Philosophical Discourse Research Articles

Kekerasan Mental (Bullying) sebagai Isu Kesehatan Masyarakat di Indonesia

Bullying comes from the word "bully" which means bully, and this behavior can cause physical and psychological pressure on the victim. Psychological impacts include depression, anxiety, social isolation, low self-esteem, and even suicide, while physical symptoms include stomach aches, headaches, and difficulty sleeping. Bullying cases in Indonesia have increased significantly, causing serious impacts on teenagers' mental health such as depression, stress and the risk of suicide. Factors that cause bullying include peers, use of social media, and parenting patterns in the family, as well as the child's individual personality. Library research is a method for collecting information from previous studies without having to use primary or secondary data. This study involves collecting data from books, literature, notes, and reports that are relevant to the problem under study. Literature research emphasizes philosophical and theoretical discussions rather than empirical testing in the field. The results of this research reveal that bullying is aggressive behavior that is carried out repeatedly to hurt or intimidate other people in an unequal power relationship. Types of bullying include physical, verbal, cyberbullying, non-verbal, and relational. Physical bullying involves direct violence such as hitting, while verbal bullying involves insults and threats. Cyberbullying uses digital technology to spread messages that demean victims. Non-verbal bullying includes actions such as derogatory body language, while relational bullying involves the manipulation of social relationships. Research shows that bullying has a significant impact on the mental and emotional well-being of victims, causing stress, depression, anxiety and even suicide.

Efficacy of mindfulness-based Taoist embodiment group therapy on depression, anxiety and stress in an integrated community mental health service in Hong Kong: a preliminary exploration

Existing Taoist psychotherapy often feature indoctrination-heavy formats and hierarchical structures, which can undermine the experiential connection to Taoist principles central to their therapeutic value. This mixed-methods study evaluated a novel, 4-week, mindfulness-based, "Embodied Taoism" group therapy intervention, designed to address these limitations, at a government-funded Integrated Community Centers for Mental Wellness in Hong Kong. The program aimed to mitigate depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and cultivate cognitive flexibility, interpersonal connectedness, and Taoist principle integration. The majority of the 29 participants, aged 25-78, had diagnosed mental health disorders, while three were suspected cases. Rather than didactic presentation, the intervention employed experiential activities like mindful tea drinking, calligraphy, philodrama and philosophical discussion to facilitate embodied mindfulness practice and promote experiential understanding of the Taoist tenets such as non-interference, flowing with natural order, and “walking two roads”. Quantitative analysis of pre-post assessments (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21) and qualitative thematic analysis of participant questionnaires and focus groups were conducted.

Clinicians’ criteria for fetal moral status: viability and relationality, not sentience

The antiabortion movement is increasingly using ostensibly scientific measurements such as ‘fetal heartbeat’ and ‘fetal pain’ to provide ‘objective’ evidence of the moral status of fetuses. However, there is little...

Shifting perspectives: exploring the intersection of traditional and digital photography in contemporary artistic practices

The advent of digital photography has ushered in a dynamic era marked by evolving paradigms and practices in visual representation. This research delves into the profound interplay between traditional and digital photographic modalities, investigating their impact on contemporary art and society. Through an art-based research approach, this study examines an innovative artistic experiment conducted by Palestinian artist Ahmed Al-Saffarini. While Al-Saffarini's work serves as a starting point for philosophical reflection, it is the broader conceptual exploration of digital and traditional photography that forms the core of this research. By burying vintage photographic negatives underground for an extended period, Al-Saffarini sought to explore the transformative potential of integrating traditional and digital photography techniques. Drawing on a rich body of literature encompassing philosophical discourse, artistic practice, and technological advancements, this research elucidates key themes shaping the trajectory of photography in the digital age. Phenomenological perspectives illuminate the experiential dimensions of perception and consciousness inherent in the photographic medium, while scholarly debates on analogue versus digital photography underscore the epistemic complexities and artistic possibilities engendered by technological innovation. Furthermore, this study highlights photography's role as a conduit for memory, identity formation, and cultural expression in contemporary society. Through an analysis of Al-Saffarini's artistic experiment and its implications, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of photography's transformative potential and its evolving significance within the artistic landscape. Emphasising the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and creative experimentation, this study advocates for the integration of art-based research methodologies in scholarly inquiry, thereby enriching our comprehension of photography's multifaceted nature and its enduring relevance in the digital era.

Philosophical and legal ideas of F.M. Dostoevsky in modern legal doctrine A. I. Bastrykin, R. F. Ismagilov, V. P. Salnikov. The idea of goodness in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky and its influence on the development of the philosophy of law (to the 200th anniversary of F. M. Dostoevsky) / opening speech by A. I. Aleksandrov. 2nd, rev. and exp.

In the presented review, the authors provide a doctrinal content characteristic of the current ideas and scientific provisions of the monograph by A. I. Bastrykin, R. F. Ismagilov, V. P. Salnikov “The idea of Goodness in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky and its influence on the development of the Philosophy of Law (to the 200th anniversary of F. M. Dostoevsky”. It is noted that this scientific work is devoted to a complex of currently relevant philosophical and legal problems, related to the understanding of goodness and evil. until now has this topic not found its worthy philosophical and historical-legal justification, as well as unambiguous perception and interpretation both among scientists and among various social groups of Russian society. The authors of the review note that the appearance of the second edition of the monograph is positive for science and practice, and also the fact that this work once again raises questions traditional for the domestic intelligentsia in the philosophical and legal discourse.

Epistemic negotiations on a closed psychiatric ward

ABSTRACT On a closed psychiatric ward, conflict and disagreement may exist between patients and psychiatrists on how to interpret the patient’s condition. This forms a complexity for implementing contemporary ideals such as shared decision making, which would require a substantial degree of epistemic flexibility from both psychiatrists and patients. Recently, authors have argued that psychiatrists are pluralistic and pragmatic in their interpretation of the patient’s condition, implying a space for this flexibility in the clinical encounter. In this article we present an empirical study in which we aim to describe, understand, and explain this epistemic space and the dynamics between the psychiatrist’s and patient’s interpretation. We aim to explore and contextualize philosophical discussions through empirical research. We performed a qualitative inquiry on a closed psychiatric ward and found that both patients and psychiatrists were epistemically flexible, but epistemic negotiations were more complex and variegated than often presumed. We constructed an empirically grounded typology of different types of epistemic interaction, which shows that this interaction can only be properly understood if one acknowledges that it is shaped by different professional, societal and personal norms and values. We conclude by discussing the scope and limits of the epistemic space that we found.

«Матч должен состояться при любой погоде» (к 95-летнему юбилею Давида Израилевича Дубровского)

The life path of the domestic philosopher David Izrailevich Dubrovsky, whose 95th anniversary we celebrated in March 2024, allows us today to return to Russian philosophy in its history and trace how intellectual discussions on the “psychophysiological problem” evolved among psychologists, physiologists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers (including “analysts”) working both in our country and abroad. The scientific biography of the jubilarian demonstrates the main qualities of his personality – constancy and perseverance in achieving goals. These qualities accompanied him in the battles of the Great Patriotic War and today help him defend his conceptual positions in scientific and philosophical discussions. His major monographs, “Psychic Phenomena and the Brain. A Philosophical Analysis of the Problem in Connection with Some Current Tasks of Neurophysiology, Psychology, and Cybernetics” (1971), “Information, Consciousness, Brain” (1980), “The Problem of the Ideal” (1983; 2nd ed. 2002), “The Problem of ‘Consciousness and Brain’: Theoretical Solution” (2015), demonstrate that for the last 60 years he has been studying the connection between phenomena of subjective reality and physiological processes occurring in the brain. In addition to presenting the main stages of D.I. Dubrovsky’s intellectual movement, the article highlights his role as a scientific organizer in the creation and work of the Scientific Council under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the methodology of artificial intelligence and cognitive research

An Assessment of Empirical Thinking in Islam

This research explores the intersection between empiricism and Islamic epistemology, focusing on the limitations of sensory perception in capturing reality. Although empiricism plays an important role in Islamic thought, its exclusive reliance on sensory experience limits the understanding of phenomena beyond perception. Through a comparative analysis of Islamic philosophical texts and empirical literature, this study reveals the compatibility of empirical inquiry with metaphysical insights in Islam. By advocating a holistic approach to acquiring knowledge, this research contributes to the broader philosophical discourse, emphasizing the synthesis of empirical methods with spiritual insights for a comprehensive understanding of reality. Highlights : Empirical limitations: Highlighting the constraints of sensory perception in grasping reality. Compatibility of methodologies: Demonstrating the harmony between empirical inquiry and Islamic metaphysical principles. Synthesis of knowledge: Advocating for a holistic approach that integrates empirical methods and spiritual insights for a comprehensive understanding of reality. Keywords: Empiricism, Islamic epistemology, Sensory perception, Metaphysical insights, Holistic approach

여성의 몸에 대한 여성주의적 이해와 그 교육적 의미

This study aims to demonstrate that the female body is not an object to be overcome or negated but a constructive agent of social change based on philosophical and feminist discussions about the female body and to present the results of this discussion as an educational-theoretical basis for the formation of female subjectivity. To this end, this study systematically applied the methods of conceptual analysis and argument to philosophical and feminist discussions. This study is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the meaning-giving function of experience of perception and the medial function of the body based on Merleau-Ponty’s theory of perception. Experience of perception, which individually reveals the meaning of self and object, is presented as the authority for the unity of mind and body and the integration of subject and object. Section 3 discusses from the perspective of social constructionism that femininity is not innately attributed to the female body but is constructed socioculturally. The distinctive way of experience and perception provided by the female body is presented as the starting point for the formation of individual identity and subjectivity. Section 4 attempts an educational criticism of the modern form of the oppression of women based on philosophical and feminist discussions about the female body. Expression based on the body and development of sensibility and sentiment are presented as educational measures to form female subjectivity from the perspective of self-formation (Bildung).

Places and Non-Places, Being and Non-Being: Main Ideas Developed from the German Idealism

German Idealism profoundly impacted various fields, including philosophy, politics, and aesthetics. Its ideas influenced subsequent philosophical movements, such as existentialism and phenomenology. In philosophical discourse, one finds many perspectives that delve into the intricate relationship between human existence and the spaces we inhabit. Among these renowned thinkers, two voices emerge: Martin Heidegger and Marc Augé’s who share parallel ideas concerning the absence of meaning, disorientation, loss of authenticity, and the impact of modernity on human experience. Both perspectives invite us to reflect on our existence, our spaces, and the deeper connections we seek in a rapidly changing world.

Social emergence in cryptocurrency systems and their open, self-organized development

Being supposedly the ground for an exchange system that does not depend on central, top-down regulation, cryptocurrencies increasingly need new algorithmic and policy-driven rules to maintain their trustworthiness and capacity to exhibit empirically supported growth. The present paper offers a conceptual and philosophical discussion on whether and how cryptosystems could be able to generate resilient development in a way that is coherent with a non-reductionist view of positive economics. As proposed, a plausible way to understand them can be achieved considering their complexity and their concrete, local features, which have to be grasped both in terms of formal and material specificity.

Transformation of the content of the category of ‘artist’ in the modern era in philosophical and art historical discourse

Transformation of the content of the category of ‘artist’ in the modern era in philosophical and art historical discourse

O Beatum Carcerem : The Rhetoric of Incarceration in the Letters of Tertullian and Cyprian

Abstract This article argues that Tertullian and Cyprian invoked commonplace imagery related to combat, agriculture, and mysticism to construe incarceration as spiritually beneficial for their North African Christian audiences. By subjecting to literary analysis passages from their letters in which incarceration is reimagined positively, we aim to demonstrate how these letters functioned rhetorically to teach and persuade Christians—both inside and outside of prison—about the value of incarceration and the need to persevere in the face of its well-known hardships. We also maintain that their innovative perspectives on incarceration not only addressed important issues in the second and third centuries, such as apostasy and martyrdom, but also operated within a broader Greco-Roman philosophical discourse that viewed incarceration as potentially beneficial for those capable of adopting the right mindset.

Japanese Philosophy as the Result of History of the National Spiritual Tradition

This article explores the essence of Japanese philosophy, which has evolved through the convergence of various intellectual traditions, including Shintoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. These spiritual foundations have deeply influenced Japanese self-perceptions, societal relations, and governance structures. Employing a dialectical method combined with the principle of complementarity, this study examined the development of Japanese philosophy, particularly during the Meiji (1868-1912) and Taisho (1912-1925) periods, highlighting the integration of Western philosophical ideas. Key contributions from thinkers such as Nishida Kitaro, who sought to merge Western concepts with Eastern traditions, are discussed. This study also emphasizes the importance of traditional Japanese arts and bodily synthesis in shaping philosophical thought. The unique ability of Japanese philosophy to adapt and transform diverse intellectual traditions is a central theme, illustrating its capacity to generate new meanings and approaches. The continuous influence of medieval categories and modern developments showcases a holistic approach that integrates both old and new perspectives. This adaptability is crucial in addressing contemporary issues such as the interaction between information culture and historical spiritual traditions. The study concludes that the flexibility and integrative nature of Japanese philosophy, exemplified by figures such as Nishida Kitaro and Imamichi Tomonobu, remain vital for contemporary philosophical discourse.

The Combahee River Collective Statement and Black Feminist Universalism

ABSTRACT Black feminist philosophers deserve to be included in philosophical discussions about universalism. In contrast to other approaches to universalism that seek to diminish the importance of identities such as race and gender, black feminist philosophers focus on them. This article argues that black feminist philosophers offer a universalist viewpoint, that is, a “black feminist universalism,” which asserts that a more inclusive world starts with a theory and praxis focused on those who are the most oppressed. The article shows that the Combahee River Collective writers in their manifesto, “A Black Feminist Statement” (1995) demonstrate black feminist universalism. It argues that the Combahee River Collective writers’ emphasis on their own identity as black women is the foundation for their theory and praxis, which aims to include others.

A psychological “how-possibly” model of repression

ABSTRACT In recent philosophical and (neuro)psychological discussions of phenomena such as motivated forgetting, memory inhibition, self-deception, and implicit bias, various authors have suggested that repression might be a useful notion to make sense of these phenomena, or that these phenomena indeed provide evidence for repression. However, surprisingly, these claims usually do not rely on any explicit model of repression. Consequently, it remains unclear whether invoking repression in these discussions is justified. In this paper, I propose a psychological “how-possibly” model that can serve as a basis for scientific research that I call the hybrid model of repression. This model combines the advantages while avoiding the problems of two types of models of repression – the higher-order model and the separation model – that have been discussed and defended by different authors and that both have their origin in Freud. This “how-possibly” model may then set the stage for further empirical research, which can form the basis for a “how-actually” model in the longer run.

THE WAR AS A SOCIO-CULTURAL PHENOMENON IN A CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE

An armed conflict between Ukraine and Russian Federation lasts for the past 10 years on and on February 24, 2022 it turned into full-scale war with all arsenal of conventional arm available used, nuclear excluded.The war turned into a new social and political reality that defined socio-political and socio-cultural vectors of development of Ukrainians and their state – focused on oppression to occupant’s conquer – for many years ahead.The war, as a socio-cultural phenomenon and the new stage of Ukrainian nation became a topic of research of the domestic academic environment. It defined in home philosophical research circles new polemic that aims at thinking through an ontological nature of the conflict, its social, cultural, and historical causes, to reveal its specific character in the past and in the present, to find out where the balance was lost in the structural order of the security, its lawful preventive mechanisms failure.Many analytical attempts to describe topological classification of that conflict (in the context of the growth of the contemporary philosophical discourse) were conducted. It were given some answers on the question on the roots of the conflict, on its continuity. It was pointed out its destructive impact on the condition of the Ukrainians, its social and cultural evolution from the point of view of different philosophical views and research programmes or contemporary historical narratives, modern principles of the native and Western-European philosophy.An evolution of the points of view on ontological and historical reasons of the war and philosophical reflections of the native scholars were considered in this article. Some problematic issues, determined by the different phases of the conflict were researched.

Mitología Griega y Discurso Ecológico

This article explores the use of Greek mythology in current ecological discourse. In Classical Studies, specifically in Classical Tradition studies, the ecocritical revision of Greco-Latin texts and their survival is still in its infancy. The ecological question is usually approached as a reconstruction of notions and uses of nature, with little reference to the contemporary philosophical and cultural discourse that revolves around the cultural causes of the climate crisis, its historical paradoxes, and its future projections. This has led to a situation in which ancient mythology, especially Greek mythology, is used by ecological discourse representatives for argumentative, explanatory, or informative purposes without the required textual criticism and scientific rigor. This paper insists on the need to critically review the ecological readings of Greek mythology to avoid contradictions, paradoxes, or biased interpretations that could weaken the ecocritical debate. Specifically, two predominant tendencies are analyzed: the argumentative use of myth (e.g., in the case of the adamantine chains of Prometheus or the use of Platonic myths) and its resemanticization for a specific discursive purpose (e.g., the reductionist interpretations of Gaia and Medusa) in authors such as Timothy Morton, Jane Bennett, Ursula Heise, or Donna Haraway. The results show that the treatment of Greek myths in the ecological discourse is often subordinated to argumentative needs, avoiding alternative mythographic sources that relativize what has been exposed or venturing into biased interpretations that can lead to undesired contradictions concerning the postulates of the ecological discourse itself.

Religiosity and Spirituality in the Modernization Framework According to Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana

The background of this research is the phenomenon of a crisis of human values within the framework of modernization in contemporary discourse, which necessitates ‘change’. In Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana’s perspective, modernity, on the one hand, has a positive impact because it encourages the realization of progress based on knowledge. On the other hand, according to Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, modernity can cause problems, such as paradoxes and tragedies. Therefore, modernization impacts religiosity and spirituality, which are inherent in humans. This research aims to analyze religiosity and spirituality within the framework of modernization referring to Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana’s point of view. Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana is not only known as an Indonesian litterateur and cultural figure but also as a philosopher familiar with the discourse of philosophy. This research employs a methodology using library research techniques, including collecting, reading, studying, reviewing, dissecting, and researching books and journal articles related to this topic. In conducting this research, researchers utilized a philosophical approach. The result of this research is that Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana’s philosophical thought views ‘modernity’ within the framework of modernization, can place religiosity and spirituality in a wise response as a human expression in the search for and journey towards the Holy One/ the Ultimate Reality.

Sufistic Self-healing: The Intersection of Sufism and Psychology

Humans always desire to know themselves, know the world around them, and know their place in the world. This search has taken humanity from religious dogmas to philosophical discourse and the empirical sciences. Although human civilization has progressed in various alternatives for understanding the self about nature, the answers remain elusive. Spirituality, whether related to a particular religion or another, has been practiced for a long time and is claimed to provide answers to “unresolved doubts” (S. Haque Nizamie, et al, 2013). In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in spirituality, and advances in neuroscience have provided an opening to understand it from a more scientific viewpoint and place it in the proper perspective. In various cultures, spirituality is an important part of the belief system of the majority of society. This affects mental well-being and understanding of mental illness in terms of etiology, meaning, and self-healing modalities. It seems important for mental health professionals to be aware of how spirituality influences the mental well-being of individuals in both health and illness. This paper will outline the basic foundations of Sufism, how Sufism affects the mental well-being of individuals associated with it, and its relationship with psychology.