Philosophical Discipline Research Articles

Единство эпистемологии и онтологии как реальные основания научного реализма

Epistemology and ontology are usually regarded as independent philosophical disciplines. However, the idea of their unity provides the basis for the correct interpretation of the concept of scientific realism as the development of the idea of methodological unity in science, which allows one to distinguish various subject areas, but approach them uniformly. Thus, scientific realism is associated with scientific practice as the idea of a single interpretation of phenomena using appropriate theoretical tools.

O novo ensino médio e o papel da filosofia como antidespótica: o currículo como estratégia política

In this article - based on the theoretical assumptions of Michel Foucault - we seek to understand how the implementation of the New High School curriculum is presented discursively through the advertising widely promoted on the website of the Ministry of Education - MEC. We intend to detect the discourse of promotion deriving from governmental instances about this curriculum to be able to analyze it as a political and power strategy. For this purpose, we focus our attention on the discourse that retakes the economic man (FOUCAULT, 2008 [1979]). Moreover, we also seek to analyze the erasure of the Philosophy discipline within this New High School curriculum. Our attempt to understand such erasure is based on Foucault's (2010 [1978]) postulate that says that philosophers in Western societies are eminently opposed to all forms of oppression.

Filosofia no ensino fundamental: formando cidadãos críticos?

Este artigo apresenta os principais pontos do programa “Filosofia para Crianças”, criado pelo filósofo norte-americano Matthew Lipman na década de 1960, que propõe a introdução da disciplina filosofia no ensino fundamental e na educação infantil, expondo seus fundamentos e métodos. Explica alguns conceitos-chave do programa, tais como o ideal de democracia e de “comunidade de investigação”, analisando sua relação com o sistema escolar e a sociedade instituída. Realiza críticas a alguns aspectos desse programa e questiona a coerência e a pertinência de sua pretensão filosófica e de formação crítica, contrapondo o seu modelo antropológico ideal, baseado na valorização do potencial racional do humano, a uma visão antropológica menos definida e delimitada.

Methodological Nationalism in Global Studies and Beyond

Global studies, or the study of globalization, is a diverse field of research, with different disciplinary focuses and with some national versions. Russian Alexander Chumakov constructed it as a philosophical discipline, while in U.S. academia it is considered an empirical inquiry at the intersection of area studies, international studies, and international relations. This paper focuses on American global studies, pointing out the heavy epistemological burden it inherited from the field of knowledge dominated by international relations, which enshrines both methodological and political nationalism. International relations makes claims to be the sole theory originator in this field, but it may be criticized for several methodological and ethical issues (such as unwarranted simplifications that purge empirical contents to the point of unfalsifiability, antiquated epistemic ideals, Western and hegemonic biases, besides methodological nationalism), thus alternate theorizations are highly desirable.

On the Subject of Cognition at Historiography of Philosophy

Historiography of philosophy as a philosophical discipline has an ambivalent status. It must seek facts and care about thoughts. The discussion on this subject is continuing. The purpose of this article is to clarify the specific role of the subjectivity in the historiography of philosophy and consider functions and forms of its presence in research texts. Actually, texts are the place in which a researcher carries out him/herself as the researcher. So, he/she obtains the identity in the text or does not at all. It means that the subjectivity as the instance of the cognitive activity does not coincide with the empirical subject and must be reconstructed in the text. It is the first. The second is that in the text the researcher builds bridges between past and present: the past gains access to the present, and vice versa – the present has access to the past. He/ she does not speak with the own voice but must hear another. The third is that the existence of interpreters as a social group rejects the legitimacy of a direct contact between the text and the reader and promises the contact in the text of the researcher. Taking to account these assumptions I show a role of subjectivity in the sort of cognition, which historiography of philosophy is. I give answers to such questions. What do the historians of philosophy say in his/her texts? What is the specificity of philosophical communication with the past? What requirements to the reader do the philosophical texts “put forward”? What is the role of mood and feeling in saving contacts with philosophical thought of the past? The analysis is based on some theoretical ideas of Y. Ch. Zarka (Philosophical History of Philosophy) and F. R. Ankersmit (sublime historical experience). The conclusions are confirmed with a brief comparative analysis of two publications on the philosophy of the eighteenth century.Article received 15.02.2019

Responsibility and Robot Ethics: A Critical Overview

This paper has three concerns: first, it represents an etymological and genealogical study of the phenomenon of responsibility. Secondly, it gives an overview of the three fields of robot ethics as a philosophical discipline and discusses the fundamental questions that arise within these three fields. Thirdly, it will be explained how in these three fields of robot ethics is spoken about responsibility and how responsibility is attributed in general. As a philosophical paper, it presents a theoretical approach and no practical suggestions are made as to which robots should bear responsibility under which circumstances or how guidelines should be formulated in which a responsible use of robots is outlined.

‘Grasping the Difficulty in its Depth’: Wittgenstein and Globally Engaged Philosophy

In recent years, philosophers have used expressions of Wittgenstein’s (e.g., ‘language-games,’ ‘form of life,’ and ‘family resemblance’) in attempts to conceive of the discipline of philosophy in a broad, open, and perhaps global way. These Wittgenstein-inspired approaches indicate an awareness of the importance of cultural and historical diversity for approaching philosophical questions. While some philosophers have taken inspiration from Wittgenstein in embracing contextualism in philosophical hermeneutics, Wittgenstein himself was more instrumental than contextual in his treatment of other philosophers; his focus in his writings was on his own philosophical problems. Does this mean that Wittgensteinian philosophy is a poor resource after all for comparative, cross-cultural, or globally engaged philosophy (i.e., if it is properly Wittgensteinian)? In this article, I examine the relevance of Wittgenstein to contextually sensitive philosophy through studies of his conceptions of history and culture, his interest in Spengler’s philosophy of history, and recent scholarship by Hans-Johann Glock and Hans Sluga on the place of contextualism in Wittgenstein’s analysis of philosophical problems. Ultimately, this article advances the view that there are strong resources in Wittgenstein’s philosophy for those seeking a more globally engaged approach to the field.

The Contribution of ”Folia Turistica” to the Development and Popularisation of Philosophical Research on Tourism

Purpose. A review and discussion of philosophical works published in the “Folia Turistica” journal and the categorical, thematic and problematic contribution of philosophical reflections contained in them to multidisciplinary research on tourism. Method. Query of 49 issues of “Folia Turistica”, selection of articles and reviews on tourism from the perspective of philosophical disciplines or selected philosophical concepts. Analysis, comparison, interpretation oriented towards an existential sense, values and ideas, synthesis. Findings. The review of philosophical publications in the “Folia Turistica” journal has demonstrated the quantitatively and qualitatively significant contribution of philosophical approaches, interpretation and conceptualisation of tourism and the mobility of human travel to tourism research. The specificity of the philosophical problematisation of the phenomenon of travel consists in highlighting and analysing its ideal, essential, existential, epistemic and symbolic qualities and meanings that find its significance in the axiological preferences, in the area of intentionality, attitudes and experiences. Research and conclusions limitations. The work is limited to the description and comparative analysis of articles published on the pages of one journal, its results and generalisations are, therefore, not a universal concept. Practical implications. Promotion of the “Folia Turistica” journal in the Polish and global academic debate on the multi-faceted phenomenon of tourism. Outlining the philosophy of tourism as an innovative and inspirational field of research. Originality. The work is a discussion and interpretation of publications of other authors-philosophers, but it contains elements of independent interpretation and synthetic recapitulation. Type of work. Presentation, description and qualitative interpretation of theoretical analyses of tourism in the field of philosophy and its sub-disciplines, as well as investigations conducted from the perspective of selected philosophical positions (phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialism, metaphysics of hope, etc.).

Definite Descriptions in Argument: Gettier’s Ten-Coins Example

In this article, I use Edmund Gettier’s Ten Coins hypothetical scenario to illustrate some reasoning errors in the use of definite descriptions. The Gettier problem, central as it is to modern epistemology, is first and foremost an argument, which Gettier (Analysis 23(6):121–123, 1963) constructs to prove a contrary conclusion to a widely held view in epistemology. Whereas the epistemological claims in the case have been extensively analysed conceptually, the strategies and tools from other philosophical disciplines such as analytic philosophy of language, logic and argumentation that Gettier deploys in the case have scarcely received any attention. This work abstracts from the epistemological content and examines Gettier’s handling of the definite description involved, and how that affects the cogency of his argument.

The limits of certainty in the oral history of philosophy: the problem of memory

The article argues that the oral history of philosophy (OHP) will not produce reliable results unless it develops effective methods of counteracting cognitive biases related to human memory. So far, this problem has not even been raised. I highlighted the main cognitive memory biases that affect the validity of the UIF: choice-supportive bias, hindsight bias, fundamental attribution error. Describing the nature of their detrimental effects on the interview, I suggested ways to counteract it: (1) multi-level verification of all actual data; (2) checking of the interview's previous judgment; (3) mandatory data validation for the potential impact of nostalgia; (4) co-creation interviewing; (5) a sequence of questions that will problematize the possible impact of bias during the interview itself. As OHF is still a theoretically unspecified discipline, I have proposed a concept that includes (a) its definition, (b) its place among other historical and philosophical disciplines, (c) its main genres and their specificities; (d) the irreplaceability of its data for the history of philosophy as a science (the ability to engage the interviewer in an active non-self-reflection situation). Interviewer answers often cannot be obtained from traditional sources (articles, books, drafts, letters, margins, etc. ). In the end, I outlined five main arguments in favor of the broad involvement of students of the philosophical faculties in organizing and conducting interviews within the OHF.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF ”FOLIA TURISTICA” IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND POPULARISATION OF PHILOSOPHICAL RESEARCH ON TOURISM

Purpose. A review and discussion of philosophical works published in the "Folia Turistica" journal and the categorical, thematic and problematic contribution of philosophical reflections contained in them to multidisciplinary research on tourism. Method. Query of 49 issues of "Folia Turistica", selection of articles and reviews on tourism from the perspective of philosophical disciplines or selected philosophical concepts. Analysis, comparison, interpretation oriented towards an existential sense, values and ideas, synthesis. Findings. The review of philosophical publications in the "Folia Turistica" journal has demonstrated the quantitatively and qualitatively significant contribution of philosophical approaches, interpretation and conceptualisation of tourism and the mobility of human travel to tourism research. The specificity of the philosophical problematisation of the phenomenon of travel consists in highlighting and analysing its ideal, essential, existential, epistemic and symbolic qualities and meanings that find its significance in the axiological preferences, in the area of intentionality, attitudes and experiences. Research and conclusions limitations. The work is limited to the description and comparative analysis of articles published on the pages of one journal, its results and generalisations are, therefore, not a universal concept. Practical implications. Promotion of the "Folia Turistica" journal in the Polish and global academic debate on the multi-faceted phenomenon of tourism. Outlining the philosophy of tourism as an innovative and inspirational field of research. Originality. The work is a discussion and interpretation of publications by other authors-philosophers, but it contains elements of independent interpretation and synthetic recapitulation. Type of work. Presentation, description and qualitative interpretation of theoretical analyses of tourism in the field of philosophy and its sub-disciplines, as well as investigations conducted from the perspective of selected philosophical positions (phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialism, metaphysics of hope, etc.).

The metaphor of existence as a river in Marcus Aurelius’s meditations

The aim of this paper is to study Marcus Aurelius’s considerations concerning man’s attitude to the fact of the transience of existence and realization of his or her life intentions and aspirations in the context of Stoics’ ethical paradigm.Research methodology. The author uses historical, socio-cultural and system approaches to analyze the philosophical and ethical views of Marcus Aurelius, who is considered to be one of the famous representatives of Roman Stoicism. Analytical, comparative and terminological methods of cognition are also used in this study.Results. Marcus Aurelius’s reflections on the world, nature, man and his spirit contain the issues of concern that have thousands of years of philosophical discourse. Special attention is paid to the conjunction of dynamic nature and stability of existence. Central to the composition of Marcus Aurelius’s philosophy is the metaphor of existence as a river, a flux of forces of nature, namely water, fire and air. Marcus Aurelius, as other Stoics, was highly influenced by the Pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus, who believed that the only thing permanent was change. Drawing on Heraclitus’ legendary aphorism ‘you cannot step into the same river twice,’ Marcus considers that since man cannot change the natural state of things, he must obey the existing order, put up with wisdom of nature, taking it for the gift of life, though it is not eternal. But the reconciliation of man with the laws of nature must not be an emotionally-spontaneous act based on fear and horror, but rather a clear awareness that there is a natural need. If a person is aware of this need, he or she acquires the status of a free being and is able to reasonably control his or her abilities, to make a certain choice in the course of life situations. The reason, according to Marcus Aurelius, is the rescuer from the uncertainty in understanding of man’s place in nature, in search of the meaning of life, in overcoming despair, fear and powerlessness against inevitable events, in particular, before the future of his own death and the death of those around him. In the context of the variability of existence, transience of time one should live life to the full, realize one’s intentions and aspirations without violating ethical norms. In dealing with issues beyond the control of human will, man should rely upon the will of the higher forces.Novelty. It is proved that Marcus Aurelius reasonably and convincingly substantiates the idea that overcoming the fear of the perception of the facts of constant variability of existence is possible only through the logic of the dialectical reason.The practical significance. Information contained in this paper is of theoretical importance for further studies of the philosophy of Stoics, their ethical paradigm. It can be used in the practice of teaching philosophical disciplines, history of the world philosophical thought and while developing textbooks for students.

A Gift to lecturers of philosophical disciplines and philosophy admirers

A Gift to lecturers of philosophical disciplines and philosophy admirers

Aristotle in Prussian Gymnasiums: Why the Texts of the Ancient Philosopher Became Popular for Teaching Logic

During the nineteenth century, German philosophy developed from a type of general knowledge to an academic discipline at the university. Changes across disciplines to the philosophy of science and psychological surveys created new challenges for the place and purpose of philosophy in the educational system. The content of logic courses for secondary schools (Gymnasiums) was centred on the dissociation of nature and the scale of logic.In this paper, I will examine a number of projects for teaching philosophy at the secondary school level from new humanism to reduce philosophical to philological concerns about different projects offered by Niethammer, Hegel and Herbart. Then, I will focus on the most successful – Adolf Trendelenburg’s Elements of Aristotle’s Logic (1st edition of 1836). This work is a compilation of the logical texts of Aristotle, and for as long as sixty years, it was an official textbook in Prussian secondary schools. The aim of the paper is to show how the rethinking of Aristotle’s heritage affected the theoretical and ideological expectations of propaedeutic courses and transformed the image of logic as a philosophical discipline.

General theoretical and philosophical aspects of modern education

The article proposes an analysis of the new interdisciplinary field of research “philosophy of education”. It provides an overview of the most important philosophical disciplines for education (ethics, axiology, hermeneutics, communication theory) and individual philosophical concepts (Humanism, dialogism, “I and the Other,” understanding, “self-care”, etc.). Modern scholars of cultural and social processes focus on the global education crisis, which in turn is associated with a general cultural crisis. The development of tolerance is an important task of modern education. Rapid changes in the world around us, social relations, and ideological foundations prompt us to search for new approaches to educational problems. Therefore, the purpose of this article is a philosophical reflection of the educational process of Russia with a philosophical analysis of the foundations of culture, society, human self-awareness. Separate tasks that arise are the appeal to the axiological foundations of society, the application to the educational problems of refinements of social philosophy. Education concerns each individual individually, the totality of individuals forms a society, and depending on the development of each representative of the society, we can attribute this or that society to more or less developed ones. The philosophy of education provides a special way of understanding the problems of education as a sphere not only of pedagogy, but also of the social system in general, focusing on communicative processes. The basis of educational processes is communication, and its nature not only determines the optimality of the educational process, but also forms each individual personality.

Fleeing with one’s back turned: toward feminist futures

Entwining the disciplines of philosophy and architecture, this essay proceeds from an account of the Anthropocene and its dark promise of a foreclosed human future toward the speculative gesture of feminist futures, with a focus on feminist architectural practices. To reflect on the ‘storms of progress’ that have issued in the Anthropocene Walter Benjamin’s famous angel of history is complemented with Bruno Latour’s more recent formulation of an angel of geohistory. Each angel posits the question of what is to be done in the aftermath of the destructions the Anthropos has wrought on a global scale, leaving behind the graffiti-like signature of human industrial toil in the very material geological constitution of the planet’s surface while altering its enclosing atmosphere. While each angel flees the material destructions of human progress they are at the same time confronted with what Isabelle Stengers calls the intrusion of Gaia, a mythical figure who cares little for human history. Drawing to a conclusion the essay ventures the speculative gesture of a feminist future and how this can be supported through feminist practices, specifically in architecture. Such a future does not seek to overcome, to escape or to flee, but as Donna Haraway would have it,1 to stay with the trouble, to work assiduously from the midst of the situations in which we find ourselves.

Roles of Ontologies in Cartography

Roles of Ontologies in Cartography

Etica y desarrollo moral

En este artículo se plantea la relación entre ética y desarrollo moral. La ética, como disciplina filosófica, no puede ignorar la dimensión psicológica de la conciencia sobre la que se sustenta. Pero esta conciencia, desde el punto de vista psicológico, no puede garantizar el conocimiento del bien y del mal, puesto que no es innata, sino adquirida. De esta relación entre filosofía y psicología nacen varias preguntas: ¿Cómo se forma la conciencia moral? ¿Cómo la conciencia moral llega a distinguir entre el bien y el mal? ¿Ejerce la conciencia moral un efecto coercitivo sobre la conducta? Estas y otras cuestiones son examinadas en el artículo desde una perspectiva metafísica, epistemológica y psicológica.

Philosophy of religion in Ukrainian and Western science

Philosophy of religion is one of the most popular philosophical disciplines at Western and American universities. The concept “philosophy of religion” is also presented in Ukrainian educational system. Nevertheless the essence of the concept in Ukrainian and Western scientific environment is not identical. The exploration of the differences constitutes the relevance of the issue. The main research method is comparative analysis: the work is based on textbooks’ analysis from philosophy of religion written in the West in comparison to the national works of religious studies. The main pioneering result reached in the issue is to highlight the conceptual differences of “philosophy of religion” in Ukrainian and Western scientific traditions. In Ukraine philosophy of religion is a philosophic discipline that studies a phenomenon of religion, as in Western and American scientific environment the subject of philosophy of religion is God. The presented difference in approaches depends on the difference of ideological bases. Soviet science of religious studies which dominated in Ukraine for the decades and has still remained impact on the most part of scientific environment was built on Marxist atheism and considered religion not according to human interrelationships with the Highest Being, but as a result of social relationships. In other words religion is a social phenomenon for Marxist religious studies, namely social generated reality. In the West, where philosophy of religion has never been in service to totalitarian ideology, God has remained a subject of the discipline. Western philosophy of religion is close to theology owing to the subject of study which is also explores God. The difference between them is in the research method: philosophy of religion explores God via intelligence, and theology via revelation. Western challenges of philosophy of religion are to explore God via human intelligence. The European tradition endeavors to separate knowledge about God that can be explored by human mind from the knowledge which is presented to human via revelation.

Análisis retórico de resúmenes de revistas de educación publicadas en Venezuela y en Colombia

Este estudio inicia una caracterización de la investigación científica publicada en el área de Educación en Colombia y Venezuela, sobre la base de que los resúmenes son géneros discursivos que representan a los artículos publicados. Tuvo como objetivo analizar la estructuración de 171 resúmenes de dieciocho revistas de educación, su provisión de resultados y su posible relación con los trabajos publicados. Las unidades de análisis fueron los resúmenes. Las categorías, las movidas retóricas que se hallan en ellos. Los resultados evidenciaron que los resúmenes más frecuentes fueron los que mostraban solamente una introducción y suelen relacionarse con trabajos ensayísticos. Los resúmenes bien estructurados (con tres o cuatro estructuras retóricas) y que expresaban resultados fueron minoritarios. Predominaron los resúmenes con menos de tres estructuras. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren preferencia por textos ensayísticos, lo cual se relaciona con disciplinas históricas y filosóficas. Se recomienda incluir mayor cantidad de estructuras en los resúmenes.