Phonological Change Research Articles

Diachronic study of phonological changes in the Tiv language

Abstract: All levels of language analysis are prone to changes in their phonology, morphology, graphology, lexis, semantics and syntax over the years. Tiv language is not an exception to this claim. This study investigates various aspects of phonological or sound changes in Tiv language. This paper therefore classifies sound changes in Tiv; states causes of sound changes in Tiv and explores implications of sound changes. The research design used in this paper is purposive sampling of relevant data. The instrument used in this paper is the observation method in which the author selected words that showed epenthesis, deletion and substitution. It has been noted that the use of archaic spellings in the Modern Tiv literatures shows their ancientness. Phonological change is not a deviation but a sign of language growth and changes in spellings result in changes in sounds. The author recommends that scholars should write papers or critical works on lexical/morphological, syntactic, semantic, graphological changes in Tiv language. Students should write projects, dissertations and theses on language change and diachronic linguistics. This study introduces Tiv historical linguistics and diachronic phonology which serve as catalysts for the study of Tiv language. The understanding of Tiv sound change provides students with a much better understanding of Tiv phonological system in general, of how Tiv phonology works and how the phonemes fit together.

Variasi Dialek Bahasa Lamaholot di Pulau Adonara, Kabupaten Flores Timur : Sebuah Kajian Sinkronik

Abstract. This study aims to describe the phonological variations found in the Lamaholot dialect on Adonara Island, East Flores Regency. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. As for managing the data, the method used is the proficient method using the face met technique and the listening method with the free, active, proficient listening technique, the note-taking technique and the recording technique. In this study it was found that the language used by the people of Adonara Island at four points of the village was the observation area for phonological variations. Of the 211 questionnaires in the form of vocabulary used by the researcher, the classification became 32 vocabularies that experienced phonological variations. The findings of this language variation are divided into categories of changes in vowel phonemes, changes in consonant phonemes, changes in vowel and consonant phonemes, adding phonemes and deleting phonemes. It is known that the linguistic situation in the observation area is caused by the different geographical conditions and cultural backgrounds between each observation area. Lamahala Jaya Village and Kwaelaga-Lamawato Village, which are located in the East Adonara District, are adrift on the coastal and mountainous locations. The same thing also works in Nisakarang Village and Pepakgeka Village, which are located in Kelubagolit District. Keywords: Language Variation, Phonology Variation, Dialectology, Lamaholot Language

Contact-induced Phonological Change of the Phoneme /s/ in the Speech of EFL Learners and Teachers in Algeria: A Case Study

This paper investigates the phenomenon of contact-induced phonological change of the phoneme /s/ in the speech of EFL learners and teachers at the secondary schools and even Higher Education in Algeria. It is perceived that the letter ‘s’ is recurrently pronounced /z/ whenever it is positioned between two vowel sounds and that the double –ss- between two vowels is simply uttered /s/ in many words. This fact is attributed to the overgeneralization of French phonological rules however this is not the case in English. Such phonological aspects have become prominent symptoms within English as Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms prior to French overuse within Algeria’s speech repertoire due to historical and practical reasons. This study seems as a departure from the meeting point of looking at such phenomenon in teachers and/or learners’ natural conversations in EFL classrooms to a critical examination of its uses in numerous English terms. To attain this, Labov’s “observer’s paradox” (1972) was considered to overcome problems while collecting spontaneous speech data. Two different strategies were employed, structured and unstructured observations, throughout thirteen years. A total random sample of 257 respondents had been included, 204 of whom are secondary school pupils and university students, and the remaining are secondary school (trainee) teachers and university lecturers. The first group was intentionally asked to derive either nouns or adjectives from a range of words containing phoneme /s/, classify some words in a table according to the final ‘-d’ pronunciation or give the opposites –especially using the prefix ‘dis_’ – to certain words keeping the same root as well pronounce them at the end. The second group was recorded. Outstandingly, the study concludes that 98% of our informants mispronounce the given words. At last, some recommendations have been suggested to alleviate the problem.

Individuals, communities, and sound change: an introduction

Do individual differences affect sound change? Traditional approaches to phonetic and phonological change typically downplay differences between the individuals who make up a speech community that is undergoing change, but this has been questioned in recent years in a number of ways from within several distinct traditions of research. The articles in the Glossa Special Collection to which this article is an introduction consider the extent to which individual differences (at a psychological, sociological, physiological, genetic and/or behavioral level) between the members of a speech community might or might not be important in explaining the general properties of sound change. This introduction places these articles in context, considers what we might mean by ‘sound change’ and ‘individual differences’, and aims to build a synthesis of the current research landscape in the area.

Å knyte til struktur og variasjon i lydendring

“Structured heterogeneity”, a founding concept of variationist sociolinguistics, puts focus on the ordered social differentiation in language. We extend the notion of structured heterogeneity to formal phonological structure, i.e., representations based on contrasts, with implications for phonetic implementation. Phonology establishes parameters for what varies and how. Patterns of stability and variability with respect to a given feature’s relationship to representations allow us to ground variationist analysis in a framework that makes predictions about potential sound changes: more structure correlates to more stability; less structure corresponds to more variability. However, even though all change requires variability, not all variability leads to change. Two case studies illustrate this asymmetry, keeping a focus on phonetic change with phonological stability. First, Germanic rhotics (r-sounds) from prehistory to the present day are minimally specified. They show tremendous phonetic variability and change but phonological stability. Second, laryngeal contrasts (voicing or aspiration) vary and change in language contact. We track the accumulation of phonetic change in unspecified members of pairs of the type spelled <s> ≠ <z>, etc. This analysis makes predictions about the regularity of sound change, situating regularity in phonology and irregularity in phonetics and the lexicon. Structured heterogeneity involves the variation inherent within the system for various levels of phonetic and phonological representation. Phonological change, then, is about acquiring or learning different abstract representations based on heterogeneous and variable input.

현대표준중국어 開韻尾 韻母의 형성과정 고찰

This study considered the formation process of an open ending of Mandarin Chinese from a diachronic perspective and explored the fundamental causes of phonological change using the distinctive feature in generative phonology. Assimilation is a phonological change that leads the changes in the Chinese phonological system. The final with the open ending in Middle Chinese, there is progressive assimilation influenced by the features of preceding sound, like the Change of [i] in Syllable with dorso-prepalatal plosives(Sheshangyin), retroflex sibilant(Zhengzhiyin), and dorso-nasal fricatives(Banchiyin) in the consonant, vowel rising and Hekouhua of Nucleus in GuoShe and change of onset which is in the second division(ErdengYun). Middle Chinese had stop ending with [p], [t], [k]. These three different final ending merged into the glottal stop [ʔ], and finally, they are lost stop coda and merged into open syllable. We call this change Yinshengyunhua which is one of the notable changes in Northern Chinese. Among them, semivowel that occurred in the process of stop ending with [k] merged into open syllable coalesce with nucleus and change to the final with open ending.

Diachronic Study of Phonological Changes in Tiv Language

All levels of language analysis are prone to changes in their phonology, morphology, graphology, lexis, semantics and syntax over the years. Tiv language is not an exception to this claim. This study investigates various aspects of phonological or sound changes in Tiv language. This paper therefore classifies sound changes in Tiv; states causes of sound changes in Tiv and explores implications of sound changes. The research design used in this paper is purposive sampling of relevant data. The instrument used in this paper is the observation method in which the author selected words that showed epenthesis, deletion and substitution. It has been noted that the use of archaic spellings in the Modern Tiv literatures shows their ancientness. Phonological change is not a deviation but a sign of language growth and changes in spellings result in changes in sounds. The author recommends that scholars should write papers or critical works on lexical/morphological, syntactic, semantic, graphological changes in Tiv language. Students should write projects, dissertations and theses on language change and diachronic linguistics. This study introduces Tiv historical linguistics and diachronic phonology which serve as catalysts for the study of Tiv language. The understanding of Tiv sound change provides students with a much better understanding of Tiv phonological system in general, of how Tiv phonology works and how the phonemes fit together

The Phenomenon of Phonological Follow in Al-Amali Abi Ali Al-Qali’s Book (seq.356 Hijri): A Phonological Study

This research discusses the verbal follow phenomenon in Al-Amali Abi Al-Qali’s book (seq.356 Hijri). It aims to limit the examples of this phenomenon in the book, and examine it phonologically. Accordingly, the researcher adopted the analaytical descriptive approach, taking into account Al-Rawi’s letter when ordering the verbal follow-based examples, and the order they took in the book in question. The purposes behind this phonological study of verbal follow in Al-Amali’s book are to: reach the sounds which Arabs prefer in the process of following, confirm different beautiful and desirable senses, have easy and speedy pronunciation, maintain harmony between adjacent sounds, count the sounds that occur at the beginning of the follower- a disputable phonological issue between the follower and following- and spot the phonological change that occurs to the follower. Accordingly, a caution is needed to maintain harmony and homogeneity between two pronunciations to achieve the process of following. Or, the structure of the word follower is changed to match its peer followed word.The study has shown that Al-Qali was the eldest in dealing with the formal aspect of the phenomenon. He pointed to the idea of merging the last letter in the subordinate and the follower, and compared it with a stylistic, artistic, and acoustic characteristic, which is included in the innate rhetoric, i.e., assonance. By that, he has determined the most important formal acoustic features of the rhythmic complex as represented by the endings of the sequences, which have a musical rhythm.

Regularities of the English consonantal clusters development

The paper presents the results of a complex study of Nonsonantal phonemes' syntagmatics, registered at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the word throughout the historical development of the English language. The analysis of frequencies of consonantal clusters' actualization allowed the author to characterize the regularities of their occurring within the word structure as well as describe dynamics of their changes during the history of English. The following issues common for different languages are the main aspects for consideration of the problem elaborated in the paper: the emergence of new phonemic sequences (combinability), the occurrence of phonemic changes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the word, the emergence of new phonemes and phonologization processes of the already existing ones, new functional load of phonemes and their ability to combine, the suitability of consonants to join new clusters, the study of the phenomenon of phonemic borrowing, substitution processes, the study of the consonantal clusters' structures as well as frequencies of their occurrence. The research methodology is based on the classification of linguistic features of consonantal clusters as well as envisages their description in correlation with the historical period of the feature manifestation, the position of the cluster in the word, the number of phonemes in a cluster, the ratio of voice and noise, the place and manner of consonant articulation.

Adjacent Consonants and the Universality of Sonority Sequencing Principle in Dotyali Dialects: Syllable Contact Analysis

This paper presents on all the possible adjacent consonant letters in Dotyali, one of the descendant language of Sanskrit, mainly spoken in Shudoor Paschim Nepal [sʊdʊrə-pəssɪmə] (Far-western) and compares the results of their phonological changes in seven local contemporary speech (dialects)：Doteli，Dadeldhuri，Bajhangi，Achhami，Baitadeli，Darchuli and Bajureli. Based on the corpus data from the field survey conducted in between July-September 2017 on a list of 1000 frequently used Dotyali words, this paper comes with a conclusion that even the onset clusters with rising sonority profile (except glides) are broken up by vowel epenthesis or simplify the clusters by deletion. It is revealed that dialects, except from the Achhami and Bajureli, the consonants with different degree of sonority across the syllable boundary tend to be changed due to syllable contact to meet Sonority hierchy, but the sonority distance between two consonants (coda and onset consonants) varies, therefore phonological changes like assimilation, dissimilation, desonorization, contact anaptyxis, contact methasis etc. goes differently. The phonological changes in Bajureli occurs maily due to other separate independent constraints.

PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ROOT MORPHEMES.

PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ROOT MORPHEMES.

PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE PROCESSES OF ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN

Phonological change is a language phenomenon that occurs because language users change the distribution of phonemes in a language. The aims of this study are to explain the phonological processes that occur in English and Indonesian and to explain the differences in phonological forms between English and Indonesian. The method used in this study is a contrasting-descriptive method by comparing two languages, namely English and Indonesian. The data were taken from the speech of students taking Indonesian and English courses at the University of Bengkulu, totaling 40 students in the first semester. The results show that five types of phonological change processes occurred in English and Indonesian, namely assimilation, metathesis, epenthesis, epithesis, and deletion. The phonological change in English often occurred when two vowel phonemes meet, such as /ea/ shift to /e/, or /i/, phoneme /y/ shift to /i/. Phoneme /e/ was pronounced when two vowel phonemes meet, such as /s/ and /n/ becomes /sen/. Phoneme /g/ is pronounced multiply when it meets the sound/ng/. Phoneme /u/ is pronounced when it meets phoneme /o/ + a consonant. Phoneme /h/ is unpronounced when it meets a vowel phoneme or more vowel phonemes in the words. Meanwhile, phonological changes in Indonesian often occurred from consonant phonemes to other consonant phonemes that have almost the same sound such as phoneme /z/ shift to /s/ and /j/. Phoneme /k/ was pronounced after phoneme /u/ and phoneme /h/ is pronounced after phoneme /a/at the end of words. Phoneme /y/ was pronounced between phonemes /i/ and /a/. Phoneme /h/ was unpronounced when it meets phonemes /a/, /i/, and /u/ in words. In conclusion, the process of phonological change that occurs in English and Indonesian is due to the influence of adjacent phoneme sounds that resemble nearby sounds.

Phonological change and interdialectal differences between Egyptian and Coptic: ḏ, ṯ → c = ϫ versus ḏ, ṯ → t = ⲧ

Abstract The development of the Egyptian palatals ḏ and ṯ has long been a thorny issue in Egyptian linguistics. No convincing phonological rule for it has been identified so far. In the present paper I argue that the distribution of these phonemes is the result of inter-dialectal borrowings between a pre-Coptic dialect (C‑Dialect) in which ḏ , ṯ → c = ϫ and a pre-Coptic dialect (T‑Dialect) in which ḏ , ṯ → t = ⲧ. It is then argued that the attested Coptic dialects derive from T‑Dialects with lexical borrowings from C‑Dialects. A preliminary discussion of the sociolinguistic contexts of these dialects is presented in the second part of the article, where it is suggested that the C‑Dialect may have been associated with the area of the cities of Avaris/Pi-Ramses/Tanis and may have become a prestigious dialect and thus a source of lexical borrowings starting from the 19th dynasty.

REDUPLIKASI DALAM NOVEL GARIS WAKTU KARYA FIERSA BESARI (KAJIAN MORFOLOGI)

The purpose of this research is to describe the reduplication in the aspect of form and meaning in the novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The data are in the form of expressions found in the novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari. Based on the data analysis, thera are 190 expressions of reduplication are found. In the aspect of reduplication, 158 citations were found, with the following details; 1) the most dominant form of reduplication found was whole repetition that was 110 expressions; The dominant form of reduplication is the repetition of affixes that was 34 expressions; the least repetition form were 23 expressions, namely partial repetition; and the form of repetition of phoneme changes found in 3 expressions. As for the aspect of the meaning of reduplication, 32 expressions were found, with the following details: the most dominant meaning of reduplication is seven expressions that was "expressing intensity"; The meaning of reduplication which is quite dominant consists of three parts, namely: 6 expressions for restatement containing the meaning of 'much', 6 expressions for restatement containing words “kinds of”, and 6 expressions of rephrasing which contain the meaning of “weakening the meaning'; and the meaning of reduplication was at least 4 repeated expressions with the meaning of "mutually", then 3 repeated expressionswith the meaning of "which resembles the repeated word".

Word-stress free variation in Nigerian English

English, in the course of its progressive evolution and global spread, has had contacts with different languages (Hogg & Denison, 2006) which have led to the emergence of native and non-native varieties spoken in different countries of the world. This, in part, has resulted in variable pronunciations of English lexical items, such as anti- pronounced as /ænti/ or /æntaɪ/ at the segmental level and adult as /'ædʌlt/ or /ə'dʌlt/ at the suprasegmental level of stress (Hogg & Denison, 2006). In addition to this, phonological free variation in English has been motivated by phonetic processes, phonological changes and sociolinguistic factors, among others (Shitara, 1993; Mompean, 2010).

Phonological Structure of Borrowed Words in the Karakalpak Language

This article examines the phonological changes in morphemes of borrowings of the Karakalpak language. Study shows of the process of penetration of elements of one language into another. Researchers examined some works and prove that the facts about the transformation of foreign language elements exit in Karakalpak.

There is no Stem: the Distribution of Verbal Allomorphs, a Distributed Morphology Analysis

It is widely accepted by traditional grammarians and linguists that Persian verbal roots fall into two forms depending on their tense feature: present stem and past stem. In contrast to this traditional view, the present study considers an alternative notion of allomorphy, indicating that a few verbs use a basic form, called “morph”, in all morphosyntactic contexts while some other roots allow for having two or more allomorphs. Within the framework of Distributed Morphology, especially on the basis of underspecification condition, I will review the empirical evidence adduced in favor of the hypothesis that the tense feature has no role in producing and selecting the so-called present and past stems. In this approach, the systematic distribution of verbal allomorphs like /suz/ and /sux/ (derived from “OSUZ” = burn) is constrained by some other formal features, such as adjacency to the morphophoneme {D}, absorbing the causative suffix (“-ān” or its free variation “-un”) or appearing in the boundary of a word. Finally, to avoid terminological and empirical confusion, I will suggest that we should avoid the use of the term “stem” altogether and speak of root, morph and allomorphs only. It should be added that the different variations in phonetic shape of lexical roots are divided into two classes: the first one follows from the phonological rules and the second one is affected by the morphophonological (or readjustment) rules. Phonological changes are predictable and produce automatic alternations, but unpredictable morphophonological changes lead to non-automatic alternations. Following the general trend of DM, I restrict the term “allomorphy” to those cases in which the variation in phonetic shape of a morpheme does not follow from the automatic phonological rules of the language. This analysis raises the theoretical question of whether language-specific readjustment rules (i.e. the alteration of root or affix phonology) are needed for morphological theory. Rejecting readjustment rules, I show that allomorphs of verbal roots are independently stored in Vocabulary.

PROSES MORFOLOGIS REDUPLIKASI DALAM BUKU GENERASI OPTIMIS KARYA AHMAD RIFA’I RIF’AN

This study aims to determine the types of reduplication (rephrase) that are in the motivational book for the Optimist Generation by Rifa'i Rif'an.
 The types of reduplication that are dominated in the book Generasi Optimis by Rifa'i Rif'an are complete reduplications, compared to other types of repetition, such as partial repetition, repetition combined with affix affixing processes and repetition with phoneme changes. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research data is the morphological process of using reduplication in a book entitled Generasi Optimis by Ahmad Rifa'i Rif'an. The data collection techniques used in this study were note taking and reading techniques. The results of research on the morphological process of reduplication in the book Optimist Generation by Ahmad Rifa'i Rif'an are one hundred forty-three with details of all eighty-three repetitions, nineteen partial repetitions, and forty-one repetitions with affixes. While the meaning of reduplication used in this study is the meaning which states the meaning of 'many' which is related to the basic form totaling forty-one, states that the meaning of 'many' is not related to the basic form of three, states the meaning that 'the action is in the basic form. performed repeatedly amounting to four, expressing the meaning of 'the highest level that can be achieved amounts to four.

Означающее как означаемое: прогностическая концепция семиозиса фонетического плана речи

The subject of the article is the prognostic concept of semiosis of the phonetic plan of speech. Interpretation of a signifier is considered as an act of its predictive recoding, the result of which is the phonetic appearance of the word perceived by the addressee. Based on the position that language and speech are two sides of speech activity, the relationship between which can be described by relations of predictive interpretation, the article formulates the idea of the presence of interpretative – predictive algorithms for encoding the signifier in the language. Reduction and assimilation are con-sidered as such algorithms. The interpretation of these processes in modern linguistics is reduced to the statement of positional changes in phonemes in the speech flow. The positional principle in this approach becomes a sound law. Howevr, the law is a statement of regularity, but not an explanation of why this happens. The paper substantiates that these processes are the result of a substantial interpretation inherent in language as a means of communication.

The Use of Arabic Neologisms in Social Media Applications

This study examines the use of Arabic neologisms in social media applications. It depicts the nature and size of this transformation, and the types of word formation processes which contributed to this phenomenon. The data for this research are collected from two sources: (1) major social media platforms, namely Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, among others, and (2) the responses of 100 university (under-graduate and post-graduate) students to a limited set of questions in which they are asked to (1) list the most commonly used Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and social media-motived terms, especially those which have been adapted to and integrated into the Arabic language morpho-phonemic and syntactic system (spoken and/or written), (2) show how often they use those terms especially when an Arabic equivalent/counterpart is available, and (3) give reasons for why they use them. The study shows that use of neologisms is attributed to reasons of practicality and convenience, accuracy and relevance, trendiness and internationalization, in addition to lack of equivalence in the Arabic language system. Further, the following processes which mark the integration of neologisms into the Arabic language system are identified: loan blends, syntactic changes, morpho-syntactic changes, phonemic changes, abbreviations and clipping..