Philosophical Justification Research Articles

The visual content of neural networks as a return to the third-order simulacrum

This article is part of a larger study of design as a cultural phenomenon. In this part of the study, the author examines the process that is currently taking place in the semiotic structure of design, associated with the active introduction of neural networks into the creation of visual content. Artificial intelligence products stylistically take the design away from the fourth-order simulacrum (from the flat design style) and return the design to using the third-order simulacrum as the main iconic form.The object of the research is the transformation of the semiotic design system. The subject of the study is a return to the third–order simulacrum in modern design. The purpose of the study is to show and try to explain how in modern design there is a return to the use of a third-order simulacrum. The research method is a semiotic analysis of modern design based on the methodology of R. Barth's semiotic analysis. The study is also based on J. Baudrillard's theory of semiosis in hyperreality and three orders of simulacra. The author sees the philosophical justification of the art of neural networks in the concept of flat ontologies. The study of the semiotic structure of design allows us to see that the logic of design development carries this phenomenon through successive stages of semiosis associated with a decrease in meaning and a diminution of being. In its development, the design consistently uses first index signs, a second-order simulacrum, then a third-order simulacrum as the main sign form. Nowadays, the main iconic form in design has become a fourth-order simulacrum. Next, design had to either end as a profession and phenomenon, or move into a new cultural paradigm that was not related to simulation. However, unexpected transformations have begun to occur in design, due to the active involvement of non–human agents - neural networks – in the creation of visual content. Neural network products are a typical example of a third-order simulacrum. Thanks to the use of neural networks, modern design finally acquires the vector of transhumanism and closes in simulation.

Foolishness in the work of Galina Ustvolskaya

The subject of the article is the phenomenon of foolishness in the works of Galina Ustvolskaya. The author suggests that in the external manifestations of this phenomenon (protest, denunciation) there is an underlying tragic content. In the opinion of the author, the urge towards extremes, as a typical feature of Ustvolskaya's creativity, is the composer's desire to conceal emotion in her compositions. This emotional tension is the very reason for the intonational ambivalence of Ustvolskaya's musical language. In this connection, the author identifies similarities in the composer's work with the foolishness described in Natalia Rostova's monograph, The Man of Reverse Perspective. In this study, the figure of the foolish man is compared to an icon, a reverse perspective which implies a multiplicity of viewpoints. For Ustvolskaya, this multiplicity of meanings is transformed into a special method - genre diffusion. The scientific novelty of the presented study lies in the author's interpretation of the metaphor of foolishness in the works of Ustvolskaya in the context of philosophical justification of this phenomenon. The author's special contribution to the theme's research is the analysis of some specific features of Galina Ustvolskaya's musical style on the example of her piano works. The article provides the notational examples of Twelve Preludes for Piano as well as Third and Fourth Piano Sonatas as the most vivid illustrations of the author's stance. The presented works focus on the intonation and genre spheres as well as outline the further development of these spheres.

Somatophilic Rationality for Reproductive Justice

A dominant strand of second wave feminism, represented in this essay by Firestone, is tied to a belief in technology to achieve reproductive justice, echoing Western somatophobic rationality. As such, it has difficulty formulating a critique of institutionalized reproductive technologies that have the capacity to perpetuate systemic racializing and misogynous violence, and envisioning a philosophy of reproductive justice where care for the body takes central stage. In this essay, we offer a perspective on achieving reproductive justice from an age-old position largely neglected by feminism: that of midwifery. Midwifery has always been wary of technology in the field of reproduction, having first-hand experience with its consequences in birth and pregnancy, and has developed a field of scholarship critiquing its misuse. Simultaneously, midwifery negotiates technology from a position that prioritizes experiential, embodied, and tacit knowledge. Midwifery’s epistemological standpoint is that of a somatophilic rationality of thinking with the body, guarding women and birthing people’s reproductive autonomy through a specific technē that uses both technology and nature. A certain tendency in midwifery is, however, developing more and more towards an anti-technological essentialism. This essay therefore brings into dialogue Firestone’s Marxist women’s liberation through the elimination of biological sex with the help of technology, and midwifery’s somatophilic epistemic standpoint, to develop a feminist rational engagement with nature that can achieve reproductive justice, on the basis of their shared biological materialism.

The “Level-Based” System of Cognition of Law As an Epistemological Matrix of Jurisprudence

The direction of theoretical thinking was previously outlined by dialectical materialism (the philosophy and methodology of Marxism), which established general principles of knowledge, including in the field of studying legal reality. After downplaying the importance of this scientific cognitive system, a situation of methodological chaos arose. Legal ideas (concepts, theories, doctrines) began to be formulated in isolation from each other, without any obvious common guidelines. Sometimes this led to positive results and the emergence of new original approaches, but it did not become a general rule. People began to talk more and more often about the crisis of domestic jurisprudence. Despite the bias of such statements, it is necessary to recognize the presence of certain problems: “endless interpretations” and “reinterpretations”. To achieve new results, it is necessary to improve cognitive tools and discover new facets of seemingly already familiar phenomena. In this capacity, it is proposed to pay attention to the underestimated epistemological potential of the “level” system of cognition. In a truncated form, it existed “in the shadow” of the previously mentioned scientific cognitive system, in some aspects it was part of it, but its instrumental capabilities in the field of jurisprudence were used very limitedly. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the epistemological potential of the “level-based” system of cognition of law in relation to the needs of legal science. Research methods: at the stage of collecting empirical information: abstraction, induction, empirical analysis; at the stage of theoretical understanding: idealization, constructive introduction of theoretical objects, logical reduction; at the metatheoretical level: general scientific and philosophical justification. As a result of the study: the logical structure of the “level-based” system of cognition of law was clarified in terms of: a) identifying its two sublevels: legal metaphenomena of the theoretical level and legal metaphenomena of the philosophical level; b) establishing a “border of meaning” that unites bordering levels of knowledge; it was proposed to introduce the term “legal metaphenomena” into scientific circulation; the cognitive potential of the “level” approach has been explored in the following issues: systematization of legal categories through the study of categorical relationships, interdisciplinary interaction, transdisciplinary approach, formation of an epistemological agenda.

Footprints on the Sands of Time: Mahatma Gandhi's Enduring Legacy and Global Influence

The legacy of Mahatma Gandhi, often referred to as the Father of the Nation in India, extends far beyond the borders of his homeland. His life and teachings continue to inspire and influence individuals and movements worldwide. This research paper explores the enduring impact of Gandhi's philosophy of truth, nonviolence, and social justice on a global scale. Drawing upon historical context, literary analysis, and contemporary relevance, the paper examines how Gandhi's footprints on the sands of time have shaped societies, politics, literature, and culture around the world. From his role in India's struggle for independence to his advocacy for human rights and peace, Gandhi's principles resonate in the 21st century and offer valuable insights into addressing pressing global challenges. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this paper seeks to illuminate the multifaceted dimensions of Gandhi's legacy and its significance in today's world.

Метаморфозы тела в контексте цифровой моды

The article is devoted to the study of hybrid images in digital fashion, to which the concept of “metamorphoses” can be applied. Using the concept of “metamorphoses” both form and content of visual objects are analyzed simultaneously, which corresponds to the idea of overcoming binarity, namely philosophical essentialism in relation to the concept of the human body and human subjectivity. Instead of a unitary subject, we propose an “expanded” vision of the human being as undergoing constant transformation depending on the internal and external environment. The philosophical justification for this position is based on the notion of “becoming” by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, as well as the concept of “metamorphoses” by Rosi Braidotti. The author also refers to Ovid’s poetic work of the same name as a primary source of the idea of metamorphoses and as a collection of myths that inspire designers around the world. The article examines images-metamorphoses of digital designers and brands such as The Fabricant x Trs.Mnz, Bad Binch TONGTONG with XTENDED IDENTITY, Tribute, Eva Iszoro, Antoni Tudisco, etc. They have become famous thanks to their placement on recognized digital clothing markets such as The Fabricant, The Dematerialized, and participation with digital shows in official fashion weeks. The author concludes that the concept of metamorphoses is a visual and methodological tool that permits one to analyze the relationship between man, animal, and machine. Metamorphoses are not only a way to represent the diversity of bodies, but also an occasion for discussion regarding aesthetics, politics and ethics from the point of view of these bodies.

КОНФУЦИЙШІЛДІК ЖӘНЕ ЛЕГИЗМ БИЛІК ФЕНОМЕНІ ТУРАЛЫ

This article examines the conceptual differences and similarities in the teachings of Confucius and Lao Tzu regarding the phenomenon of power. The research is based on the analysis of the primary sources: Confucius and Lao Tzu, in order to identify their philosophical views on the nature, function and principles of power in government. The key texts of Confucius and Lao Tzu are analyzed in detail, which allows a deeper understanding of their vision of power and governance. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the doctrine of power in Confucianism and the philosophical justification of despotic power in the ancient Chinese epic-political doctrine «fa jia» (in the Western tradition it is called legalism). The study of the phenomenon of power in the philosophy of ancient China inevitably leads to the consideration of two key figures - Confucius and Lao Tzu. These thinkers offered different but complementary views on the nature of power and the governance of society. Power, according to Confucius, should be based on the moral qualities of the ruler. A wise leader serves as an example for his subjects, establishing stability and harmony. Confucius argued that the moral self-improvement of a leader is the basis for the legitimacy of his authority. The Legists argued that optimal control is achieved through minimal intervention. The ruler should allow natural processes to occur smoothly, avoiding excessive control and coercion. Softness and fluidity are more important than strength and rigidity. Both Confucians and legists alike considered the relationship of man, society and the state. They considered hierarchy to be the principle of this ratio. At its top is the state headed by the ruler, the middle is occupied by society, and at the bottom is a person. A person belongs to society, and both of them belong to the state. The state belongs to the ruler (monarch). Thus, both Confucians and Legists recognized the same form of government as the only correct ones. Both also saw the ideal of a state structure in an exemplary manner. However, the understanding of the methods by which this order is achieved is fundamentally different between Confucians and Legists.

Spatial Planning and Philosophy of Justice: Corrective Action on Commutative Justice Theory (A Study in Kalimantan, Indonesia)

The absence of an ideal legal norm in determining an equitable spatial arrangement and provision of land has created a major problem with the increase of certificate production concerning property rights and granting permits for managing areas. This research used normative juridical research methods with a philosophic research approach which analyzed research results that produce descriptive analysis data related to holistic written and examined data. Results show that an ideal breakthrough is required to provide a balanced solution between spatial planning and the provision of land for certificate products especially for indigenous people. The breakthrough can be in the form of corrective actions that can be implemented to provide a balance and an ideal solution for spatial planning and the provision of land for certificate products, especially in district/city areas. In addition, the basic principles of commutative justice are considered capable of providing equality, balance, and harmony among the existing laws.

Analogies or Ontologies? On the Unreasonable Effectiveness of ‘Code’ in the Life Sciences

How and why, historian of science Lily Kay asks, did the ‘biological problem of DNA-based protein synthesis’ come to be represented ‘as an information code and a writing technology?’ What sort of metaphor was ‘code’ for these bio-geneticists? One whose run-away expansion, Derrida noted in Of Grammatology (1967), urgently required philosophical justification. Yet, 60 years later, there is still fundamental disagreement about its meaning and epistemic status. If the metaphor lacks ontological purchase, what accounts for its effectiveness? If, on the other hand, scriptural metaphors get at the common root of culture and biology, what do we now mean by ‘code’? In this article, I trace several influential accounts of the metaphor’s effectiveness—making explicit the opposing notions of ‘code’ that animate them—and argue that each is too limited. Greater attention to the metaphoricity of ‘code’ yields a more philosophically productive and critical account of the metaphor of code.

Legal analysis of certain aspects of the mechanism of constitutional-legal protection of human and citizen rights and its nature

Constitutional law, as a branch of the national law of Ukraine, performs an extremely important function and plays a special role in the legal system of the state, serving as a foundation, a basis for the development of legal regulation of the behavior of an indefinite circle of unidentified subjects, the foundations of state power, etc., and at the same time, constitutional law regulates the most important fundamental aspects of compliance with the rule of law as such. The extremely important purpose of the existence of the constitutional and legal regulation of the most important social relations is, first of all, the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, which are guaranteed by the Constitution.
 This article is devoted to the study of theoretical and normative elements of the mechanism of constitutional-legal protection of human and citizen rights, their constitutional-legal characteristics and constitutional-legal analysis.
 Within the framework of this study, the content of specific norms of the Constitution of Ukraine was analyzed and their constituent parts were investigated and characterized. At the same time, the legal approaches of other scientists on this issue were additionally determined and the results of their scientific works were included in the research.
 In order to achieve the goal of this study, both specific norms of the Constitution of Ukraine and their properties provided for by the Constitution itself were used, as well as specific elements of the mechanism of constitutional-legal protection were analyzed on a practical level.
 In addition, in accordance with the purpose of this study, a separate theoretical and philosophical approach was formulated, described and analyzed to secure the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen at the constitutional-legal level, the highest in terms of legal force, as an element of the mechanism for the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen.
 The conducted analysis of the mechanism of constitutional-legal protection of human and citizen rights and freedoms, its constituent elements and legal nature, makes it possible to come to a conclusion about the complexity of such a mechanism and the need for not only a legal, but also a philosophical understanding of its essence, since regulatory and legal regulation and consolidation mechanism of the constitutional-legal protection of the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen is a matter of exceptional social and state importance, and therefore requires proper theoretical and, at the same time, philosophical justification.

Integrity, Vulnerability, and Temporality

This paper asks how to account for vulnerable integrity in the temporal dynamism of human lives without relying on a subtractive vision of integral human nature, borrowing from presumed past or future rationality and maturity, or depending on an external attribution of dignity. Illustrating the challenges with vignettes from the author’s life, it argues inductively that human integrity includes morally inviolable vulnerability to others with whom we are in interdependent relationship and without whom we cannot develop or maintain our selves. Others reside at the core of our integrity, for better and for worse, and we reside at theirs. Augustine’s accounts of memory, time, and the narrative self; Whiteheadian process thought’s understanding of continuity through change; and feminist theories of narrative all provide theological and philosophical justifications for this vision of integrity. John Wall’s and Johan Brännmark’s non-foundational approaches to integrity and human rights lead us to the same conclusion without entailing theological anthropological claims, ensuring its relevance in a pluralist culture.

Philosophy Of Justice In Post-Modern Labor Law: What And How?

The main objective of this research is to examine the concept of justice in labor law which has developed in the context of the post-modern era as marked by rapid social and technological changes and a more inclusive view of justice. By using normative research, researchers will conduct an in-depth analysis of relevant literature on the philosophy of justice, labor law, and postmodernism as part of primary and secondary legal materials. The data collection process will involve a thorough literature review, analysis of legal texts, and examination of related documents and articles from reliable sources. The differentiation of this study from other studies is its comprehensive analytical approach to understanding justice in labor law and its focus on changes and adaptations that occur in the post-modern era. these findings will explain the concept of justice in the workplace that has adapted to the challenges of the times. In addition, this study aims to identify obstacles and opportunities in building a fair, diverse and efficient employment system for all stakeholders. By paying attention to social dynamics, technology, and postmodern values, researchers hope that labor law can be more responsive and flexible in maintaining a sense of justice and the balance of power between employers and workers.

AI as Part of the Pedagogy: A Restorative Justice Approach

Concerns around academic integrity (AI) are a national and international focus, as academic misconduct incidents have increased in recent years. Most institutions have committees, departments and policies dedicated to addressing AI, and increasingly recognize the punitive approach as ineffective and counter-productive. Accordingly, many institutions have transitioned from a punitive and reactive approach to an educational and preventative approach, and various faculty members struggle to develop strategies supporting this approach. Restorative justice provides a strong foundation and framework for this transition. Dr. Pawlychka will outline the restorative justice philosophy and share innovative and practical strategies for faculty to use in the classroom to increase student responsibility and capacity for AI while strengthening the faculty-student relationship. Her approach to fostering a culture of academic integrity begins at course and curricula development and continues through all aspects of course delivery, in-class discussion, and instructor-student contact. She will share pedagogical methods, based on RJ philosophy, current research, professional experience, and student feedback, that have resulted in decreased academic misconduct incidents, strengthened student commitment to academic integrity, and enhanced enjoyment of both teaching and learning! Strategies presented will include tips for in-class AI discussion, redefining terminology, development of AI handouts and assignments, and restorative approaches when meeting with students. Participants are invited to bring ‘scenarios’ for discussion.

Цивилизационный субъект в ХХI в. и моральный универсализм

The article is devoted to some reflections on how a civilizational subject should behave in the conditions of the degradation of Western culture that has emerged in the 21st century and the resurrection of the idea of essentially tribal or ethnic separatism in the world community. At the same time, the coming era is characterized by the philosophical justification of the “truth” of the golden billion, the realization of which involves the disappearance of seven billion human lives. The thinking of the last century led humanity to a global catastrophe, to the closing of the path to truth. The affirmation of the real truth of global geopolitics as the design of the will to power as the original absolute truth was a consequence of the recognition of the death of God as a stream of non-truth of a metaphysical idea. The author believes that the main element of the direction of the current situation is moral universalism, which develops into universal philosophical truth. Such universalism unites people with their ethnic, national and other differences. This universalism of the truth of being is based of a real policy of harmonization of human relations, combining the civilizational reconstruction of industrial and social life with its adaptation to environmental practice, ensuring the preservation of nature and humans. The author draws on the cultural ideas of Eastern and Western philosophers: Nishida Kitaro, Hobbes, Hegel, Bergson, Heidegger, Schelling, Rosenzweig.

Современные тенденции управления знаниями (инженерия знаний)

Knowledge management today is a promising area of research, since, as an independent disci-pline, in fact, it appeared in Russia and began to develop from the second half of the 2010s. The initial data for Russian researchers were foreign materials and publications, since in the West knowledge management emerged as an independent field of knowledge somewhat earlier, approximately from the beginning of the 20th century. Knowledge management trends began to emerge within large IT corporations, which began to reveal the connection between innovations produced by organizations and the transfer of knowledge between employees. The authors of this article aimed to provide a detailed overview of current modern trends in knowledge management, as well as explore their philosophical justification. The article discusses such trends as: the study and development of the concept of knowledge management itself, the development and im-provement of KMS, as well as knowledge management models, the study and identification of knowledge management tools. For each of the listed areas of research, a review of the literature is given, as well as the features of knowledge management as a discipline. According to the results of the review, it can be argued that the trend that began within Western IT corporations to preserve and reuse knowledge within the company is actively spreading not only to other industries, but also globally, acquiring its own unique features as an independent area of research.

The Concept of Security in Turkish History and Culture

An analysis of the evolution of academic approaches to security issues in Turkish politics will help shed light on the development of Turkish political thought and the main theories and ideas that served as a catalyst for this process. This study is especially relevant in the modern context when the Turkish political establishment is regarded as more private and the underlying foreign policy documents are primarily classified. In addition, this study is able to give a new evaluation of a number of problems related to changes in the foreign policy of the Republic of Türkiye and provide a more relevant understanding of the logic behind Ankara's actions. The subject of this paper is the philosophical and theoretical justification of the Turkish state's political approach to security issues. The main methodological tools in this regard seem historical-chronological and historicalgenetic methods — their use will allow to consider and highlight the causal factors in the evolution of Turkey's approaches to ensuring its own security. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the issues of the evolution of the security concept in the Turkish political discourse have been little addressed in Russian Turkology and mainly do not go beyond the foreign policy of the ruling Justice and Development Party. The present paper aims at a comprehensive study of security issues in the perspective of Turkish history from the early days of the Beylik of Osman to the modern Republic of Türkiye. The conducted research shows that Turkish political thought has gradually changed according to Türkiye's foreign policy agenda and the goals that the ruling circles of the Turkish state set for themselves throughout its history.

Reevaluation and Reorientation of the Philosophy of Retributive Justice to Restorative Justice in Imposing Criminal Sanctions

In the last few decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the provision of criminal sanctions from retributive justice to restorative justice. Retributive justice assumes that criminal punishment must be based on the concept of revenge and retribution for the mistakes made by the perpetrator, while restorative justice emphasizes recovery for the victim and repairing the damaged relationship between the perpetrator and the victim. This study discusses the re-evaluation and reorientation of the philosophy of retributive justice to restorative justice in imposing criminal sanctions, as well as the purpose of punishment itself. This article presents the history and basic concepts of both types of justice, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. In addition, this research also discusses the application of restorative justice in sentencing practices and how this approach can help improve the relationship between perpetrators and victims, as well as prevent crimes from occurring in the future. By examining and considering both approaches, this research can help improve the existing penal system to achieve goals that are more effective and fairer for all parties involved in the sentencing process.

Implementation Of Restorative Justice As A Justice Law Enforcement In Indonesia

The law enforcement framework will in general save essential standards as far as satisfying equity, exclusively because of reasons of satisfying legitimate sureness. Victims in a crime, in the National Legal System, the position is not profitable. Because the victim, in the (Criminal) Judicial System, is only an accessory, not the main actor or just a witness. The type of research used by the author in compiling this research is normative legal research or library law research. It should be emphasized that restorative justice is fundamentally a concept, both about justice and due process, not a theory. Because it is the basis for the development of the judiciary, restorative justice is referred to as the philosophy of justice. So, it is possible to view restorative justice as a collection of legal procedures that primarily seek to repair (recover) the losses suffered by crime victims. In the science of criminal law, justice must try to restore the situation to how it was before the crime was committed. The situation changes when someone breaks the law. So that's where the role of law is to protect the rights of every victim of crime. Helpful equity additionally accentuates common liberties and the need to perceive the impacts of social unfairness and in basic ways review them, as opposed to just giving the culprits formal or lawful equity and casualties not getting any equity. Supportive equity likewise looks to reestablish casualties' security, individual regard, respect, and all the more significantly, a feeling of control. The helpful equity framework can be applied in the event that the lawful culture in a nation requires its execution for a specific case.

Re-educating thinking: philosophy, education, and pragmatism

Abstract John Dewey stated that ‘[h]owever far apart philosophy and educational theory may later have become, in their beginnings they were strictly identical.' Dewey's ‘progressivism' in Democracy and Education rests on this communion. A self-reflective philosophical education by the community, about the community, for the community, would create the conditions for the advance of social justice. But new progressive ideas championing redistributive justice might appear to be in worryingly short supply. That is one reason, among many, why Philip Kitcher’s The Main Enterprise of the World is to be welcomed. His rethinking about education amounts to a radical re-education of our thinking about social justice, seeking redistribution of wealth, reduction of privilege, and a redefinition of what is valuable for people and planet in regard to production, distribution, and consumption. I will summarize his book and offer critical thoughts on it relating to three themes: the relation of his proposed Deweyan Society to some current and powerful criticisms of Western rationality; his proposals for classrooms; and the extent to which its own pragmatic philosophical justifications are open to deeper philosophical and educational significance.

Homeless Encampments: A Philosophical Justification

Homeless Encampments: A Philosophical Justification