Philosophical Background Research Articles

Crying Sea, The Sound Installation: Artistic Considerations for Coexistence between Human and Technology

As the discourse on Anthropocene grows, this exploratory research investigates the interrelationship and interconnectivity between humanity and technology by analyzing a sound art installation created by the author. <italic>Crying Sea</italic> is a sound installation that uses plastic wastes collected from the shore to create symbolic narratives and artistic experience connecting humans, objects, and nature through interactive digital technology. In this installation, the audiences are guided to walk over the wastes, and the sounds created by the footsteps are recorded in real-time, which then are distorted and amplified into disturbing sounds through speakers filling up the room. In analyzing this artwork, three theories from technological, philosophical, and ecological backgrounds were used; specifically, Bernard Stiegler’s pharmakon theory, Dona Haraway’s cyborg manifesto, and Timothy Morton’s dark ecology theory. A common factor revealed from all three theories by analyzing the <italic>Crying Sea</italic> is that humans, technologies, and all other entities within nature are interconnected and resonated. The awareness of this recursive relationship allows us to consider sustainable balancing.

DESIGN CHALLENGES OF SOLVING CIRCULAR GEOMETRY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

A dimensional geometrical shape such as a circular shape has been established all throughout the history of building design planning in order to find out the suitable arrangements for the living spaces: One of the most unusual designs planning in architecture is circular planning. Moreover, residential buildings that contain a circular plan are not built that frequently as well, but they still are a part of architecture since prehistoric times. Unfortunately, there are significant issues in such buildings, such as a structural challenge within the design module with orientation problems. In other words, there is a missing of the optimum use of space with acoustic problems including difficulties of furnishing. This paper therefore aims to provide the evidence that the geometry of a tiny minority of residential buildings are circular, and it questions why this is so. In addition, it intends to encourage the use of this type of buildings and to propose innovative design methods that can be applied in the circular residential buildings, trying to justify the architectural spaces to fit with the curvilinear walls and the recognition of the advantages produced within such buildings. To achieve this aim, this paper will begin by presenting literature review, based on desk research, carried out by re-reading the philosophical background of circular plans and its function. After that, the paper will theoretically highlight the historical use of circular-plan residential buildings, and will clarify the solution of design module, structural and services’ cores, circulation between apartments, terraces, and external walls, within the curvy design. The paper will investigate two case studies such as “Tour Lumière” 2017 by Jacques Ferrier in France, Paris and “Edelweiss Residence” 2010 by Matteo Thun &amp; Partners in Austria as a consequence to comprehend their project's concept and how they solved the circular form of their buildings.

Tehpai as an Expression of Filial Piety

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Tehpai is one of the events in the series of wedding ceremonies for Indonesians of Chinese descent, for both the Peranakan and the Totok. This ceremony is not religious, and is a custom that has been carried out for hundreds of years. In this modern era, the tehpai custom is still carried out as a cultural ceremony. Why is this custom not considered out of date? What is the thought or idea behind this sustainable tehpai? This ingrained custom is believed to have a philosophical background, from the teachings of Confucius. The purpose of this research was to explore the teachings of Confucius that underlie the tehpai event in the Chinese wedding ceremony. Peirce’s theory of semiotics was used to explain the philosophical background. This research found that the concepts of filial piety and family relationship from the teachings of Confucius underlie the tehpai event in the wedding ceremony of those of Chinese descent in Indonesia.&#x0D; Keywords: tehpai, Indonesian Chinese descent, filial piety, Confucius&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

A Study on the Philosophical Background of Thomas Regelski’s Viewpoints on Action Research in Music Education

실천주의 음악교육가 Thomas Regelski는 음악교육의 프락시스를 보여주는 연구 방법은 실행연구뿐이라고 주장하였다. 본 연구는 실행연구에 대한 Regelski의 관점을 비판이론 및 비판 적 교수학의 입장에서 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 실행연구가 무엇인지 알아본 다음, 실증주 의에 대한 부정, 일반화와 동일화의 부정, 이론과 실천의 합일, 합리적인 의사소통 강조라는 4가 지 입장에 의하여 그의 관점을 조사하였다. 이러한 입장들은 실천주의 음악교육 철학과 실행연 구 방법의 입장을 취하는 연구자들을 위한 인식적 근거들을 제공한다.

A Study on the Philosophical Background of Thomas Regelski’s Viewpoints on Action Research in Music Education

실천주의 음악교육가 Thomas Regelski는 음악교육의 프락시스를 보여주는 연구 방법은 실행연구뿐이라고 주장하였다. 본 연구는 실행연구에 대한 Regelski의 관점을 비판이론 및 비판 적 교수학의 입장에서 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 실행연구가 무엇인지 알아본 다음, 실증주 의에 대한 부정, 일반화와 동일화의 부정, 이론과 실천의 합일, 합리적인 의사소통 강조라는 4가 지 입장에 의하여 그의 관점을 조사하였다. 이러한 입장들은 실천주의 음악교육 철학과 실행연 구 방법의 입장을 취하는 연구자들을 위한 인식적 근거들을 제공한다.

'Sono solo parole': Facing challenges entailed in developing and applying terminologies to document nursing care.

Nurses' need to document activities is urgent. The panorama of available terminologies is heterogeneous. It seems necessary to understand the premises of available tools and their limits and benefits to make conscious choices and shape future development. Taxonomies (e.g., North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) and 'pure terminologies' (e.g., International Classification for Nursing Practice), or nursing languages, are available tools to document nurses' activities and to produce theoretical models or reference systems. These tools respond first to a practical problem: 'translating' nursing facts into linguistic descriptions. Taxonomies make reality describable through exhaustive definitions designed inductively. Thus, I argue that their philosophical basis is naïve semantics. Their framework is a closed hierarchy, that is, a system that provides defined levels of concepts, structured through dichotomous rules. This causes the problem of determining boundaries between concepts, and thus between phenomena, which I call the problem of 'closing the concept enclosure'. Rigid metaphysical structures are unable to cope with the complexity of phenomena that nurses deal with, so they seem to be unable to describe them. I follow Wittgenstein's argument, from Philosophical Investigations, which is useful to understand this challenge: the definition of terms is not a problem of lack of suitable words or an agreed decision, but is achieved by training in practice. Pure terminologies give us another way to address the question. They are usually composed of a glossary of terms, paired with rules to combine them to manage meaning. They are more like natural language and this implies adapting more to phenomena. Then, I argue that their philosophical background is a pragmatic approach to language, and I discuss some consequences and objections. Finally, I find that the development of pure terminologies rather than taxonomies in documenting nursing activities allows us to achieve key objectives, such as improving nursing visibility and measurability in health records, without jeopardising person-centred care.

PROPER NAMES PALETTE IN THE NOVEL «CATHEDRAL» BY OLES HONCHAR

Abstract&#x0D; Background. The problem dealt with in this article is a relevant one as the role of a name have never stopped being great, the name define functions, appearance, meaning of a character in most books. Oles Honchar has decorated his novels with a number of names with obvious semantics and philosophical background. Oles Honchar’s novels are well-known in many countries and have been translated into numerous languages. The relevance of this article, thus, is preconditioned by the necessity to create the theoretical basis for the analysis of the novel content and to set the task of improving its translations into English and other languages. &#x0D; Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyze the system of proper names in «Cathedral» and their mutual linguistic relations. To achieve this aim it is necessary to fulfil the following tasks: to accumulate the names used in the whole novel; to classify the main types of onyms in the novel; to describe their functions and mutual relations.&#x0D; Methods. The aim of the paper and its tasks define the choice of methods: descriptive which makes it possible to characterize the whole set of the onyms; classifying due to which it is possible to differentiate various types of onyms.&#x0D; Results and discussions. The choice of proper names is an important aspect of the analysis of any literary work. In addition to helping understand the character in question, proper names also help to convey important thematic aspects in various literary works. The selection of proper names is one of the features of the style used by authors to convey their thoughts, ideas, beliefs, etc. in literary works. The onyms of the novel were systematized. In total, the text of Oles Honchar’s novel «Cathedral» contains 367 proper names. Among them, about 48% are anthroponyms (177 proper names), 27% – toponyms (98 proper names), 6% – pragmatonyms (23 proper names), 5% – ergonyms (17 proper names), 5% – ideonyms names), 5% – mythonyms (17 proper names), 2% – anthropotoponyms (9 proper names), less than 2% – occasional use of common names in the sense of proper (7 proper names), less than 1% – zoonyms (1 zoonym). The two most numerous species are anthroponyms, i.e. all names of people, and toponyms, i.e. all names of places. &#x0D; Conclusions. Having analysed the classification of proper names in Oles Honchar’s novel «Cathedral», we can say that the vast majority of onyms in the novel belong to the categories of anthroponyms and toponyms, and the rest can be divided into anthroponomic toponyms, ergonomics, zoonyms. The absolute predominance of anthroponyms and toponyms in the onomastic space of the novel, as well as the relatively high percentage of ideonyms, is explained by the involvement of world cultural experience, as well as specifically Ukrainian history and culture in its text. In addition, some anthroponyms and toponyms, as well as most pragmatonyms, create a certain coloring of the book. The prospects of the research are connected with the investigation of proper names translation.

The Views of P.I. Novgorodtsev on the Moral Philosophy of V.S. Solovyov

The article purpose is to reveal the content and philosophical background of the discussion of the 80s‑90s concerning the late Slavophiles, in which, apparently, V. Solovyov also participated. The research is based on a general analytical approach and hermeneutical understanding of the text, taking into account modern discussions in the field of Russian history and philosophy of law. We revealed the reasons for Solovyov’s criticism of the ideas of Slavophiles and his transition to the camp of late Slavophiles and Westerners. Further, we noted the ideological problems of the correlation of the political views of Westerners and late Slavophiles, which had a considerable impact on the socio-political situation in the country by the beginning of the twentieth century.

Manhaj Tafsir Al-Mizan Fi Tafsir al-Quran karya Muhammad Husain Thabathaba’i

The affirmative era is a continuation of the formative era. This era occurred in the Middle Ages, when the tradition of interpreting the Qur'an already had many specific and varied features. This era is also judged to be based on ideological reasoning. Tafsir al-Mizan is included in the category of interpretation in the affirmative era because some of its interpretations are based on the ideological rationale of the exegete, namely Muhammad Husain Tabataba'i. This study aims to describe the manhaj used in Tafsir Al-Mizan Fi Tafsir al-Quran by Muhammad Husain Tabataba'i in studying a verse of the Koran. The methods used in this research are the library research method and descriptive analysis. The results from this research are: Tafsir al-Mizan is a phenomenal work by Muhammad Husain Tabataba'i. His work is inseparable from the author's thoughts, who has a philosophical background in thinking. Even so, the interpretation uses the uslub of the Qur'an, bil Qur'an, and also contains many other commentators' opinions. So the interpretation is called a "very complete interpretation" because it contains many fields of knowledge. The special manhaj or method of writing the interpretation of al-Mizan, namely interpreting the book in sequential order, explains the purpose of the interpreted surah or verse, cites the opinions of the reviewers of the Qur'an and also presents his view, has its section on the discussion of history, specializes in the discussion of philosophical aspects, and provides general conclusions from the verse or letter being studied.

On the relationships between philosophy of technology, cybernetics, and aesthetics with their impacts on Latin America

There had been interesting interactions between philosophical reflections, technical developments and the work of artists, poets and designers, starting especially in the 1950s and 1960s with a stimulating cell in Stuttgart and Ulm in Germany spreading mutual international interactions. The paper aims to describe the philosophical background of Max Bense with his research on the intellectual history of mathematics and the upcoming studies on technology and cybernetics. Together with communication theories and semiotics, new aesthetics such as cybernetic aesthetics had been worked out, based on the notions of information and sign. This background stimulated international students, artists and researchers from different creative disciplines for methodical approaches leading to first computer art experiments. The interrelations in these fields with Latin America are in the focus of these studies. Students, artists, and poets from Latin America, especially Brazil, came to Germany for studies and exhibitions in the creative scientific cell around Max Bense. Some of them stayed in Europe, but the exchange developed also in the opposite direction, traveling to and working in Latin America. Some of those fruitful international interrelations will be described and reflected.

Frank Jackson on Mind, Language, and Morality

Frank Jackson's views on the nature of mind and consciousness, on language and representation, and on the grounds of morality have set the agenda for many professional academic philosophers today. In the philosophy of mind, his 'what Mary didn't know' argument provides one of the clearest formulations of the knowledge argument against physicalism — the view that everything, even our consciousness, could be explained in physical terms. In the philosophy of language, he revived a kind of description view of language where words are our main source of information about the world. Finally, in metaethics, he puts forward the realist view of moral functionalism — the view that moral properties not only supervene on descriptive, natural properties, they are also identical with them. This interview provides a bird's eye view of his philosophical background, his style in doing philosophy, his main ideas on mind, language, and morality, and his thoughts on the career of an academic philosopher.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE ART OF LAND ART

Land art is an artistic activity, the object of which is a real fragment of the natural environment, which is interpreted by the artist not so much as the location of the work, but as the context in which his idea is concentrated. The landscape is understood as a reflection not only of ecology, but also of philosophy, sociology, history, anthropology, mythology, symbolism, and cultural history. Philosophical reflections on time and space, the importance of contexts, the understanding of fluidity, the temporality of any human intervention in nature were the original sources of many land art concepts. The purpose of the article is an attempt to determine how the philosophical practices that nourished the creativity of land art artists influenced the essence of this artistic direction. Using the method of analysis of literary sources and examples of land art, the connection that can be seen between the considerations of R. Smithson, an American artist, one of the first and leading practitioners and theorists of land art, whose texts became programmatic for many successors, and Martin Heidegger, one of the more famous philosophers of the 20th century, who considered the essence of art in the concepts of existence and truth. Smithson turned to phenomenological practices from the 1960s until the end of his life. Acquaintance with the artist’s philosophical thoughts along the lines of phenomenology of perception, a unique attitude to work with the land and forms of art representation, as well as an attempt to determine the importance of contexts for art – provides an opportunity to understand his works in a new way. Land art as an art is, first of all, work with an idea, a symbol. Philosophical background gives a special elitist taste to such works, it seems that their authors know something beyond the average vision of the world. And this approach, in our opinion, sharply separates land art from design practices, on which it undoubtedly has a great influence.

On the Way to Salvation: A Reading of Shinran's Tariki in the Light of Heidegger's Gelassenheit

On the Way to Salvation:A Reading of Shinran's Tariki in the Light of Heidegger's Gelassenheit Tony See (bio) The relationship between Heidegger's thought and East Asian philosophies has been the subject of much discussion in recent years. While these discussions are diverse and varied, they may be classified into three approaches (Ma and van Brakel 2006). The first approach is characterized by the study of how Heidegger's philosophy may have influenced East Asian philosophers, or how Heidegger's philosophy may have been influenced by East Asian philosophers. Reinhard May's work on Heidegger's "hidden sources" is a good example of the latter approach (May 1996). The second approach is characterized by scholarly observations that there are congruences between Heidegger's philosophy and East Asian thought. This is usually done by drawing analogies between the two. A good example of this is Joan Stambaugh's "Heidegger, Taoism, and the Question of Metaphysics" (1987). The third approach addresses the relevance and critical importance of Heidegger's philosophy in initiating intercultural dialogue (Ma 2005). It is sometimes characterized by a sense of pessimism with regard to whether such projects can be meaningful at all, for the linguistic and philosophical distances that have to be bridged is great. Lin Ma and Jaap van Brakel, for instance, argue that while Heidegger was genuinely interested in East–West dialogue, he questioned whether such dialogues can be meaningful, since the philosophical barriers between the two seem to be insurmountable. I believe that a more significant reason why such dialogues seem to be impossible is that we are already engulfed in an age of planetary Ge-stell, or enframing. Scholars in East Asia are likely to have been trained in Western-style academies and to possess modern subjectivities, and hence their access to East Asian thought is likely to be enframed by Western categories. To be sure, this does not mean that it is impossible to have a dialogue, but rather that any meaningful dialogue demands a high degree of self-reflexivity so that we may avoid imposing our prejudices and presuppositions on the Other. This paper adopts the second approach and is interested in the resonances between Heidegger's philosophy and the philosophy of Shinran. [End Page 169] The choice of engaging in a comparative study of Heidegger and Shin-ran may seem odd, given that the two thinkers come from vastly different philosophical backgrounds. However, a closer examination of their ideas reveals something in common, namely, what constitutes the right mode of comportment and what sort of experience we can expect. While there are scholarly studies in this area, such comparative East–West studies, which have become more and more important in recent years given the rise of intolerance, they remain a small minority in the field of Heidegger studies. This is why Dennis Hirota's "Shinran and Heidegger on Dwelling: Reading Shinran as a Phenomenology of Shinjin" (2014) is a welcome contribution to this area and deserves more scholarly attention. In this paper we will examine Heidegger's concept of Gelassenheit and temporality and their relationship with Shinran's idea of tariki and its relation to salvation. Gelassenheit is usually translated as "letting be" in modern scholarship. This refers to a comportment of no longer trying to overcome but to be in a relationship of "letting be" with Western metaphysics. This comportment of "letting be" resonates with Shinran's well-known recommendation to give up on "self-power" (jiriki) and to turn toward "other-power" (tariki) for salvation. For Heidegger, when we turn away from "overcoming" to "letting be" we begin to enter a different dimension of time, which he calls "temporality." In The Basic Problems of Phenomenology (1988), Heidegger already analyzed this experience of temporality in terms of an intensive awareness of one's present existence which encompasses the past and the future. Shinran likewise describes a new temporal experience when we place our faith in the saving power of Amida Buddha. To be sure, Shinran did not use the same terminology as Heidegger, nor should we presume that he referred to the same phenomenon, but he does describe this new dimension of time as being fundamentally distinct...

Abduction in Teaching: Results of a Qualitative Research

The paper discovers the presence of abduction in teachers’ activities and emphasises the role of trichotomous systems (abduction, deduction, induction) in discovering human reality. The paper focuses on the presence of abduction in education sciences research, and its main goal is to detect abduction in teaching activities and classroom interaction. Abduction is a type of reasoning requiring philosophical, logical, and psychological background, distinct from induction and deduction, and it contributes to a viewpoint in social research that strives to make research in human reality easier to understand. The qualitative study involved explores the presence of abduction in teachers’ communication based on unstructured observation. The observation was carried out in a primary school. The objects of observation were the Geography, Art, and PE classes of the same teacher. The data of the class observation were recorded verbatim. The records were processed using an inductive, data-driven method after the classes. The reliability of the process was ensured by intracoding. The results of the observations reflect the presence of abduction in classroom interaction. The results showed that abduction appeared in the Geography, Art, and PE classes observed, and every class witnessed right and wrong abductive conclusions. The paper is relevant to anybody interested in the appearance of abduction in education sciences research and aims at completing the arsenal of tools available for analysing teachers’ activities.

The Philosophical Background of the Body: The Problem of the Body and Capitalism

The Philosophical Background of the Body: The Problem of the Body and Capitalism

INSTRUMENTAL CASE WITH COMPARATIVE MEANING IN TEXTSOF PHILOSOPHICAL TREATISES BY HRYHORIY SKOVORODA

As a basis for studying peculiarities of the instrumental case with a comparative meaning usage in texts of philosophical treatises by H. Skovoroda theoretical works of O. Potebnіа and Ye. Tymchenko were taken, where the essence of comparison with instrumental case was considered, and the views of other linguists were also taken into account. The object and the subject symbolism in constructions is studied, find out the general philosophical background of the authorʼs works and the allegorical nature of his speech. Difference in interpretation of cultural symbols and universals and their reading by the writer is indicated. The method of ethnolinguistic text analysis is applied to generalize the symbolic content of constructions with the instrumental comparative case. This approach made it possible to determine that comparative constructions with the instrumental case in H. Skovoroda texts are not saturated with traditional folk poetic images, they are striking in their peculiarity of interpretation the Bible world and surrounding reality. The author often uses light and visual metaphor, mainly on its basis he builds his own concept of images-ideas, so the same plots acquire a new sound in the context of his works. Instrumental case with comparative semantic helps to penetrate deeper into the narrator inner world, to understand his scale of assessment of environmental phenomena and a person in it, causes a wide range of extraordinary associations and makes it possible to understand on which counterpoints cultural semantics most intensively interacts with linguistic.

Anarchism: A Legacy of Postmodernism

This study has made the implicit links betweenpostmodernism and anarchism explicit in order to uncoverthe philosophical origins of terrorism in the postmodern society. This studydeals with the Anarchists' philosophical background and howPostmodernism fanned it. Anarchists' approach mainly whirls around asingle point agenda, and that is, they are against the state or existence ofstates' borders. I mention again what Researcher has already mentioned,the state and all other international institutions emerged after a rationalapproach as stated by Hegel. Postmodernism denied that reality in everycontour, whether those are institutions or anything else. Anarchism broughtthis concept into a broader paradigm and started denying the existence ofthe state. So, both postmodernists and anarchists have denied the realityin their own capacities, but the grounds and arguments are the same.Anarchism paved the way for multiple active terrors based centrifugalmovements throughout the world.

董仲舒 『春秋繁露』의 陰陽五行思想 硏究

This thesis studied Taoistic yin-yang and five elements thought in 『Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiufanlu)』 by Dong Zhongshu focusing on five constant ways. First, it studied what the foundations for his thought on yin-yang and five elements is and how modern people interpret it. Second, it did the philosophical backgrounds that Dong Zhongshu added sincerity(信)’ to four beginnings(四端) of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom by 『Mencius』. The results of the study are as follows: First, energy of heaven and earth (天地) in 『Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals』 means to become one [一] when it is added, yin-yang when it is divided, four seasons when it is again added, and five elements when it is placed in rows. And it means that the foundations for his thought on yin-yang and five elements are five seasons (五季, spring, summer, June of the lunar year, autumn, and winter) such as spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Second, reinterpreting the five seasons which endlessly revolve from the viewpoint of modern astronomy, they result from the rotation and revolution of the earth. As day and night due to the rotation of the earth is yin-yang and the five seasons due to the revolution of the earth are five elements, the regular natural order lies at the foundation of Dong Zhongshu's thought on yin-yang and five elements. Third, The philosophical backgrounds that Dong Zhongshu got to argue five constant ways by adding virtue of sincerity(信) to benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom(仁義禮智) which had become central virtue of Confucian ethics after originating from Mencius are his thought on yin-yang and five elements which did from five seasons (五季). Fourth, Dong Zhongshu assigned benevolence(仁) to spring which supervises all things to be born[生] and Wood of the five elements, propriety(禮) to June of the lunar year which supervises all things to grow[長] and fire of the five elements, sincerity(信) to June of the lunar year which supervises all things to be raised[養] and earth of the five elements, righteousness(義) to autumn which supervises all things to be harvested[收] and metal of the five elements, and wisdom(智) to winter which supervises all things to be stored[藏] and water of the five elements. the regular natural order lies at the foundations of Taoistic yin-yang and five elements thought in 『Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals』 by Dong Zhongshu, and his five constant ways follow the natural order.

سۆسياليستى لە بزاڤى هەقەدا

Haqqa Movement is a religious Sufism movement which was established in the first quarter of the 20th century by Sheikh Abdul-Karimi Shadala. Originally, this movement belongs to Naqshabandi order but with some notable modification. These modifications include collective work, defending farmers, working very hard and freedom for women. Therefore, this movement is seen as a natural socialism which does not have any philosophical background of socialism. The research shows that leftism developed rapidly among this group, though Haqqa followers preserved their tradition but they distanced from their religious rituals. This created a lot of obstacles for them in confrontation with feudals and Iraqi state officials. The research shows that the Haqqa movement was seen as a religious tendency, but they haven’t departed from nationalism by taking part in political activities, especially approaching the leftist parties and working among them. After the death of Abdulkarimi Shadala، Haqqa has divided into certain groups; the notable ones are Hamasurians and Mamarazaians which were very close to socialists and they acted differently from the groups of their time that is why we can appreciate their deeds and should be investigated scientifically.

Destiny in Nālaṭiyār and Tirukkuṟal – A Comparative Study

Influence of idea of destiny in Tamil society could be traced back to sangam period. It is regarded that eighteen lesser works (patiṇ̱eṇkḹḻkkaṇakkunūlkal) emerged in the post- sangam period in which Jainism and Buddhism had abundant influenced in life and literature of Tamils. This period is also conceived the period of righteousness (aṟaneṟikkālam) by scholars of Tamil Literature. Tirukkuṟal and Nālaṭiyār comes under the collection works known as patiṇ̱eṇkḹḻkkaṇakkunūlkal (didactic works) Even though the twosome works narrate moral maxims for humanity in universal manner, the concept of destiny occupies prominent place in the aforesaid works. Jainism and Buddhism lay more emphasis on human effort than destiny in the path of liberation and religious life proposed by the two isms is logically vehemently opposed to supremacy of destiny. Pañca mahā vratas of Jainism and eightfold path of Buddhism challenge command of destiny. Ajivikas’ contribution to very concept of destiny cannot be completely ruled out from the sangam period of early Tamils and it can be found that destiny plays a pivotal role in Hindu epics and purāṇas and there is no contradiction between God’s will and destiny in a vaiṣṇava tradition. On the contrary, pure devotion and self-surrender are the unconquerable weapons to conquer destiny in Saivā tradition. This study analyses destiny in Tirukkuṟal and Nālaṭiyār in the wider and complex social, historical and philosophical back ground of Tamil Nadu.