Phonological Change Research Articles

Representations of phonological changes ingoatand /r/ in theCollection of Nineteenth-century Grammars(CNG)

This article presents an analysis of vowels in thegoatset and /r/ in theCollection of Nineteenth-century Grammars(CNG) (cf. Anderwald 2016). My central questions concern the extent to which grammarians provide evidence for early diphthongisation ingoatwords and for changes in the distribution of /r/ variants in nineteenth-century prestige accents. I furthermore evaluate how far grammars are suitable as a source for researching historical sound changes. I show that monophthongs are the most frequently proposed variants forgoatand are often referred to as ‘improper diphthongs’. Some diphthongal descriptions exist for words in open syllables, before /l/ and before plosives in words likeknow,soulandboatrespectively. Concerning the distribution of /r/, I show that most grammars continued to propose two sounds, which were almost exclusively described as ‘rough’ or ‘trilled’, and ‘smooth’ or ‘soft’. However, some grammarians also argued for /r/ having only one sound in all positions and complete post-vocalic /r/ absence. Overall, the grammars in the CNG display a considerable amount of what I assume to be copying from scholars such as Walker (1791) and Murray (1795). Thus, I argue that great care is required when attempting to infer phonological changes from nineteenth-century grammars.

PERUBAHAN FONEM PADA BAHASA BETAWI (STUDI KASUS DI KOTA TUA)

Betawi language is the regional language that is most closely related to Indonesian because it has a vocabulary that is not much different and there is a certain application of phonemes in the sound of words, causing interference in the phonological sub-study in Indonesian, namely phoneme changes. This study aims to identify and explain variations in phoneme changes as well as grammatical meanings resulting from these changes. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with primary data sources, namely words spoken by Betawi speakers. Data collection techniques use interview, fishing rod, intensive listening, and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques carried out by researchers include: (1) taking a close look at the data that has been collected, (2) identifying data based on their groups, (3) analyzing data, (4) concluding and presenting the results. The results showed that there were variations in phoneme changes caused by agreement in the geographical scope, afferes, syncope, and apocope type contractions, as well as monophtongization. In addition, there is no change in the grammatical meaning of each word found.

Reflection of Consonant Phonemes /b/ dan/d/ in Toba Batak Language into /p/dan /t/ in Angkola Batak Language

The aim of this research was to describe the reflection of consonant phonemes /b/ and /d/ in Toba Batak language into /p/ and /t/ in Angkola Batak language. The theory used in this paper was the theory of Comparative Historical Linguistics which consists of two views, namely Types of Phonetic Changes and Types of Phonological Processes. The method used by the author was a comparative method between the Toba Batak language and the Angkola Batak language with a focused on the phoneme changes /b/ to /p/ and /d/ to /t/ in both languages. Based on the analysis described in the discussion chapter, it can be concluded that the consonant reflection phonemes /b/ and /d/ in Toba Batak language undergo linear changed to /p/ and /t/ in Angkola Batak language in the initial, middle and final positions. The changing included b > p and d > t, the changed occured consistently in the initial, middle and the final positions

Getting To Know Phoneme And Its Benefits In Sound Science

The purpose of this study is to find out how loanwords from other languages in Indonesian change their phonemes. Changes in vowel and consonant phonemes indicate these changes. The research method combines literature review techniques and qualitative descriptive methods. The data collected are taken from various literature sources and then grouped according to certain criteria. The results showed that language sounds are based on two premises: they usually form symmetrical patterns and the sounds of language usually interact with each other. Phonology also has hypotheses, which serve as the basis of its analysis in the following way, in addition to these two premises. When phonetically similar sounds contrast in minimal pairs, it is first necessary to treat them as different phonemes.

Bentuk Afiks dan Proses Morfofonemik Bahasa Batak Angkola

The Batak Angkola language is one of the regional languages used by the Angkola people in Batang Angkola District, South Tapanuli Regency. This study aims to describe the affix forms and morphophonemic processes of the Batak Angkola language. The type of study is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data in this study are affixed words spoken by three informants from Pintu Padang Village, Batang Angkola District, South Tapanuli Regency. The methods used in data collection are observation and interview methods. Observations were made by listening to speakers of the Batak Angkola language when communicating with each other. The results of the listening are tapped using notes or also known as tapping techniques and note-taking techniques. The interview method was carried out by asking directly the informants who had been selected based on predetermined requirements. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the forms of affixes in the Batak Angkola language are (1) prefixes in the form of ma(N)-, pa(N)-, mar-, tar-, par- and marsi-; (2) suffixes are –kon, -an, and –i; (3) confixes are ma(N)-i, ma(N)-on, pa(N)-kon, mar-an, tar-on, marsi-an, pa(N)-an, and i-kon. The morphophonemic process found are (1) the process of phoneme appearance; (2) phoneme melting; (3) phoneme deletion; (4) phoneme changes; (5) phoneme change, dissolution, and appearance; and (6) phoneme deletion and change.

Production and perception of voicing contrast in assimilation contexts in Hungarian

AbstractThis paper explores to what extent lexical factors, such as minimal pairhood and wordedness, affect the realisation of laryngeal features of the word-final fricatives /s/ and /z/ in Hungarian in potentially neutralising contexts, and whether the observed acoustic differences are perceptually salient enough to distinguish underlying voicing in non-minimal pairs and in minimal pairs in semantically ambiguous contexts. We show that in devoicing contexts the contrast between /s/ and /z/ in minimal pairs is more likely to be upheld than in non-minimal pairs in production, and this difference seems to map onto perceptual contrast, also that complete neutralisation can be prevented in devoicing contexts by durational cues. In the voicing environment, the acoustic difference between the fricatives is less likely to map onto a contrast in perception, indicating neutralisation. In the devoicing context, little voicing is enough to categorise the fricative as voiced: listeners compensate for phonological changes that correspond to existing rules in their language rather than for those that are only coarticulatory in nature.

The Interchange of Personal Names in Muslim Communities: An Onomastic Study

This study investigates the interchange of personal names in nine Muslim communities to find out their linguistic, historical and cultural features. For that purpose, a corpus of personal names common in Arab countries, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Tatarstan was collected, analyzed and classified according to the Cultural, Ethnic and Linguistic (CEL) taxonomy and a text mining technique. Data analysis showed that Arabic names such as "Mohammed, Ali, Fatimah" were borrowed by Muslim communities but underwent phonological changes in the borrowing language as in "Mehmet" in Turkish; "Reza" in Urdu; "Eldin" in Bosnian; and "Musavi" in Farsi and Urdu. Similarly, Arabs borrowed "Nariman, Shahrazad" from Farsi. "Mirvat" was originally borrowed from Arabic "Marwa", and phonologically adapted to Turkish during the Ottoman rule, but was re-adopted and orthographically adapted by Arabs. Theophoric names as Abdullah & Abdul-Aziz are very common in Muslim communities. Some first names as "Iqbal" are feminine in Arab communities but masculine in Pakistan. Nour, Nehad are used for both sexes by Arabs. Historical and cultural interchange are also explicit in the origin of last names. Pakistani last names consist of Arabic, Farsi, and tribal ancestral names. Similarly, some Arabic surnames have Iranian, Indian and Indonesian origin. In many Muslim communities, surnames consist of an Arabic name and a native suffix meaning "son of" as in Mammad-ov in Azerbaijan; Mehmedo-vic in Bosnia; Davud-uglu in Turkey. Other surnames combine an Arabic name with–zadeh, -zai, -Allah (Yusuf-zai, Khalil-zadeh, Saleem-ullah) in Iran and Afghanistan. Muslim communities also borrowed some suffixes used in surnames from each other. The Arabic suffix –ani (Baraz-ani) was borrowed in Farsi, Urdu and Pashto; and the Turkish suffixes –gi and –li were borrowed in Arabic (Mousli, Quwattli, Qahwaji, sharabatli). Surnames containing the Arabic suffixes –ani and –i are added to names of localities (Kordestan-i, Tehran-i, Shiraz-i, Iraq-I, Masri, Hindi) are also common. Further features with examples, together with an overview of the phonological adaptions made in borrowed names are given in detail.

Phonological conditioning of affricate variability in Emirati Arabic

This study investigates the conditioning effects of neighbouring consonants on the realisation of the phonemes /k/ and /dʒ/ in Emirati Arabic (EA), which are optionally realised as [tʃ] and [j], respectively. Based on previous accounts of EA and other Gulf Arabic (GA) dialects, we set out to test the prediction that proximity of other, phonetically similar coronal (COR) obstruents [COR, −son, −cont] and coronal postalveolar fricatives [COR, −ant] inhibit the surface realisation of the affricate variants of these phonemes. We examine elicitation data from twenty young female native speakers of EA, using stimuli with the target segment in the presence of a similar neighbour, as compared to words with the neighbour at a longer distance or with another coronal consonant. The results point to an asymmetry in the behaviour of the voiced and voiceless targets, such that the predicted inhibitory effect is confirmed for the voiced, but not the voiceless target. We argue that this finding, coupled with a consideration of the intra-participant and lexical trends in the data, is compatible with an approach that treats the two processes as being at different stages of development, where the [k∼tʃ] alternation is a completed phonemic change, while the [dʒ∼j] alternation is a synchronic phonological process.

Leksikon dan Fungsi Budaya dalam Gara`i di Provinsi Gorontalo

Lexicon and specific anthropological linguistics reveal the cultural description of the Gorontalo people in gara'i through lingual codes. The method used is descriptive qualitative, namely all research data in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The results of the research and discussion found: (a) out of 30 gara`i there are 16 noun lexicons, 20 verbs containing cultural information and gara`i are constructed by morphophonemic processes of omission, addition, phoneme change and affixation including prefixes, suffixes, and infixes (b) function in gara`i consists of pragmatic, ethical and historical functions.

Japanglish: The Benefits of English Proficiency for Japanese Language Students' Vocabulary Acquisition in North Sumatra

Japanglish is a popular term for absorbing English words into the Japanese language. The phenomenon emerged due to the global usage of English as an international language, which has influenced other languages, including Japanese. As a result, many English loanwords have been absorbed into the Japanese language, particularly for modern terminology. These loanwords are known as gairaigo (外来語) or katakanago (カタカナ語). Although the incorporation process involves morphological and phonological changes, English loanwords are easily recognizable to those who understand English. This study aims to prove that English Proficiency among Japanese language learners can help improve their mastery of Japanese vocabulary and conversational ability. The study was conducted by providing special instructions on the formation and usage of Japanese loanwords in conversation. The study approach is qualitative with a descriptive method, employing behavioral theory and pre-test and post-test evaluation methods. Data were collected through observation of the teaching process and pre-test and post-test results from Japanese language students in Sumatra Utara. The findings indicate that English language proficiency among students offers advantages and influence in the mastery of Japanese vocabulary, especially in loanwords, and facilitates communication in conversation.

Sounds and Sound Changes of Zhi(知) Groups of the Nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕), Jiang(江) in Peking Dialect

The current pronunciation of the initial consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江)phonology in Peking dialect is more related to modern mandarin dialect’s phonetic historical separation and combination rather than separation and combination. In the modern Mandarin dialect, it is also related to the pronunciation change that the confluence of Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and the sound in the vowel of long consonant letters and the confluence of Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江)Zhi er(知二). Until now, there haven’t been many researches in the academic, on 1. What important changes have occurred in the consonants and vowels in the ancient & medieval Mandarin about Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江) and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang (章) pronunciation in the modern Mandarin dialect change, and 2. What kind of relationship exists between various phonological changes. This thesis will examine the pronunciation of the consonants of middle ages, nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) pronunciation in modern Mandarin, using the division of ancient, medieval, and modern pronunciations as a clue. Also, based on the Mandarin dialect and historical documents, we will discuss the process of transition of nasal-coda Rhymes of Dang(宕) jiang(江), and consonants of Zhi(知) Zhuang(庄) Zhang(章) pronunciation in the ancient and medieval periods in modern Mandarin.

Brain Lateralization for Language, Vocabulary Development and Handedness at 18 Months

Is hemisphere lateralization for speech processing linked to handedness? To answer this question, we compared hemisphere lateralization for speech processing and handedness in 18-month-old infants, the age at which infants start to produce words and reach a stable pattern of handedness. To assess hemisphere lateralization for speech perception, we coupled event-related potential (ERP) recordings with a syllable-discrimination paradigm and measured response differences to a change in phoneme or voice (different speaker) in the left and right clusters of electrodes. To assess handedness, we gave a 15-item grasping test to infants. We also evaluated infants’ range of vocabulary to assess whether it was associated with direction and degree of handedness and language brain asymmetries. Brain signals in response to a change in phoneme and voice were left- and right-lateralized, respectively, indicating functional brain lateralization for speech processing in infants. Handedness and brain asymmetry for speech processing were not related. In addition, there were no interactions between the range of vocabulary and asymmetry in brain responses, even for a phoneme change. Together, a high degree of right-handedness and greater vocabulary range were associated with an increase in ERP amplitudes in voice condition, irrespective of hemisphere side, suggesting that they influence discrimination during voice processing.

Perubahan Fonologis Protobahasa Minangkabau dalam Isolek Koto Tinggi

This study describes the types of phonological changes that occur from the Minangkabau protolanguage in an isolect of Koto Tinggi. The research is conducted by applying listening and speaking methods, as well as recording and note-taking techniques in the process of providing data. Triangulation techniques are used to test the validity of the data. Furthermore, the data are analyzed by using a top-down reconstruction approach and an articulatory phonetic method. After being compared, the data are grouped based on the types of sound changes. The data analysis results are presented descriptively using formal and informal methods. The result shows that Minangkabau protolanguage undergoes phonological changes in the isolect of Koto Tinggi in the form of (1) lenition; (2) fortition; (3) dissimilation; (4) sound loss, which includes apheresis, syncope, apocope, and haplology; (5) sound addition, namely prothesis and paragoge; and (6) diphthongization process. Phonological changes do not occur in all sounds and are incomplete in all positions.

Analisis Fonem terhadap Bahasa Slang di Sosial Media Twitter, Instagram dan Facebook

The development of the times has had such a big impact on social media in its use. The higher the enthusiasm of social media users, the higher the variety of languages ​​used. Basically, the problem that we want to know is how the form, meaning, and function of slang at the phonological level are compared to standard Indonesian in Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook social media. The scope of the following research is on social media Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. The research method used is the observation method. Data is concentrated through observation and recording of slang uploaded on social media Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. The analysis technique is a qualitative descriptive technique to describe, examine and analyze the problems to be studied. The data collected is in the form of seventy slang on social media Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook which have been thoroughly studied so as to obtain conclusions about slang phonemes on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook social media. On social media Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook there are additions, subtractions, changes in phonemes

Phonological Change Error Patterns according to Type of Tasks (Reading, Writing) of Students with Dyslexia

Objectives: This study compared 3rd and 4th grade students with dyslexia with typically developing children who were matched according to decoding ability, confirmed the characteristics of students with dyslexia according to reading and writing tasks the phonological change, and analyzed the types of errors.Methods: 12 students with dyslexia in the 3rd and 4th grade of elementary school who scored between 70 and 90 points in the KOLRA decoding standard score, and 12 typically developing children whose decoding raw score was ± 5 points of the students with dyslexia were asked to read and write sentences in which phonological changes occured.Results: First, there was no significant difference in reading and writing accuracy between the two groups, and the two groups had significantly lower writing accuracy compared with reading. Second, the interaction effect between task type and phonological change was confirmed. Third, in the reading task, the two groups both showed the most errors in the phonological change error type ①, and students with dyslexia had a higher rate of semantical errors than typically developing children. In the writing task, students with dyslexia showed a higher number of phonological change errors ① than typically developing children, those being the most common type of errors in students with dyslexia.Conclusion: This study confirmed that typically developing children and students with dyslexia with similar decoding abilities show similar developmental patterns; and by analyzing the types of errors in students with dyslexia, an intervention plan for students with dyslexia that focuses on phonological change rules can be established.

Phonological Change in Hebrew Words Borrowed into Palestinian Arabic in the Hebron City

Introduction: Phonology is one of the core subfields of linguistics that involves the organization and use of human speech sounds, or phonemes, in a language. Over time, the pronunciation principles of a language may change, resulting in a phenomenon called phonological change. Phonological change occurs when language users modify the distribution of phonemes in a language. The current study aimed to explain the phonological changes that occur in Hebrew words borrowed into Palestinian Arabic in Hebron city, using a borrowing scale and to explain the differences in phonological forms between Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic by comparing the original Hebrew words with the borrowed Hebrew words in terms of the phonetic modifications made in Palestinian Arabic.
 Methodology: The study involved 100 Arabic-speaking Palestinians of both genders residing in Hebron city, most of whom spoke Hebrew and worked with Jews regularly. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with each participant to achieve the objectives of the study. The interviews were recorded, and the questions focused on their profession, favorite meals, daily routines, frequently visited places, education, and technology. A total of 32 hours of conversations were recorded and analyzed.
 Results: The results indicated that the most common types of phonological changes in Palestinian Arabic were the substitution phenomenon (consonant substitution and vowel substitution), epenthesis, and deletion.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that the lexical borrowing of Hebrew words by Palestinian Arabic has led to various phonological changes to the Palestinian Arabic lexicon in Hebron.

Reconstruction of Proto Central of Pahang River Phoneme

This study reconstructed the proto-phoneme of consonants for a subdialect in the central basin of the Pahang River. The length of this river is 459 kilometres, and the area in the centre part of the river was selected to perform comparative linguistics observations. Five research sites were selected for this study purpose, namely Kuala Tembeling (KT), Lada (LDA), Jeransang (JRG), Kedondong (DDG), and Bukit Nikmat (BMT), based on their distinctive phonological characteristics. The research sites were visited twice to ensure the authenticity of the gathered data. The data were screened to extract cognate words using Crowley’s framework. Crowley’s sound correspondence set (SCS) was employed to evaluate and extract proto-phonemes. After the phonemes were retrieved, the reconstructed proto-phoneme of Adelaar was used as a point of comparison. The findings revealed that Proto-Centre Pahang river (PCPr) has 18 ancient consonant phonemes (*p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *ɡ, *m, *n, *ɲ, *ŋ, *l, *s, *ɣ, *h, *c, *ɟ, *w, and *j). The distribution of these consonants is diverse and depends on the consonant type. A vocalic feature of PCPr, such as vowels and diphthongs, should be the subject of future discussion to arrive at definitive conclusions regarding phonological changes between PCPr and Proto-Malayic (PM).

MECHANISM OF MARINE POLLUTION - THE CASE OF PAKISTAN

The aim of this paper is to study the major causes of marine pollution & its negative effects on coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan in Pakistan; the role of the regulatory setup to control marine pollution; and the status of local & international legal implications in Pakistan. In addition, due to ports & shipping developments/activities, they are causing environmental and human health problems by disrupting the ocean ecosystem and biota. This paper also identifies the direct and indirect sources of marine pollution through ports & shipping activities, infrastructural developments, and the discharge of wastes into the sea from different sources. It also explores the failures of the system to control marine pollution due to the lack of political will, unsustainable management practices, lack of traditional knowledge and modern standards and technologies, lack of community participation, and not ratifying the mandatory laws and conventions on marine pollution nor proper implementation of them. The analysis indicates the weakness of the implications of the legal setup as per international standards (by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)). The results showed that only pollution by ports and shipping activities is an insignificant reason for the weakness of the shipping business. The analysis shows that legal bodies, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs (MOMA), associated organizations, policy matters, the role of ports of Sindh and Balochistan, and coastal communities have less understanding about management and procedures to control pollution in the coastal areas and in the sea. It can be concluded that pollutants can cause a variety of biological effects, including metabolic dysfunction, genetic damage, and phonological changes. Therefore, it is recommended that the government formulate specific policies within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 14)-2015-2030 and UN Ocean Decade Challenges for 2021–2030 that would develop the significant objectives and implementation plans for the green environment, which would contain potential procedures for the sustainable growth of ports and shipping businesses through compliance with IMO standards and maintain the positive relationship between national and international levels.

The Historical Changes of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic: A Phonological Analysis

This paper seeks to explore the potential phonological reasons for the historical change of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic and the influence of these two consonants on the frequency and duration of vowels, such as /i/ sound through the prism of acoustic analysis. The /k/ phoneme transforms into [ts] and /q/ transforms into [ɡ] and [dz] in many Najdi Arabic words. This transformational process is called ‘palatalization’. Although it is a universal phenomenon, palatalization in Najdi Arabic has specific characteristic features. The main reason for this specificity is that the Najdi dialect had not been in contact with any other foreign languages in Najd region (the region of Najdi speakers) to create the affrication. This historical change is thus attributable to phonological reasons motivated by specific phonological features. Data were extracted from two recordings by two native speakers of the Najdi dialect who produced 217 words. They were phonologically transcribed and analyzed by the researcher to understand the motivation for the phonological change of these two consonants. Additionally, Pratt software was used to analyze the data to explore the influence of consonants on the /i/ sound frequency and duration. The results revealed that the palatalization of [ts] and [dz] does not occur in all the Najdi Arabic words, but only in some due to specific phonological features. The phonological patterns of /k/ and /q/ rely on the place of vocalic articulation preceding and following them.

CODE MIXING USED BY K-POP LOVERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Code mixing is a global phenomenon since social media emerged as a communication medium for K-Pop lovers in Indonesia. It happens when a speaker/writer uses two or more languages in an utterance/sentence. This research is aiming to explore the types and reasons for code-mixing. The researchers applied the qualitative method using content analysis. The result shows that there are 12 Korean codes and one English code inserted in Bahasa Indonesia as the major code. Intra-sentential or insertion of other codes in the main code is used dominantly by the participants. Other types such as inter-sentential, phonological change, alternation, and congruent lexicalization are not used since the participant did not have any capacity to combine Korean morphemes with Bahasa Indonesia morphemes. Additionally, the reason for using code mixing is analyzed and shows that the participant wants to show their group identity and to talk about certain topics.