Phosphorus In Milk Research Articles

Effects of Breed Differences and Parities on Milk Proximate and Mineral Compositions in Nigerian Cattle Breeds under the Extensive System

Introduction: Milk production from indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria represents an important component of the agribusiness sector of the smallholder economy with great economic, nutritional, and social implications. Materials and methods: Three farms in the study location were chosen and 90 cows of three breeds of Sokoto Gudali, White Fulani, and Red Bororo in each farm, were used for the present study (total 270 cows). The cows of each farm were chosen equally based on parity (1-3). In this study, 5 ml of milk sample was collected from each cow in the morning for analysis of milk proximate and mineral composition. The analytical parameters included protein, fat, ash, moisture, calcium, iron, phosphorus, and sodium in milk. Results: The results revealed that the parity of the three breeds significantly affected the milk proximate and mineral compositions. In the first parity, White Fulani cow milk was significantly higher in milk protein at 4.52%, followed by Red Bororo and Sokoto Gudali at 3.97% and 3.91%, respectively. Sokoto Gudali was significantly higher in milk fat at 3.18%, followed by Red Bororo at 2.89% and White Fulani at 2.76%. White Fulani was significantly higher in milk moisture at 84.56%, followed by Sokoto Gudali at 82.72% and Red Bororo at 81.13%. Red Bororo was significantly higher in milk phosphorus at 375.62 mg/L and sodium at 71.22 mg/L. In the second parity, only moisture, calcium, and sodium differed significantly among the breeds. White Fulani and Red Bororo were significantly higher in moisture at 83.75% and 83.43%, respectively. On the other hand, Sokoto Gudali were significantly higher in calcium at 614.94 mg/L and sodium at 68.76 mg/L. White Fulani and Red Bororo had significantly lower calcium levels at 560.50 mg/L and 555.42 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, White Fulani had significantly lower levels of sodium at 61.25 mg/L. In the third parity, White Fulani was significantly higher in milk protein at 4.16%, calcium at 611.48 mg/L, and sodium at 75.33 mg/L. Red Bororo was significantly higher in fat at 3.75% and calcium at 626.99 mg/L. Sokoto Gudali was significantly higher in sodium at 75.36 mg/L. In overall, first parity cows were significantly higher in milk protein at 4.11%. Milk fat, ash, calcium, and sodium increased with number of parity. The third parity was significantly higher in milk fat (3.29%), ash (0.43%), calcium (599.58 mg/L), and sodium (71.77 mg/L) levels. Conclusion: By increasing parity in Nigerian cows, the chemical composition of milk will be improved which can be considered for future studies on these breeds.

Biochemical status of serum and corresponding milk of cows kept under open grazing system in Sirajganj, Bangladesh

Background: In open grazing dairy cattle farming, it is critical to identify and monitor health status and disease incidence. Testing of physiological parameters is essential to monitoring the health status of dairy herds. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the comparative status of serum chemistry and corresponding milk chemistry in cattle reared in open grazing system. Methods: The research was conducted in 10 clinically healthy cows reared under open grazing system from different commercial farms of Baghabari in Sirajganj district. Blood samples were collected from individual animal through the jugular vein puncture. Corresponding milk samples were collected directly from teat during the morning milking time. Blood and milk samples were brought to the laboratory in an ice cooled sample transportation box. Total serum protein, glucose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride concentration and corresponding milk protein, lactose, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride concentration were measured by using standard analytical techniques. Results: Results showed that, there was a partially positive correlation among blood glucose and milk lactose (0.698), blood cholesterol and milk cholesterol (0.709), blood sodium and milk sodium (0.657). In addition, a strongly positive correlation was found between blood calcium and milk calcium (0.905). However, partially negative correlation between blood phosphorus and milk phosphorus (-0.688) was observed. Conclusions: The study shows the prospect of effectively using comparative analysis of serum and corresponding milk constituents to construct a comprehensive model or technology for the betterment of dairy farming in Bangladesh.

Unravelling the anthropogenic pathways of phosphorus in the food production and consumption system of Bangladesh through the lens of substance flow analysis

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is central to food production. Current understanding about the global phosphorus system is dominated by studies in wealthier nations where soil fertility, fertilizer supply chains, and agronomic tracking have long been established. In contrast, developing nations are experiencing major agricultural transitions and the associated phosphorus flows remain a significant knowledge gap. We compiled and analyzed several years of recent agricultural datasets for Bangladesh, currently the eighth most populous nation, using substance flow analysis for phosphorus. From 2000 to 2016, rice production increased by >50% and remained the dominant crop with remarkably higher phosphorus flow (49.96 kt in 2016) than all other crops. Phosphorus content of livestock products in 2016 exceeded 6.00 kt, more than double in the year 2000, driven primarily by phosphorus in milk and secondarily in meat/eggs. These agricultural changes coincided with a doubling of national phosphorus fertilizer consumption since 2000, a fourfold increase since the global food crisis (2009), and a pronounced rise in the phosphorus import dependency ratio, which was the highest among all countries compared. In turn, during 2010s fertilizer phosphorus use exceeded phosphorus as food + feed production leading to soil phosphorus accumulation, and loss as burned manure became one of the largest phosphorus flows in the entire system, equivalent to half of fertilizer use. This dramatic reconfiguration of the Bangladesh phosphorus system illustrates an important case of agricultural expansion and intensification that is still playing out, with similar situations occurring in developing nations where population growth rates are high, and access to commercial fertilizers has risen.

Genome-wide association study for milk infrared wavenumbers

Individual wavenumbers of the infrared (IR) spectra of bovine milk have been shown to be moderately to highly heritable. The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with individual milk IR wavenumbers. This is expected to provide information about the genetic background of milk composition and give insight in the relation between IR wavenumbers and milk components. For this purpose, a genome-wide association study was performed for a selected set of 50 individual IR wavenumbers measured on 1,748 Dutch Holstein cows. Significant associations were detected for 28 of the 50 wavenumbers. In total, 24 genomic regions distributed over 16 bovine chromosomes were identified. Major genomic regions associated with milk IR wavenumbers were identified on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 14, 19, and 20. Most of these regions also showed significant associations with fat, protein, or lactose percentage. However, we also identified some new regions that were not associated with any one of these routinely collected milk composition traits. On chromosome 1, we identified 2 new genomic regions and hypothesized that they are related to variation in milk phosphorus content and orotic acid, respectively. On chromosome 20, we identified a new genomic region that seems to be related to citric acid. Identification of genomic regions associated with milk phosphorus content, orotic acid, and citric acid suggest that the milk IR spectra contain direct information on these milk components. Consequently milk IR analyses probably can be used to predict these milk components, which have low concentrations in milk; this can lead to novel applications of milk IR spectroscopy for dairy cattle breeding and herd management.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) and proinflammatory cytokines are associated with mineral and trace element concentrations in human breast milk

The possibility that either subclinical mastitis (SCM), an inflammatory condition of the breast, or elevations in breast milk proinflammatory cytokines alter breast milk mineral and trace element composition in humans has not been investigated. In this cross-sectional study, breast milk samples (n=108) were collected from Guatemalan Mam-Mayan mothers at one of three stages of lactation (transitional, early and established), and categorized as SCM (Na:K >0.6) or non-SCM (Na:K ≤0.6). Milk concentrations of 12 minerals (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, rubidium, selenium, sodium, strontium, and zinc) and 4 proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), Lachat analyzer or Luminex multiplex bead cytokine assay. SCM was more prevalent during transitional (30%) than early (15.6%) and established (8.9%) lactation. Analysis of variance revealed that breast milk minerals differed by stage of lactation and SCM status. Breast milk minerals with the exception of magnesium were lower in established lactation, whereas SCM was associated with higher selenium and lower phosphorus. Regression models that controlled for lactation stage also confirmed that SCM was associated with lower milk phosphorus and higher milk selenium concentrations. Furthermore, cytokine concentrations were independently associated with several mineral concentrations: IL-1β with higher phosphorus and iron, IL-6 with higher calcium, magnesium, copper and manganese, IL-8 with higher calcium and zinc, and TNF-α with lower iron and manganese. We conclude that milk mineral and trace element concentrations are affected not only by the presence of SCM but also by proinflammatory cytokines in breast milk.

Phosphorus mass cycling and balance in dairy farms: Case studies in Puerto Rico

Intensively managed dairy farms in Puerto Rico are suspected of being important contributors of phosphorus (P) in runoff that can reach surface-waters. A whole-farm P balance is a practical tool that can be used to estimate the net amounts of P retained within farms. In addition, knowledge of the internal mass-P cycling within farms (cows, pasture-lagoon, soils and forage) can be used to assess the relative risk of the on-farm agricultural practices to the environment and to identify management practices that reduce P accumulation in soils. Two dairy farms representative of feed and management practices in the Caribbean were assessed to describe internal mass-P cycling and to produce a whole-farm P balance. Farm A with an area of 58ha had 120 lactating cows that rotationally grazed on improved tropical-grass pastures, and Farm B with an area of 310ha had 482 lactating cows that were managed in semi-confinement, were fed silage and concentrate during the day, and were grazed only at night. Over 60% (DM basis) of all feeds consumed by dairy cows were imported to the farms, accounting for 71% and 81% of the P consumed in Farms A and B, respectively. The majority of the total P consumed by lactating cows (65% in Farm A and 75% in Farm B) was from commercial dairy grain concentrate, and the remaining P inputs were from grazed and cut pasture. Phosphorus in milk and animals sold (outputs) was 21% of total P inputs in Farm A, and 17.5% in Farm B. Dietary P concentrations, in both farms, exceeded by more than 60% nutritional recommendations of P. On an annual basis, there was an annual surplus (i.e., positive P balance) of 3,132kg P farm−1 (54kgPha−1) and 18,290kg P farm−1 (59kg Pha−1) in Farms A and B, respectively. At current milk production levels the practices with the greatest impact potential for reducing soil P enrichment in dairy farms are reducing P inputs in feeds, improving P recycling by maximizing harvested pasture, and reducing or discontinuing fertilizing P additions to grazed pastures.

Effect of Feeding Seaweed as Mineral Source on Mineral Metabolism, Blood and Milk Mineral Profile in Cows

Seaweeds are rich in minerals. The present experiment was designed to see the effect of replacing minerals and a part of concentrate mixture (CM) by seaweed in cows. Sahiwal cows (n = 12) were randomly blocked into three equal groups on the basis of milk yield (mean 8.39 L/day) and parity. Animals were offered concentrate mixtures along with wheat straw and green oat as total mixed ration (CM and roughages as 50:50; green oat and wheat straw as 60:40) for 126 days. Control animals (T1) were offered CM without mineral and salt premix; group T2 animals had 2 % mineral premix and 1 % salt in their CM while seaweed group (T3) had 20 % seaweed in their CM without additional mineral and salt. The results revealed no significant changes in plasma mineral profile and mineral metabolism except that of copper and zinc (P < 0.01) in the groups without mineral and salt (T1, T3). Milk mineral profile remained similar in all treatment groups except milk phosphorus, copper and zinc which were highest in T2 followed by T1 and T3. A clear trend was reflected in mineral metabolism and its status in blood and milk corresponding to that of dietary mineral composition. Thus, incorporation of brown seaweed in the diet of lactating Sahiwal cows (20 % in concentrate mixture) did not affect mineral metabolism and blood–milk mineral profiles, except copper and zinc; which need to be additionally supplemented in the diet.

Protein, casein, and micellar salts in milk: Current content and historical perspectives

The protein and fat content of Dutch bulk milk has been monitored since the 1950s and has increased considerably, by 11 and 20%, respectively, whereas milk yield has more than doubled. The change in protein and fat content of milk is advantageous for the dairy industry, as these are the 2 most economically valuable constituents of milk. Increases in protein and fat content of milk have allowed increases in the yield of various products such as cheese and butter. However, for cheese and other applications where casein micelles play a crucial role in structure and stability, it is not only casein content, but also the properties of the casein micelles that determine processability. Of particular importance herein is the salt partition in milk, but it is unknown whether increased protein content has affected the milk salts and their distribution between casein micelles and milk serum. It was, therefore, the objective of this research to determine the salt composition and protein content for individual cow milk and bulk milk over a period of 1yr and to compare these data to results obtained during the 1930s, 1950s, and 1960s in the last century. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus content were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inorganic phosphate, citrate, chloride, and sulfate content by anion-exchange chromatography in bulk milk and milk ultracentrifugate. In addition, ionic calcium and ionic magnesium concentration were determined by the Donnan membrane technique. We concluded that historical increase in milk yield and protein content in milk have resulted in correlated changes in casein content and the micellar salt fraction of milk. In addition, the essential nutrients, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in milk have increased the past 75yr; therefore, the nutritional value of milk has improved.

Direct Introduction of Milk Sample in FIA System for Phosphorus Determination

This work regards the determination of phosphorus in milk using a flow injection analysis (FIA)system. The determination is based on well known reaction between phosphate ions and an ammonium molybdate reagent, originating the ammonium phosphomolybdate complex, which is then reduced to form a blue compound of molybdenum that can be spectrophotometrically determined at 700 nm. Innovation of system is the on-line sample treatment, using nitric acid 5% (v/v) in flow causing the precipitation of proteins which were separated in a filter coupled to FIA. The method was compared with the well-established mineralization procedure, employing microwave assisted digestion procedure and the results were in agreement (paired t-test, p=0.05). The precision expressed as coefficient of variation for triplicate measurements was always lower than 10%. The limit of quantification was 0.572 mg L -1 .

Genetic and nongenetic variation in concentration of selenium, calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus in milk of Dutch Holstein-Friesian cows

Minerals found in milk, such as Se, Ca, K, Zn, Mg, and P, contribute to several vital physiological processes. The aim of this study was to quantify the genetic variation in levels of Se, Ca, K, Zn, Mg, and P in milk and to quantify the between-herd variation in the levels of these minerals in milk. One morning milk sample from each of 1,860 Dutch Holstein-Friesian cows from 388 commercial herds in the Netherlands was used. Concentration of minerals was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Variance components were estimated using an animal model with covariates for days in milk and age at first calving; fixed effects for season of calving and effect of test or proven bull; and random effects for animal, herd, and error. Heritability and proportion of phenotypic variation that can be explained by herd were estimated using univariate analysis. The intraherd heritability for Se was low (0.20) whereas herd explained 65% of the total variation in Se. Variation between herds most likely results from variation in Se content in the feed, which partly reflects variation in Se levels in the soil. Intraherd heritabilities for Ca, K, Zn, Mg, and P were moderate to high and were 0.57, 0.46, 0.41, 0.60, and 0.62, respectively. For Ca, K, Zn, Mg, and P, the proportions of phenotypic variation that could be explained by herd were low (0.13–0.24). This study shows that there are possibilities for altering the mineral composition of milk. For Ca, K, Zn, Mg, and P, there are good prospects for selective breeding whereas, for Se, measures at farm level may be more effective.

Inestabilidad de la leche asociada a componentes lácteos y estacionalidad en vacas a pastoreo

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar rebaños lecheros que presentaban muestras de leche positivas a la prueba de alcohol sin estar ácidas, y compararlos con predios negativos a esta prueba, considerándose el efecto de la estacionalidad. Se estudiaron cuatro rebaños (tres positivos a la prueba de alcohol y uno negativo). En dos años, se muestreó leche durante tres meses en lactancias de invierno (época 1) y tres meses en lactancias de verano (época 2). En la dieta, se realizó análisis proximal relativo a EM, Ca, P, Mg y K. En leche, se determinó proteína, lactosa, Ca, P, Mg, K, pH, prueba de alcohol, acidez titulable y actividad proteásica. En casos negativos a la prueba de alcohol, se observó alta correlación entre proteína cruda láctea, proteína cruda en alimento, fósforo lácteo y lactosa. Los predios positivos a la prueba de alcohol se correlacionaron fuertemente con la menor concentración de materia seca y el alto contenido de fibra cruda, además presentaron menor concentración de proteína láctea. Ello indicaría que existió un efecto del manejo alimentario sobre la inestabilidad de la leche. Las lactancias desarrolladas durante la sequía estival sufren de un stress alimenticio, por lo cual podrían presentar inestabilidad láctea.

A Sequential Injection System for the In‐line Digestion and Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus in Mil

ABSTRACT: A sequential injection analysis (SIA) system involving in‐line digestion for the determination of total phosphorus in milk is presented. The developed manifold consists mainly of 2 phases: conversion of all forms of phosphorus into orthophosphates by hydrolysis and oxidation catalyzed by UV radiation (necessary for the efficient oxidation of organic phosphates) and spectrophotometric determination of the phosphomolybdenum blue formed. The proposed method was applied to several cow milk samples and the results were in good agreement with those provided by the reference method, with a maximum relative deviation of 5.2%. The detection limit of the method was around 2 mg P/L with a sampling rate of approximately 17 h−1.

Negative balance of calcium during lactation in marginally nourished women.

Thirty-three rural Mexican women (age, 18-36y; weight, 50.3+/-3 kg; height, 148.3+/-2 cm) were studied under metabolic balance conditions. The objectives were to study the metabolic balances of calcium and phosphorus at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months of lactation and postweaning and to determine the incorporation of calcium and phosphorus in milk. Subjects were divided into 5 groups of 5 to 10 each, representing: the 1st, 3rd, and 6th month of lactation, postweaning, and a control group of nonpregnant, nonlactating women. Metabolic balance was determined using identical diets and analysis of 24-hour urine (3 d), 72-hour feces, and 24-hour milk samples. Calcium content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and phosphorus by a colorimetric method. Calcium content in milk was similar at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Positive calcium balances were observed in the control group, while balances were very negative in all lactation groups (-721.6+/-248 mg/d). Calcium urinary excretion was higher in the control and postweaning groups (P < 0.05), suggesting a regulatory mechanism to conserve calcium during lactation. No differences were observed in phosphorus content in milk at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Positive balances were observed in the control and postweaning groups (331+/-139 and 87.1+/-130 mg/d, respectively, mean +/- SD), while the lactation groups presented more subjects (approximately 75%) in negative balance (mean +/- SD of -180.6+/-392 to -439+/-146 mg/d). High fecal calcium and phosphorus excretion (approximately 1,500 mg/d) likely contributed to the negative balance during lactation.

Biochemical changes in serum and milk constituents during postpartum period in Saudi Ardy goats

Relations between serum and milk constituents were ascertained in terms of correlation coefficients for Ardy goats during the postpartum period, 1–28 days. There were pronounced biochemical effect on milk whey proteins, serum and milk total cholesterol, sugars, phosphorus (P) as well as milk calcium (Ca). Milk whey proteins and phosphorus increased at the beginning of lactation period and decreased on d 21 and d 28 but there was no effect on serum Ca and protein. Rise in levels of serum and milk total cholesterol and serum phosphorus was apparent on d 21 while these parameters were lowest on d 7 postpartum. Milk and serum sugars were low at the beginning of lactation but increased on d 14. Total proteins, amino acid nitrogen and Ca contents of serum did not show variations. The d 3 postpartum was distinctly characterized. Serum and whey protein and serum and milk phosphorus were positively correlated. Negative correlations were calculated between serum glucose and milk lactose, serum and milk Ca and serum and milk cholesterol. Serum showed normal levels of lipoproteins, glucose and cholesterol during the early lactation period. The study provides biochemical indicators of Ardy goats for the postpartum period. There was not any biochemical lesions of ketosis and fatty liver despite the high milk yield and the high nutrient content of the feeds.

Simultaneous determination of total calcium and phosphorus in milk using flow‐injection analysis

The design, development, and testing of a flow-injection analysis (FIA) manifold for the simultaneous determination of two species in milk samples is reported. Calcium is determined potentiometrically, and, following on-line sample treatment, spectrophotometric analysis of phosphorus is performed. Results obtained are consistent with manufacturers’ estimates and, in the case of calcium, with atomic spectrophotometric measurements. The combination FIA system is a rapid, low-cost, highly reproducible method that uses small sample volumes and could be used to provide on-site near-real-time measurements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 10: 235–238, 1998

Simultaneous determination of total calcium and phosphorus in milk using flow-injection analysis

The design, development, and testing of a flow-injection analysis (FIA) manifold for the simultaneous determination of two species in milk samples is reported. Calcium is determined potentiometrically, and, following on-line sample treatment, spectrophotometric analysis of phosphorus is performed. Results obtained are consistent with manufacturers’ estimates and, in the case of calcium, with atomic spectrophotometric measurements. The combination FIA system is a rapid, low-cost, highly reproducible method that uses small sample volumes and could be used to provide on-site near-real-time measurements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 10: 235–238, 1998

Phosphorus determination in milk and bone samples by neutron activation analysis

The determination of phosphorus in milk and bone samples by both radiochemical and instrumental neutron activation analysis is described. The radiochemical method consists of thermal neutron irradiation of samples and standards, sample dissolution, phosphorus precipitation as ammonium phosphomolyb-date, use of zinc holdback carrier and counting of the phosphorus-32 s-activity. The instrumental method involves thermal neutron irradiation of samples and standards, waiting for a decay time and s-counting. The methods were applied to commercial samples and reference materials.

Determination of calcium and phosphorus in milk

AbstractA fast, accurate method for determining Ca and P in milk was developed. A 1‐ml samples of milk was ashed without pre‐drying for 1 h and the diluted HCl extract was used for the determination of Ca by atomic absorption spectroscopy and P by colorimetry with measurement of the phosphomolybdenum blue complex at 880 nm for maximum sensitivity. Results were in good agreement with those found for 2 h ashing with or without the preliminary step for evaporating to dryness prior to ashing. Recovery ranged fiom 101.3 to 102.0% for Ca and 99.1 to 100.1 % for P when 1 ml sample of milk was spiked with a 1‐ml aliquot of a CaHPO4 standard solution and analysed by the method. The method had a precision of approximately 1.0 % coeficient of variation for both Ca and P in milk and in the CaHPO4 standard solution.

Low Breast Milk Phosphorus Concentration in Familial Hypophosphatemia

SummaryWe report breast milk mineral concentrations in a mother with familial hypophosphatemia that was untreated due to poor compliance with medical advice. Milk phosphorus content was extremely low despite normal maternal serum phosphorus concentrations. Milk calcium concentrations were only modestly decreased so that the ratio of calcium to phosphorus was greatly elevated. It appears that mothers with this disorder who breast feed should have their milk mineral content carefully monitored during lactation. If milk mineral content is abnormal despite maternal therapy with phosphorus and vitamin D, infants may require supplementation of mineral intake.

Variation of Inorganic Phosphorus in Blood Plasma and Milk of Lactating Cows

Diurnal changes in percents of inorganic phosphorus in plasma were measured in three Holstein cows fitted with indwelling jugular catheters. Blood was sampled 34 times over 48h. Changes of inorganic phosphorus of blood plasma appeared to be related to patterns of feed consumption. In a second experiment, effects of diet, season of calving, stage of lactation, lactation number, and milk yield on inorganic phosphorus of plasma and milk were measured with 40 Holstein cows. Dietary treatments were 1.0% calcium, .31% phosphorus; 1.0% and .54%; 1.8% and .30%; 1.7% and .54%. Blood and milk samples were taken at wk 6 postpartum and every 5th wk thereafter. Inorganic phosphorus in plasma and milk was higher for cows in first lactation than multiparous cows. Cows which calved in November to December had the highest inorganic phosphorus in plasma but the lowest in milk. Month of year affected inorganic phosphorus in milk but not in plasma. Inorganic phosphorus in plasma increased as milk yields decreased and as inorganic phosphorus in milk decreased. Dietary phosphorus affected inorganic phosphorus in plasma but not in milk. The correlation between inorganic phosphorus in milk and plasma was —.15. These data indicate the limitations of using inorganic phosphorus in plasma or milk as sole or primary means of determining nutritional phosphorus status of lactating cows.