Phosphorus Pentoxide Research Articles

Selective Laser Melting and Spark Plasma Sintering: A Perspective on Functional Biomaterials.

Achieving lightweight, high-strength, and biocompatible composites is a crucial objective in the field of tissue engineering. Intricate porous metallic structures, such as lattices, scaffolds, or triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs), created via the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, are utilized as load-bearing matrices for filled ceramics. The primary metal alloys in this category are titanium-based Ti6Al4V and iron-based 316L, which can have either a uniform cell or a gradient structure. Well-known ceramics used in biomaterial applications include titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), hydroxyapatite (HA), wollastonite (W), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). To fill the structures fabricated by SLM, an appropriate ceramic is employed through the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, making them suitable for in vitro or in vivo applications following minor post-processing. The combined SLM-SPS approach offers advantages, such as rapid design and prototyping, as well as assured densification and consolidation, although challenges persist in terms of large-scale structure and molding design. The individual or combined application of SLM and SPS processes can be implemented based on the specific requirements for fabricated sample size, shape complexity, densification, and mass productivity. This flexibility is a notable advantage offered by the combined processes of SLM and SPS. The present article provides an overview of metal-ceramic composites produced through SLM-SPS techniques. Mg-W-HA demonstrates promise for load-bearing biomedical applications, while Cu-TiO2-Ag exhibits potential for virucidal activities. Moreover, a functionally graded lattice (FGL) structure, either in radial or longitudinal directions, offers enhanced advantages by allowing adjustability and control over porosity, roughness, strength, and material proportions within the composite.

Additive manufacturing a novel bioceramic bone scaffold with MgO/Ca3(PO4)2: Microstructure, mechanical property and controllable degradation behavior

Biodegradable bone grafts have gained considerable attention in the field of clinical research as they can be used to avoid re-surgery to remove scaffolds. We fabricated biodegradable composite ceramic scaffolds using magnesium oxide and calcium phosphate following the vat photopolymerization technology. We studied the effects of different magnesium oxide content on the process of in vitro degradation of the composite scaffolds and discussed the degradation process by comparing the extent of degradation realized in Tris-HCl buffer and simulated body fluids. We also explored the variations in the mechanical properties of the scaffolds during degradation. The results revealed that the composite scaffolds maintained the strength standard for spongy bone (compressive strength σ: 2–20 MPa) even after 28 d of degradation. Additionally, the strength of the composite scaffold containing 80 wt% magnesium oxide was comparable to the strength standard recommended for cortical bones (σ: 100–200 MPa). Controllable degradation rates were recorded, and acceptable mechanical properties were observed for these scaffolds during degradation. The results reported herein can be potentially used to expand the application prospects of biodegradable scaffolds.

High Temperature Studies of Graphene Nanoplatelets-MOFs Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells Applications

The wide applicability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is hindered by their dependency on the Nafion membrane as a state-of-the-art electrolyte. Nafion membranes can only operate at relatively low temperatures, up to 80°C. Therefore, any application of the fuel cell above this temperature would cause the PEMFC to lose its proton conductivity and mechanical integrity. For this reason, the development of Nafion-free membranes for PEMFCs has been studied extensively through the corporation of several additives over polymer substrates. The charge transfer abilities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), among other properties, make them one of the possible additives. The objective of this work is to synthesize Nafion-free membranes based on graphene oxide, MOFs, ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol, and zirconium phosphate over PTTFE membrane as an alternative to Nafion membranes. The preliminary results gave proton conductivities in the range of 10-4 S/cm up to 150°C with graphene oxide MOF addition to all samples.

Calcium hydroxy phosphate-functionalized graphene oxide/Nafion composite membrane for direct methanol fuel cell

A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is one prominent alternative energy technology. However, there are many problems that prevent the commercialization of DMFC, such as methanol crossover, low power density, and degradation of the membrane. To resolve these issues, functionalized graphene oxide (GO) and calcium hydroxy phosphate (CHP) were incorporated into the Nafion membrane to make a composite membrane. The content of the CHP was varied to determine and further investigation involved spraying the same amount of CHP onto the Nafion membrane to compare with the composite membrane. The fillers were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray Powder Diffraction. The ex-situ tests investigated water uptake, solubility, and chemical degradation, while the in-situ tests investigated electrochemical impedance (EIS), methanol permeability, fuel cell performance, and durability. Adding both 1 wt% of CHP and 0.05 wt% functionalized GO into the Nafion membrane, resulting in a 1.86-fold higher durability than that of recast Nafion. In addition, the maximum power density of the composite membrane was 1.34-fold higher (75.41 mW/cm2) than that of the recast Nafion (56.11 mW/cm2) at 1 M methanol and 70 °C. At 2 M methanol and 70 °C, the maximum power density of the composite membrane increased to 80.19 mW/cm2 but then decreased to 46.00 mW/cm2 when the methanol feed increased to 4 M, due to the large amount of methanol crossover.

A probabilistic life-cycle assessment of carbon emission from magnesium phosphate cementitious material with uncertainty analysis

This study aims to quantify the carbon emission intensity of magnesium phosphate cementitious materials to explore its potential in carbon emission reduction. However, comprehensive research on the lifecycle carbon emissions of these materials remains scarce, plagued by issues of data uncertainty, accessibility, and scoping discrepancies. Therefore, a probabilistic lifecycle assessment approach was adopted in this study, enabling uncertainty analysis of the carbon emission intensity of magnesium phosphate cementitious materials. The findings indicate that the 10.5th percentile of the carbon emission intensity simulations for MPC stands at 0.624 kgCO2e/kg, suggesting that nearly 90% of the values surpass those of OPC, thereby refuting the presumption of its low-carbon attributes. Notably, the consumption and carbon emission factors of magnesium oxide and soluble phosphates emerge as pivotal influences on its carbon emissions. Additionally, a multiple linear regression model was employed to forecast the correlation between the constituents of magnesium phosphate cementitious materials and the volume of carbon emissions. Through this study, we can have a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental performance of magnesium phosphate cementitious materials in terms of carbon emission reduction, which will provide an important support for the selection and design of future green building materials.

Environmental Factors Affecting Volume Growth of Yellow Poplar Plantations in South Korea

South Korean forests need hardwood tree species that can produce timber, as global warming progresses and the habitats of conifers dwindle. For the past 30 years, exotic yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) has been planted to replace some of the pine-dominated forests, as there is a lack of native hardwood tree species that produce large and good quality timber. However, yellow poplar growth has varied among planting sites across the country. We studied how environmental factors affect the growth of 49 stands of yellow poplar trees, with 945 dominant trees across 129 plots. To identify the optimal conditions for yellow poplar growth, we assessed 28 environmental variables, including geographic, climatic, topographic, and soil properties, for their correlation with volume growth. We estimated the optimal conditions for yellow poplar growth by averaging the values of the variables for the top five performing stands. To calculate the relative distance of any stand from the optimal conditions, we divided the difference between the stand’s values for the environmental variables and the optimal conditions by the standard deviation of those variables. We then calculated Spearman rank correlation coefficients between these distances and volume growth rankings. Wind exposure (WE), growing season temperature (GT), Latitude (LN), soil phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) content, low extreme temperature during January and February (LT), and spring humidity (SH) were the most important environmental factors governing growing sites for yellow poplar in Korea, with WE being the most critical. Some variables showed synergistic effects and correlated slightly more strongly with volume growth when combined with the WE variable. Our study provides crucial insights for optimizing plantation management and site selection in non-native ranges, enhancing overall success in establishing yellow poplar plantations in South Korea.

Elucidating the Mechanism of Large Phosphate Molecule Intercalation Through Graphene-Substrate Heterointerfaces.

Intercalation is the process of inserting chemical species into the heterointerfaces of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. While much research has focused on the intercalation of metals and small gas molecules into graphene, the intercalation of larger molecules through the basal plane of graphene remains challenging. In this work, we present a new mechanism for intercalating large molecules through monolayer graphene to form confined oxide materials at the graphene-substrate heterointerface. We investigate the intercalation of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) molecules directly from the vapor phase and confirm the formation of confined P2O5 at the graphene-substrate heterointerface using various techniques. Density functional theory (DFT) corroborates the experimental results and reveals the intercalation mechanism, whereby P2O5 dissociates into small fragments catalyzed by defects in the graphene that then permeates through lattice defects and reacts at the heterointerface to form P2O5. This process can also be used to form new confined metal phosphates (e.g., 2D InPO4). While the focus of this study is on P2O5 intercalation, the possibility of intercalation from predissociated molecules catalyzed by defects in graphene may exist for other types of molecules as well. This in-depth study advances our understanding of intercalation routes of large molecules via the basal plane of graphene as well as heterointerface chemical reactions leading to the formation of distinctive confined complex oxide compounds.

Evaluation on the development of soil fertility gradients with nutrient exhaustive crop (Sorghum bicolor) regard to N, P, and K in Inceptisols in semi-arid regions of Tamil Nadu

Soil test crop response (STCR's) soil fertility gradient approach is based on the idea that complex treatments are superimposed in a field to obtain crop responses for correlating with soil test values that are artificially created by differential fertiliser treatments prior to conducting the regular experiment, thereby providing a scientific basis for balanced fertilisation between applied and available forms of nutrients. The present study aimed to develop the fertility gradient with sorghum as test crop in the field concerning N, P, and K and also to evaluate its impact on sorghum nutrient uptake, and soil fertility. The experimental field was split into three equal strips. Strips I, II, and III each received three graded levels of fertiliser N (nitrogen), P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide), and K2O (potassium oxide) as urea, single super phosphate, and muriate of potash, respectively. The green fodder yield of sorghum recorded at harvest in strip I, II & III was 16.4, 23.4 and 28.2 t ha-1, respectively. Whereas post-harvest soil available nitrogen in strip I, II & III was 155, 190 & 214 kg ha-1 respectively, for available phosphorus 12.5, 23.2 & 31.8 kg ha-1 respectively and for available potassium it is 332, 370 & 396 kg ha-1 respectively. Wide variations in green fodder yield and soil fertility were observed among the strips, establishing the influence of graded amounts of fertiliser treatment on these parameters and the formation of a soil fertility gradient.

Effect of P2O5 Content on Luminescence of Reduced Graphene-Oxide-Doped ZnO-P2O5 Nano-Structured Films Prepared via the Sol-Gel Method.

A convenient and low-cost sol-gel approach for the one-step synthesis of ZnO-P2O5-rGO nanostructures with tuned bandgap and fluorescence was investigated. The obtained hybrid nanostructures exploit the properties of zinc oxide, graphene oxide and phosphorous oxide as promising candidates for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. A predominant amorphous structure, ZnO-P2O5-rGO, containing ZnO nanorods was evidenced by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The estimated size of the ZnO nanorods in nanostructures with P2O5 was noticed to decrease when the P2O5/ZnO ratio was increased. The presence of ZnO, P2O5 and rGO was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman investigation. P2O5 was noticed to tune the bandgap and the fluorescence emissions of the nanostructured films, as estimated by UV-Vis-NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The electrical measurements performed at room temperature showed that the main influence on the film's resistivity does not come from the 1% rGO doping but from the P2O5/ZnO ratio. It was found that a 10/90 molar ratio of P2O5/ZnO decreases the resistivity almost seven-fold compared with rGO-doped ZnO films.

(Selective) Isolation of acetic acid and lactic acid from heterogeneous fermentation of xylose and glucose

The present study focuses on the isolation of acetic and lactic acid from a fermentation broth produced by heterofermentative microorganisms using glucose and xylose as substrate. Especially xylose fermentation to lactic acid leads to unwanted by-product formation of acetic acid. Reactive liquid-liquid extraction is an energy-efficient downstream process, where the use of green solvents such as d-limonene opens the way to a more sustainable production. To find the optimum solvent/reactive extractant pairing, the reactive extractants trioctylamine, trioctylphosphine oxide, Aliquat 336, and tributyl phosphate were used diluted in 1-octanol, 1-decanol, d-limonene or a deep eutectic solvent. The phosphine-based extractants proved to be most effective for both acids. In the first extraction step, 19% of acetic acid and only 3% of lactic acid are extracted with trioctylphosphine oxide/1-octanol when the xylose feed is used without pH adjustment. The pKa value of the acids is responsible for the difference in extraction efficiency leading to the proposal of a two-step extraction separating first acetic acid and after pH adjustment, lactic acid can be extracted. The combination of trioctylphosphine oxide diluted in d-limonene leads to a surprisingly high selectivity for lactic acid isolation in the second extraction step. The present study shows for the first time that green solvents lead to similar extraction efficiencies compared to conventional solvents such as 1-octanol. For back extraction n-heptane and p-cymene are used as disintegration agents and water as stripping phase; n-heptane results in a lactic acid back extraction efficiency of up to 82% and p-cymene up to 70%. This shows that also for the back extraction p-cymene as a green disintegration agent leads to similar results as fossil-based n-heptane.

Electroactive Hydrogels with Photothermal/Photodynamic Effects for Effective Wound Healing Assisted by Polydopamine-Modified Graphene Oxide.

Antibacterial hydrogel wound dressings have attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, bacterial infections can occur at any point during the wound-healing process. There is a demand for hydrogels that possess on-demand antibacterial and excellent wound repair properties. Herein, we report a near-infrared (NIR)-light-responsive indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded polydopamine (PDA)-mediated graphene oxide (PGO) and amorphous calcium phosphate (CaP)-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel using a mussel-inspired approach. PGO was reduced by PDA, which endowed the hydrogel with electroactivity and provided abundant sites for loading ICG. Amorphous CaP was formed in situ in the PVA hydrogel to enhance its mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Taking advantage of the high photothermal and photodynamic efficiency of ICG-PGO, the ICG-PGO-CaP-PVA hydrogel exhibited fascinating on-demand antibacterial activity through NIR light irradiation. Moreover, the thermally induced gel-sol conversion of PVA accelerated the release of Ca ions and allowed the hydrogel to adapt to irregular wounds. Meanwhile, PGO endows the hydrogel with conductivity and cell affinity, which facilitate endogenous electrical signal transfer to control cell behavior. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the ICG-PGO-CaP-PVA hydrogel exhibited a strong tissue repair activity under NIR light irradiation. This mussel-inspired strategy offers a novel way to design hydrogel dressings for wound healing.

Excellent passivation of germanium surfaces by POx/Al2O3 stacks

Passivation of germanium surfaces is vital for the application of germanium in next-generation electronic and photonic devices. In this work, it is demonstrated that stacks of phosphorous oxide and aluminum oxide (POx/Al2O3) provide excellent and stable passivation of germanium surfaces, with state-of-the-art surface recombination velocities down to 8.9 cm/s. The POx/Al2O3 stack also exhibits positive fixed charge on germanium, which makes it especially suited for passivation of highly doped n-type germanium surfaces. The chemical passivation mechanism is found to be related to the passivation of defects by hydrogen, which is mobilized by the formation of AlPO4 upon annealing. Furthermore, the GeOx interlayer is removed due to a kind of “self-cleaning” process during the deposition of POx/Al2O3 stacks on germanium, which may in part explain the excellent passivation quality. This self-cleaning of the interface may also allow simplified device fabrication workflows, as pretreatments may be omitted.

Network thermal-runaway propagation model – An experimental and modeling study

Thermal runaway is a major hazard of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). This study investigates thermal runaway propagation (TRP) of LIB modules made of 18650 form-factor LIB cells. This type of LIB cell is widely used in applications such as data center battery backup units and electric vehicles. TRP experiments were conducted with single cells or nine-cell arrays for two types of LIBs. The cathode materials for the two LIB types were lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2 or LCO) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP). Both battery types had graphite anodes and were tested at 100% state-of-charge. The TRP rates across the LCO cell arrays were significantly faster than those across the LFP cell arrays. Experiments also showed that heat transfer by ejected material within an enclosure can significantly accelerate TRP and needs to be included the TRP model. In addition to the TRP experiment, heat transfer between copper slugs with the same shape as an 18650 LIB cell was experimentally investigated to support the heat transfer modeling. The TRP modeling of the 18650 cell arrays included modeling LIB cell thermal runaway behavior and heat transfer between cells. A previous study developed a lumped thermal runaway model for single 18650 cells. Based on this approach, the current study developed a network TRP model coupling the lumped cell-level thermal runaway model with heat transfer among cells. The model successfully predicts the average TRP rate in LFP arrays and illustrates the importance of different energy release and heat transfer modes for different battery types. The modeled TRP rates for LCO arrays showed some deviations from the experiments due to the increased complexity and greater importance of heat transfer by ejected material.

Water vapor transmission rate measurement for moisture barriers using infrared imaging

Here we demonstrate a spatially resolved imaging methodology for water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) testing that relies on quantified infrared characterization at water absorption bands. This technique is validated using a moisture barrier on a polymer substrate via calibration of the infrared image intensity with moisture content in the polymer substrate from images taken at different times. The method is compared to existing state of the art techniques such as membrane permeation measurement with coulometric phosphorous pentoxide sensor and optical calcium film testing. This fast, non-destructive and in-situ method enables defect visualization and shows the WVTR with a sensitivity limit of 5·10−5 g/m2/day.

Uncertainty in phosphine photochemistry in the Venus atmosphere prevents a firm biosignature attribution

Context. The possible detection of phosphine (PH3) in the clouds of Venus has raised the question as to which processes could produce such large abundances of PH3. Previous studies suggested that abiotic processes including photochemical production cannot explain the claimed PH3 concentrations. However, the photochemistry of phosphorus-bearing species in the atmosphere of Venus is not well known. Aims. We aim to assess the abiotic production of PH3 considering the effect of uncertainties in the chemical rate coefficients of phosphorus-containing reactions. Methods. Using a photochemical column model, we simulated Venus-like conditions and varied the chemical rate coefficients with a Monte Carlo (MC) approach in order to estimate the associated error in the PH3 abundances throughout the atmosphere. Results. Current uncertainties and missing data in photochemical rate coefficients lead to a variation of about six orders of magnitude in the modelled PH3 abundance on Venus, assuming photochemical production of PH3 from tetraphosphorus hexoxide (P4O6) pathways. Our results suggest an abiotically produced upper limit of 2 ppb PH3 between 50 and 60 km. These concentrations are in the range of a recent reanalysis of Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) data, suggesting planet-averaged abundances in PH3 of 1–4 ppb above 55 km. Future observations of phosphorus monoxide (PO) on Venus would be beneficial for increasing our confidence in assessing PH3 as a biosignature. Conclusions. We conclude that due to the large uncertainties in phosphorus chemistry, even a firm detection of several ppb PH3 in the Venus atmosphere would not necessarily mean a biological origin.

Mechanical alloying and high-repetition-pulsed-laser based manufacturing method for nanostructured hydroxyapatite films on cobalt-chromium substrates

In this study, we report a manufacturing process for coating nanostructured and hierarchically porous Hydroxyapatite (HA) films on cobalt-chromium (CoCr) substrates. Nanoparticles of HAP are prepared using three different methods: ball milling of sol–gel synthesized HAP, mechanical alloying of calcium oxide (CaO) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), and mechanical alloying of eggshell and diammonium phosphate. The nanoparticle's characterization showed the presence of nanophase HAP in sol–gel synthesized powders and synthesis of apatite phases in mechanically alloyed powders. Small droplets of nanoparticle ethanol suspensions were injected on the substrate and irradiated with high-repetition-rate picosecond pulsed laser to coat the CoCr samples. Characterization of the deposited films showed bonding of HAP nanoparticles to a film with nanostructured morphology and hierarchical porosity and the incorporation of CoCr from the substrate into the first few deposited layers of HAP nanoparticles. The two-step manufacturing process results in bioactive and biocompatible HAP films with morphology that is desirable for the growth and infiltration of biological cells.

Synthesis of Sodium Myristyl Sulfate with Myristyl Alcohol Sulfation using SO3-DMF

The sulfation reaction between myristyl alcohol and the SO3-DMF complex has been successfully carried out to produce sodium myristyl sulfate. Formation of the SO3-DMF complex by reacting DMF and SO3 gas obtained from the reaction of phosphorus pentaoxide and H2SO4. The variables studied were the time of formation of the complex, the time and temperature of sulfation and the concentration of NaOH at neutralization. The results of myristyl alcohol sulfation with SO3-DMF were tested by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, surface tension test, and foam stability test. The formation time of the SO3- DMF complex of 5 hours is the result of the highest surface tension reduction and the most optimal foam stability. The results of the foam stability test analysis showed the highest value at 80oC with a foam stability of 0.5 cm. The best result of sulfation neutralized with 40% NaOH solution was able to reduce the surface tension value and has foam stability up to 66% with a decrease in foam height of 0.3 cm

Investigating the presence of organophosphate esters in sediments from a typical fishing port agglomeration in Dalian, North China

The presence of 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in surface sediments from a typical fishing port agglomeration in Dalian, North China was investigated for the first time. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) dominated 12 detectable OPEs (∑OPEs), with concentrations ranging widely from 0.56 to 352 ng/g (dry weight basis). The ∑OPE levels in sediments varied significantly across fishing harbors of various grades, and within the same grade, highlighting uneven distribution of OPE sources and inputs to harbors. The first- and second-class fishing harbors had higher geometric mean of ∑OPE contents compared to center and natural harbors, reflecting higher OPE pollution in these areas. Although there were significant correlations among the OPE congeners with high detection frequencies, the composition patterns of sediment OPEs varied considerably among fishing ports. The sediments in the center and first-class harbors had higher abundance of non-chlorinated OPEs (non-Cl-OPEs), suggesting heterogeneity in source strength and pollution characteristics of Cl- and non-Cl-OPEs in fishing ports. The distribution of OPEs in sediments was weakly associated with sediment organic carbon, but not socioeconomic variables, indicating complex controlling factors of their distributions in port sediments. The ecological risks of sediment OPEs were evaluated, and while OPE accumulations ranged broadly (7–684 ng/cm2), exposure hazards were negligible. The sediments in first- and second-class fishing harbors, which had greater OPE accumulation, were identified as reservoirs of OPEs in port aquatic environments.

Zinc-solubilizing Bacillus spp. in conjunction with chemical fertilizers enhance growth, yield, nutrient content, and zinc biofortification in wheat crop.

Micronutrient deficiency is a serious health issue in resource-poor human populations worldwide, which is responsible for the death of millions of women and underage children in most developing countries. Zinc (Zn) malnutrition in middle- and lower-class families is rampant when daily calorie intake of staple cereals contains extremely low concentrations of micronutrients, especially Zn and Fe. Looking at the importance of the problem, the present investigation aimed to enhance the growth, yield, nutrient status, and biofortification of wheat crop by inoculation of native zinc-solubilizing Bacillus spp. in conjunction with soil-applied fertilizers (NPK) and zinc phosphate in saline soil. In this study, 175 bacterial isolates were recovered from the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the eastern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India. These isolates were further screened for Zn solubilization potential using sparingly insoluble zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), zinc oxide (ZnO), and zinc phosphate {Zn3(PO4)2} as a source of Zn under in vitro conditions. Of 175 bacterial isolates, 42 were found to solubilize either one or two or all the three insoluble Zn compounds, and subsequently, these isolates were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Based on zone halo diameter, solubilization efficiency, and amount of solubilized zinc, six potential bacterial strains, i.e., Bacillus altitudinis AJW-3, B. subtilis ABW-30, B. megaterium CHW-22, B. licheniformis MJW-38, Brevibacillus borstelensis CHW-2, and B. xiamenensis BLW-7, were further shortlisted for pot- and field-level evaluation in wheat crop. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that these inoculants not only increase plant growth but also enhance the yield and yield attributes. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation also enhanced available nutrients and microbial activity in the wheat rhizosphere under pot experiments. It was observed that the application of B. megaterium CHW-22 significantly increased the Zn content in wheat straw and grains along with other nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Mn) followed by B. licheniformis MJW-38 as compared to other inoculants. By and large, similar observations were recorded under field conditions. Interestingly, when comparing the nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of wheat, bacterial inoculants showed their potential in enhancing the NUE in a greater way, which was further confirmed by correlation and principal component analyses. This study apparently provides evidence of Zn biofortification in wheat upon bacterial inoculation in conjunction with chemical fertilizers and zinc phosphate in degraded soil under both nethouse and field conditions.

Solid-Phase Phosphorylation of Polysaccharides by Phosphorus Pentoxide

Solid-Phase Phosphorylation of Polysaccharides by Phosphorus Pentoxide