual manipulation is deepfake-video – content created on the basis of artificial intelligence technology. These videos resonate because of the plausibility of virtual images and the availability of software for non-specialists. Dissemination of such audiovisual messages with a destructive purpose influences the adoption of unreasonable decisions by the representatives of the target audience. Facial substitution technology exacerbates the problems of discrimination, cybercrime, online privacy, and therefore requires meticulous attention of users to sensational and compromising content that appeals to instant emotional reactions. It was analyzed that the mechanisms and consequences of the impact of manipulative visual media content on human reactions, thinking and behavior can be prevented by consolidating government and user resources.

State of the Art on Neural Rendering

AbstractEfficient rendering of photo‐realistic virtual worlds is a long standing effort of computer graphics. Modern graphics techniques have succeeded in synthesizing photo‐realistic images from hand‐crafted scene representations. However, the automatic generation of shape, materials, lighting, and other aspects of scenes remains a challenging problem that, if solved, would make photo‐realistic computer graphics more widely accessible. Concurrently, progress in computer vision and machine learning have given rise to a new approach to image synthesis and editing, namely deep generative models. Neural rendering is a new and rapidly emerging field that combines generative machine learning techniques with physical knowledge from computer graphics, e.g., by the integration of differentiable rendering into network training. With a plethora of applications in computer graphics and vision, neural rendering is poised to become a new area in the graphics community, yet no survey of this emerging field exists. This state‐of‐the‐art report summarizes the recent trends and applications of neural rendering. We focus on approaches that combine classic computer graphics techniques with deep generative models to obtain controllable and photorealistic outputs. Starting with an overview of the underlying computer graphics and machine learning concepts, we discuss critical aspects of neural rendering approaches. Specifically, our emphasis is on the type of control, i.e., how the control is provided, which parts of the pipeline are learned, explicit vs. implicit control, generalization, and stochastic vs. deterministic synthesis. The second half of this state‐of‐the‐art report is focused on the many important use cases for the described algorithms such as novel view synthesis, semantic photo manipulation, facial and body reenactment, relighting, free‐viewpoint video, and the creation of photo‐realistic avatars for virtual and augmented reality telepresence. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the social implications of such technology and investigate open research problems.

Protect me from my selfie: Examining the association between photo-based social media behaviors and self-reported eating disorders in adolescence.

This study examined whether social media behaviors were associated with higher odds of meeting criteria for an eating disorder and whether gender moderated these relationships. Australian adolescents (N = 4,209; 53.15% girls) completed the self-report photo investment and manipulation scales. Additional self-report items assessed avoidance of posting selfies and investment in others' selfies. Eating disorders were identified by the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and other self-report measures aligned with diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders-5 criteria. A multinomial logistic regression examining the effect of avoidance of posting selfies, photo investment, photo manipulation, and investment in others' selfies on the likelihood of meeting criteria for an eating disorder, compared to no disorder, was significant (χ2 [42] = 1,128.93, p < .001). Greater avoidance was associated with higher odds of meeting criteria for all disorders except clinical/subclinical binge-eating disorder and purging disorder. Increased photo investment was related to greater odds of meeting criteria for all disorders. A similar relationship emerged for photo manipulation, with the exception of clinical/subclinical binge-eating disorder, and unspecified feeding and eating disorder. Investment in others' selfies was associated with higher odds of meeting criteria for all disorders except clinical/subclinical anorexia nervosa and purging disorder. There was a significant interaction between gender and avoidance (χ2 [1] = 5.23, p = .025, OR = 1.74), whereby boys were more likely to meet criteria for clinical/subclinical anorexia nervosa in the context of greater avoidance of posting selfies. Appearance-related social media behaviors may be indicative of eating disorder risk. Implications for clinicians and advancements for social media screening tools are discussed.

Impact of photo manipulation and visual literacy on consumers’ responses to persuasive communication

As digital manipulation capabilities in image-based advertising become more ubiquitous, this project investigated whether knowledge of photo manipulation techniques might alter the way audiences perceive photography-based appeals. Using an experimental design with images manipulated to communicate product effectiveness (e.g. fuller hair, longer lashes and smoother skin), we found photo manipulation is a persuasive advertising technique to positively influence consumer choices and attitudes towards brands, regardless of higher societal knowledge that digital images are easily manipulated. These findings call into question the efficacy of visual literacy skills as a defence against visual manipulation.

How skin color, class status, and gender intersect in the labor market: Evidence from a field experiment

This article examines skin color discrimination in two Brazilian labor markets using a field experimental approach. Fictitious resumes including photographs of job candidates were randomly assigned one skin color category via photo manipulation and submitted to entry-level job openings. In addition to assessing the extent of skin color discrimination, this article adopts an intersectional framework to examine how the effect of skin color in employment is moderated by class status and varies by gender. I found mixed results about the role of skin color in predicting the employment outcomes at the initial stages of the hiring process. Results from logistic regression and Linear Probability Models show that skin color is a weak predictor of hiring outcomes (e.g. receiving a callback from employers) among male applicants and for female applicants with brown skin. However, I find strong evidence that having dark skin is causally associated with hiring outcomes among female applicants. I also found that having a higher-class status erases skin color differences, thus identifying a potential mechanism that mitigates the effects of skin color in hiring.

Semantic photo manipulation with a generative image prior

Despite the recent success of GANs in synthesizing images conditioned on inputs such as a user sketch, text, or semantic labels, manipulating the high-level attributes of an existing natural photograph with GANs is challenging for two reasons. First, it is hard for GANs to precisely reproduce an input image. Second, after manipulation, the newly synthesized pixels often do not fit the original image. In this paper, we address these issues by adapting the image prior learned by GANs to image statistics of an individual image. Our method can accurately reconstruct the input image and synthesize new content, consistent with the appearance of the input image. We demonstrate our interactive system on several semantic image editing tasks, including synthesizing new objects consistent with background, removing unwanted objects, and changing the appearance of an object. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons against several existing methods demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Photo splicing detection using error level analysis and laplacian-edge detection plugin on GIMP

There are several types of photo manipulation, one of them is splicing manipulation. The problem was nowadays the image manipulation software is used by the person who has not an expert may manipulate the photo. The question was how we can be sure whether the photo is original or not. Therefore, this paper tested the photo splicing detection using two methods: error level analysis and laplacian-edge detection by the plugin of GIMP. The result was to detect photo splicing that has several variables which may enable the method to work better, i.e., the characteristic of the camera and the JPEG compression that characterized by the camera. This experiment and analysis can be used as a reference for photo forensics investigation.

Picture Perfect: The Relationship between Selfie Behaviors, Self-Objectification, and Depressive Symptoms

Social media use has been linked to depression, although there is evidence that how one uses social media matters. Self-objectification may influence social media-related behaviors, such as taking many pictures before posting and using photo editing. These may be related to negative outcomes, perhaps because they contribute to feeling disingenuous online. These relationships were explored in the context of selfie posting on Instagram among a sample of young U.S. women who completed self-report measures. Mediation analyses were used to determine whether self-objectification, operationalized as body surveillance, predicted depressive symptoms serially mediated by either (a) taking multiple pictures before posting or (b) photo-manipulation as well as through feeling disingenuous online. In the first model, body surveillance predicted taking multiple selfies before posting which, in turn, related to feelings of depression. Taking multiple selfies before posting was not related to feelings of deception. In the second model, there was a significant four-variable indirect effect wherein self-objectification predicted depression through photo manipulation and feelings of disingenuousness online. The present study shows that there are specific behaviors that women, especially those who self-objectify, engage in before actively using social media that can relate to negative consequences. Understanding how self-objectification impacts social media behaviors can help women became more aware of their engagement in potentially problematic behaviors and work toward self-acceptance.

The Relationship Between Posting and Photo Manipulation Activities on Social Networking Sites and Internalization of a Tanned Ideal Among Australian Adolescents and Young Adults

We examined whether sharing photos on social networking sites and, in particular, the approach to sharing photos online were associated with internalization of a tanned ideal and appearance comparisons. Adolescents and young adults ( N = 587) completed measures of social networking site use, photo activities, internalization, and appearance comparisons. Regular photo-sharers internalized a tanned ideal to a greater extent and reported engaging in more frequent appearance comparisons to people in media than participants who did not regularly share photos online. Internalization was associated with editing photos prior to posting, whereas appearance comparisons were associated with investment, measured as the concern for the quality and effort expended in selecting photos (e.g., carefully selecting a photo, taking a photo specifically for posting) and editing photos prior to posting. Future interventions to reduce the risk of skin cancer should address users’ investment in the quality of photos they share online and the desire to manipulate photos to adhere to appearance ideals.

Me, my selfie, and I: The relationship between editing and posting selfies and body dissatisfaction in men and women

Factors that promote versus protect against body dissatisfaction remain unclear. Social media may be a risk factor, particularly given ubiquitous engagement among young people, and the pervasive use of “selfies.” Conversely, self-compassion has received attention as a protective factor against body dissatisfaction. This study examined: (a) the relationships between “manipulation” of selfies posted online, “investment” in others’ responses to selfies, and body dissatisfaction; and (b) whether self-compassion moderated the relationships between social media variables and body dissatisfaction. Results from 184 Australian men (n = 89) and women (n = 95) suggested that social media variables photo manipulation and investment were associated with greater body dissatisfaction for both genders. Self-compassion did not moderate these relationships. Findings suggest that manipulation and concern about selfies posted may be risk correlates for body dissatisfaction in men and women. Further research is needed to investigate protective factors against body dissatisfaction in an online environment.

Visual Assertions: Effects of Photo Manipulation and Dual Processing for Food Advertisements

In our media landscape, consumers view a plethora of messages with visual assertions, created through postproduction photo manipulation, which communicate meaning at-a-glance. These visual assertions are processed initially and directly and greatly influence how consumers think, feel, and behave. Yet the impact of visuals, which likely color all processing, is not incorporated in persuasive message processing models. Using dual processing models from multiple disciplines as a theoretical foundation, this study demonstrates through two experiments that the effects of photo manipulation, as visual assertions, in food advertising increased consumers' perceptions of healthfulness, positive attitudes, and purchase intentions. Dual processing models for persuasive messages should be extended to account for the initial, influential visual processing of implied assertions, often manipulated during postproduction.

STUDY OF IMAGE TAMPERING AND REVIEW OF TAMPERING DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Nowadays photo manipulation made easier to play with the image files even by a layman. The Combining certain elements to create the unique image that can convince even the most experienced set of eyes. Time to time various detection techniques are developed to identify the image tampering operation over images. In this paper, first, various methods of tampering the image are discussed and the various detection techniques are surveyed. Finally, concluded the comparative study with some parameters.

Forgery detection using multiple light sources for synthetic images

Image processing requires an estimation of position, direction and illumination of the objects present in a scene. Nowadays, digital image manipulations have experienced a remarkable growth. These image manipulations can be detected by various forgery detection techniques that have been developed in the past few years. We describe a forgery detection technique based on estimations of multiple light source directions. This method uses a pixel patch from the image region to estimate the source light vector. The implementation is done for images where one and more light sources are available in the scene. The proposed technique is able to identify image forgery in terms of elevation angle α obtained from a source of light and surface normal. This method is tested for both outdoor and indoor images under certain known parameters. The novelty of our method is that photo manipulation detection is done using a multiple light source detection approach. We demonstrate that the proposed technique produces accurate results by making certain assumptions about surface properties and illumination parameters.