Phenomenon Of Gentrification Research Articles

Offline biases in online platforms: a study of diversity and homophily in Airbnb

How diverse are sharing economy platforms? Are they fair marketplaces, where all participants operate on a level playing field, or are they large-scale online aggregators of offline human biases? Often portrayed as easy-to-access digital spaces whose participants receive equal opportunities, such platforms have recently come under fire due to reports of discriminatory behaviours among their users, and have been associated with gentrification phenomena that exacerbate preexisting inequalities along racial lines. In this paper, we focus on the Airbnb sharing economy platform, and analyse the diversity of its user base across five large cities. We find it to be predominantly young, female, and white. Notably, we find this to be true even in cities with a diverse racial composition. We then introduce a method based on the statistical analysis of networks to quantify behaviours of homophily, heterophily and avoidance between Airbnb hosts and guests. Depending on cities and property types, we do find signals of such behaviours relating both to race and gender. We use these findings to provide platform design recommendations, aimed at exposing and possibly reducing the biases we detect, in support of a more inclusive growth of sharing economy platforms.

ДЖЕНТРИФІКАЦІЯ ЯК ФЕНОМЕН СУЧАСНОГО СВІТУ

Objective.To review the phenomenon of gentrification, as a term emerged in western studies in 1964 years, which means the reconstruction of decayed urban neighborhoods with the help of an influx of more affluent residents. To study the causes and social and economic consequences of gentrification and its signs and stages of development. To analyze approaches that emphasize the class nature of this phenomenon.Methodology. The article uses the theoretical method of secondary data analysis and the method of reflection. This research was supported by a literature review and comparative analysis of gentrification in some cities of the world, in particular in Western Europe and in the post-Soviet space.Conclusions. As a result of gentrification, there is an increase in the average level of incomes of the population of the district due to the replacement of low-income residents by more affluent ones.Significance. The importance of this article is that the author traces the manifestations (features, characteristics) of this phenomenon in countries where it has arisen recently and gives its analysis and comparison with classical gentrification in Western countries.

Tourism Gentrification

This article intent is to analyse the recent phenomenon of tourism gentrification in the city of Lisbon, Portugal. This reality has been affecting some European cities and, in recent years, has gradually become more present in Lisbon’s historic neighbourhoods. Gentrification is a phenomenon that has been identified more than half a century ago. This denomination arose in 1964, when sociologist Ruth Glass, while analysing some of London’s neighbourhoods, identified an influx of a population segment, descendants of the rural aristocracy, who bought and renovated old buildings. Although initially this has been almost exclusively a social phenomenon, it has recently included the physical transformation of certain areas through its urban rehabilitation. This phenomenon has therefore undergone an evolution, and although it retains many identical social characteristics, it has, nowadays, different contours in some cases. This is the case of tourism gentrification. Lisbon has progressively been receiving more and more tourists, and the sought for accommodation has been increasingly diversified, requiring a market’s adaptation in order to respond to this reality. As a result of this demand, there is an increase in the offer of local lodging in the city of Lisbon. This type of accommodation presents its very own challenges, assuming clear advantages and disadvantages for both the neighbourhoods and cities. Gentrification can be seen as one of its disadvantages. A study carried out in Portugal in 2016 regarding the Lisbon region revealed that, before being converted into local lodging establishments, 59% of the properties were vacant. Although this is a significant value, it also indicates that about 40% of the remaining properties were destined for housing, thus suggesting a significant loss of local population, in favour of tourist occupation. This implies a loss of the neighbourhood’s identity leading to the loss of their characteristics, also devaluing them at a cultural level. Such condition may even become detrimental to tourism itself, since tourists who usually look for local lodging seek an immersive experience, meaning they want to live like the locals. Local lodging has strengthened the tourism sector by generating significant revenues and has also boosted rehabilitation works in the city of Lisbon. However, it is necessary to define specific regulations, in order to keep the residents in their historic neighbourhoods, while making sure the local tourist carrying capacity is not exceeded. Local lodging can generate important benefits for cities, but it is necessary to ensure that the negative externalities generated are minimalized. This article is intended as a contribution to the discussion of the consequences of tourism gentrification, but also of the possible strategies that the city of Lisbon could implement, in the future, in order to minimize its disadvantages.

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD) SEBAGAI METODE UNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN GENTRIFIKASI KOTA DALAM PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERCEPATAN PEMERATAAN PEMBANGUNAN

This study aims to determine the effect of TOD on the phenomenon of gentrification, the phenomenon of urban development and its influence in accelerating the distribution of development. The Maja area in Banten will be used as a case study where in accordance with the 2015-2019 RPJMN the area was also selected as one of the Public New Economic Zones in order to create a city that is safe, comfortable and livable and is expected to break down urban density so that equitable development can be realized. To achieve the objectives of this study, the analytical method that is used is descriptive analysis by comparing the precedents of the TOD concept in existing case studies with the case studies raised, namely the Citra Maja Development Project, in the Maja Region. After that, the validation of the results of the analysis is done so that a conclusion is that the Citra Maja Development Project is a good case to be used as a model for regional development with the TOD concept with the support of other licensing and administrative facilities by the government, thus indirectly suppressing the phenomenon of gentrification occurs in sub-urban areas

Metodologías de identificación de zonas en gentrificación. Santiago de Chile y Ciudad de México

Existen múltiples trabajos que abordan el fenómeno de la gentrificación bajo la forma de estudios de casos ejemplares, sin analizar la totalidad de la ciudad. El presente trabajo expone la construcción de una metodología para la identificación de zonas en gentrificación y su aplicación en Santiago de Chile y Ciudad de México. Se concluye que el análisis del fenómeno a escala de ciudad permite visibilizar casos menos conocidos, identificar tendencias de transformación diversas en distintos sectores de la ciudad, y generar mayores antecedentes con respecto a la relación compleja entre gentrificación y desplazamiento.

The condition and destruction of the socialization function of local rural communities

Despite progressing urbanization, Poland essentially is a country village. Poland’s ruralness – if it is understood as that part of the country that is outside of cities, occupies more than 90% of the country’s territory. In Poland, within rural areas, we have over 43 thousand so-called basic settlement units. Since 1950, the number of the largest villages (over 1000 inhabitants) and large villages (over 500–1000 inhabitants) located close to the cities has been systematically growing and the dynamics of their number and population growth shapes the phenomenon of gentrification (settling in the countryside of the urban population mainly representing the middle class) in tandem with their depreciation and largely proletarianization. Residents of rural areas make up about 40% of the Polish population, revealing an upward trend, dealing with their existence in various, not necessarily traditional and effective ways. Thus, the percentage of affluent people and those experiencing social or material mires increases in Polish villages. This material stratification of the population of Polish villages, families inhabiting them, raises new disturbing phenomena and states of affairs, and their growth dynamics are shaped, among others, the above – mentioned by the processes of gentrification, deagrarianization and proletarianization of village communities.

Creative subcultural production of the millenial generation urban youth musician: Focus on bar Seendosi, Euljiro, Seoul

이 글에서 수표동의 클럽 겸 주점 ‘신도시’가 수행하고 있는 지역적 하위문 화의 성격을 예술, 밀레니얼 세대, 아시아의 세 가지 범주로 분류하여 고찰할 것이다. 지난 몇 년간 서울 곳곳에서 진행되어온 젠트리피케이션 현상은 청년 음악가들 및 예술가들의 전치에 계급 투쟁적 성격을 부여한다. 신도시는 2010 년대 중반 이후 예술가 청년들이 자립적으로 공간을 생산했던 신생공간 담론 내에서 회자되기도 하는데, 브리콜라주와 경제활동을 병행하며 일군의 청년 음악가 및 예술가들이 독자적인 플랫폼을 형성한다. 그들의 창의성은 하위문화가 전위예술로부터 진취성을 수용하고자 했던 포스트-펑크와 유사하기도 한데, 산발적 현상이었던 포스트-펑크와 달리 그들은 밀레니얼 세대로서의 공감대를 바탕으로 적극적인 자원공유를 수행한다. 신도시에서는 아시아의 예술가 및 음악가들과의 초지역적인 공동 작업을 방향성으로 설정하고 활동을 확장해가는 점이 특징적이다. 주점 경영을 통한 경제적 자립을 넘어서 신도시 에서 수행되는 도시 음악가 및 예술가 청년들의 창조적 하위문화 실천을 고찰 해보고자 한다.In this article, I will consider the characteristics of the local subcultures performed by the club and pub seendosi of Supyo-dong into three categories: art, millennial generation, and Asia. The phenomenon of gentrification that has been going on all over Seoul over the past few years gives a class struggle character to the displacement of young musicians and artists. Seendosi is often addressed within the discourse of ‘new independent art spaces’ where young artists have produced space autonomously since the mid-2010s, and a group of youth musicians and artists form their own platforms with bricolage and economic activities. Their creativity is similar to that of post-punks, in which sub-cultures attempt to accommodate initiative from the arts. Unlike post-punks, which were sporadic phenomena, they actively take commons based on consensus as millennial generations. In seendosi, it is characteristic that it establishes directional collaboration and expands activity in the trans-local mutual aid with Asian artists and musicians. I would like to examine creative subculture practices of urban musicians and artists young people in seendosi beyond economical self-reliance through liquor management.

신포동 젠트리피케이션 현상에 대한 연구

본 연구는 신포동 젠트리피케이션 현상에 관한 연구이다. 인천의 중심지였던 신포동 지역은 1985년 시청 및 공공시설이 구월동으로 이전하고 인천시의 대규모 도시개발정착에 따라 낙후된 지역으로 변해갔다.BR 그러나 2008년부터 교육서비스업종, 창작 및 예술, 협회 및 단체 업종의 종사자 수를 보면 신포동이 다른 주변지역(연안동, 동인천동, 북성동)보다 크게 증가하고 있다.BR 같은 시기 신포동의 인구의 수는 계속 감소하는 반면에 부동산업, 교육서비스업종, 창작예술업종, 문화예술인들이 카페 등으로 등록하는 휴게음식점 종사자는 증가하고 있다.BR 중구지역 지가변동은 2008년부터 2012년 까지 감소하다가 2013년부터 증가한다. 2013년부터 지가변동율이 증가하자 휴게음식점업종 및 창작예술업종이 감소하고 있다.BR 연구 결과를 종합해보면 신포동의 인구의 수는 계속 감소하는 반면에 부동산업, 교육서비스업종, 창작예술업종, 휴게음식점 종사자의 증가하고 있으며, 2013년부터 지가변동율이 증가하자 휴게음식점업종 및 창작예술업종이 감소한다. 신포동은 2013년을 기점으로 젠트리피케이션 단계로 진입한 것으로 파악된다.

Development perspectives and problems accompanying the regeneration of Zabłocie (Kraków) over the years

AbstractZabłocie is a Krakow’s post-industrial neighbourhood currently in transition. Numerous investments are being made there. The old industrial function (of this area) is disappearing year by year. Dynamic and large-scale transformations began in the 21st century and have continued to the present, influencing the functional-spatial transformation. Rapid changes have resulted in numerous problems that may intensify in the future. The annually increasing change seen in the Zabłocie neighbourhood, and the emerging doubts about the correctness of the changes taking place, make it necessary to undertake a thorough analysis and evaluation of the regeneration process.The purpose of the article is to present the conditions, barriers and perspectives accompanying the development of Zabłocie. An attempt was made to identify problems related to the ongoing functional and spatial changes occurring in Zabłocie. Emphasis was given to both the positive and negative aspects of the regeneration process in this area. The identification of the transformations that occurred made it possible to define contemporary problems.The following were distinguished as falling amongst the main problems: obscure planning and strategic documents, the lack of preservation of valuable facilities, planning chaos, special conflicts of interest (between developers, investors, residents and city authorities), the lack of parking lots, the occurrence of the gentrification phenomenon, and a shortage of public green spaces. A key task should be to take action to improve the way the area functions so that in the future it has positive associations. It was emphasised that the development and transformation processes do not always have a positive effect. In the case of Zabłocie, it is necessary to fully control this process in order to prevent the formation of negative phenomena in the future. In the coming years the research results obtained may have a positive impact on the anticipation and monitoring of the progressive regeneration of this area and will enable the occurrence of negative aspects to be identified. The results of the research may be useful during the analysis of the process of regeneration and the identification of problems in other cities.

관광 젠트리피케이션 현상에 대한 인과순환 구조와 정책지렛대 탐색

This study began after sensing a problem being caused by tourism gentrification in the Bukchon area. The purpose of this study was therefore to understand the causal loop structure of gentrification taking place in Bukchon tourist attraction. The Structure and cause of this tourism gentrification phenomenon indicates that this could draw causal feedback structures which: 1) Limit the tourism carrying capacity, 2) Polarize wealth caused by commercialization and spatial change, and 3) Manage resources and the tragedy of the commons. Policy leverages developed from the structural causes of tourism gentrification were as follows: First, the limits of tourism carrying capacity can be improved by enhancing the physical capacity and social capacity in order that a more fundamental alternative might fully calculate the volume of visitors that tour courses could accommodate. Secondly, the polarization of wealth caused by commercialization and spatial change is a viciously structured cycle in which two positive feedback loops are skewed between two extremes. Therefore, it is recommended that the Seoul Metropolitan Government should expand its current policies restricting new large franchises in Bukchon and reorganize the Bukchon tourist district reviewing the Commercial Building Lease Protection Act as soon as possible. In addition, a city-wide awareness of the gentrification issue must be undertaken. Third, in terms of resource management and the tragedy of the commons, this study invoked a study by Ostrom to suggest that communities need to voluntarily and autonomously manage their own resources. The study argues that sustainability in tourist attractions must take place gradually with voluntary participation from local residents and collaboration between many different fields.

A Basic Study on Seoul Gentrification Phenomena by Local Area Survey

A Basic Study on Seoul Gentrification Phenomena by Local Area Survey

A Critical Review on the Development of Tourism Sites - In the Case of Jeonju Hanok Village

The purpose of this article is to critically study the back side of Jeonju Hanok Village which is a successful model of city tourism. Jeonju Hanok Village is a tourist destination that 10 million people visit annually. Recently, however, there have been various problems in the Hanok Village due to the increase of visitors. First, it is a question of the identity of Hanok Village. Second, it is a phenomenon of gentrification in Hanok Village. Jeonju Hanok Village has become a problem of host and guest conflict beyond the phenomenon of gentrification. Third, it is a matter of commercialization. This study attempted literature research, case studies, and field research methods. The results of the study are as follows. This paper suggests alternatives to solve these problems. This paper suggests the establishment of identity, Consistent policy enforcement, enlargement of tourism area of Hanok Village and Slow food street composition. In particular, the policy on landscape preservation emphasizes the need to be continuous and consistent. The tourism industry is not in the development of tourist attractions, but in sustainability. Jeonju Hanok Village should solve the problem of development or preservation, identity and commerciality.

Mapping the Distribution Pattern of Gentrification near Urban Parks in the Case of Gyeongui Line Forest Park, Seoul, Korea

The objective of this study was to map the distribution pattern of gentrification, showing the adverse effect of urban parks. The study adopted the perspective that urban parks, which have thus far been featured in urban planning without much criticism, may actually bring about unintended effects. This study employed a theory of gentrification that has received increasing interest in urban sociology to investigate the other side of the gentrification phenomenon. We identified urban parks as the cause of the gentrification from the start, and verified and visualised the phenomenon in the case of the Gyeongui Line Forest Park. We determined that the area with the higher possibility of gentrification was that within 600 m of the park. Big data accumulated over the past decade were used to prepare a proactive, systematic procedure to address gentrification, which is materialising in diverse forms. Through this study, we contribute to debates on the environmental justice of urban parks. Small changes in urban space can strongly affect our healthy lifestyles and urban sustainability. From this perspective, our study’s research process and its results could provide indications of how to structure and manage new urban planning projects in the future.

Heritage and rural gentrification in Spain: the case of Santiago Millas

Although gentrification has been mostly understood as an urban phenomenon, the permanent establishment of urban dwellers in rural areas is becoming a widespread trend across the world. Despite its relevance to postindustrial societies, rural gentrification has been largely overlooked by heritage scholars, and has been explored very little in the context of Spain. In this article, I examine the relationship between heritage and rural gentrification through the case study of Santiago Millas, a village located in the Maragatería region of Spain. Based on long-term ethnographic engagement with different actors (newcomers, local residents, and public officials), I examine a specific instance of the globalizing phenomenon of rural gentrification, highlighting the key role heritage plays in this phenomenon, including (1) the impact on local governmentalities based on heritage discourse; (2) the refurbishing of houses and changes in the social spaces of villages; and (3) the transformation of social life and rituals into metacultural discourses of heritage. I emphasize the urgency to carry out more research in order to improve our understanding of the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of rural gentrification from a heritage perspective.

Acerca de una gentrificación "planetaria", políticamente útil

There is a global trend towards the “rediscovery” of urban centers for capital reproduction purposes. Such an exercise involves high levels of private investment for the development of new spaces, services and dwellings aimed at middle and higher-income segments, thus suggesting a close relationship with the financial phase of urban capitalism. In this context, gentrification theory is currently regarded either as an explanation that allows the development of the field of comparative research, based on generic definitions about the process, or through adopting a post-colonial ‘provincial’ approach that rejects the very concept of gentrification as a structural narrative that comes from the Global North inapplicable to the Global South. This paper suggests the need to develop an episteme intended to separate factual aspects and explore some key spatial, political, economic and social elements associated with the gentrification phenomenon. Such an exercise is based on the analysis of two cities, Santiago and Mexico City, as well as from an updated theoretical review, referring to other world cities. It is concluded that gentrification processes at planetary level seem to converge and share the same characteristics within a context marked by the greater mobility and aggressiveness of political-financial power.

Consideraciones teóricas sobre la calidad de vida en el Distrito de Santa Marta

Rev.esc.adm.negLa pobreza, la exclusión social, el fenómeno de gentrificación y la segregación espacial en las grandes urbes, son factores que generan disminución de los niveles de calidad de vida de sus habitantes, más aún, cuando estos fenómenos acarrean destrucción de recursos naturales necesarios para la conservación de la sostenibilidad ambiental.Santa Marta, ciudad del Caribe colombiano, debe centrar su desarrollo en generar calidad de vida para sus habitantes a partir de un crecimiento sostenible; objetivo que debe alcanzarse a partir de la identificación de las variables que sus residentes consideran como determinantes para su calidad de vida.En este artículo, se presentan los resultados de la fase inicial en la que se definen las bases teóricas de la investigación que se encuentra en desarrollo, denominada: “La calidad de vida en Santa Marta; una perspectiva desde el concepto de sus habitantes. El objetivo de esta fase es definir los principales conceptos que hacen parte de la investigación y realizar una descripción de la ciudad de Santa Marta, departamento del Magdalena. El proyecto ha sido financiado en su totalidad con recursos aportados por la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano.

La polisemia y la lingüística de gentrificación

El estudio en Colombia del fenómeno de la gentrificación es reducido y por lo mismo se han utilizado diferentes términos para designarlo. El presente artículo hace una revisión sobre el origen del término gentrification e intenta explicar su significado y el contexto en que se desarrolló. Tiene como objetivo revisar la pertinencia de usar traducciones en castellano que apuntan a darle un significado particular al fenómeno. Se sostiene que el término de “gentrificación”, que se viene utilizando por parte de algunos estudiosos del tema, es el que mejor se acerca a expresar el fenómeno que se pretende estudiar. Además de una connotación ideológica, el término conceptualiza un proceso que no es homogéneo entre ciudades ni dentro de las mismas, donde confluyen intereses tanto públicos como privados, que no solo trata del cambio del territorio sino de las percepciones y los comportamientos que surgen alrededor de este y que en general resulta excluyente, diferenciador y enfocado en el consumo.

Event-based urban regeneration and gentrification in the historic centre of Genoa

the hosting of important events has played a crucial role in the urban transformations that have been taking place in Genoa over the past 20 years, both for the huge investments they required and for the way in which they have redefined the city image. Urban transformation, upgrading and maintenance, all of which have affected the historic centre and the waterfront, have positively contributed to reversing the process of physic, economic and social decline that was devouring many parts of the city centre. The great operation of urban transformation, requalification and maintenance, which saw as protagonists the historic centre of Genoa and the waterfront of the Porto Antico (the ancient harbour), began in 1992 in the year of the Columbus Expo, celebrating the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America, and later continued and evolved with the G8 Summit, held in Genoa in July 2001, and the Genoa European Capital of Culture in 2004. These great events allowed, through the creation of a new open waterfront space in the city, a connection between the historic port basin and the ancient nucleus of the city. The phenomenon of gentrification began in the piazza Sarzano area in the early 1990s. The relocation of the Faculty of Architecture resulted in the moving away of weak and marginalised sectors of the population, an improvement in the commercial fabric and the development of student accommodation. The students have been able to take advantage of the very low rents, triggering a spontaneous process of renewal of the residential housing stock.

Gentrification and neo-rural populations in the Québec countryside: Representations of various actors

Rural gentrification, which is linked in particular to the migration and permanent settlement in the countryside of middle-class or affluent urbanites, is increasingly affecting contemporary rural communities. Despite the significance of this trend, the complex and many-sided phenomenon of rural gentrification has hardly been explored in scholarly research in Québec (Canada), in contrast to the abundant research that exists on this topic in the United Kingdom. Accordingly, the present article will explore different representations by and of the various actors involved vis-à-vis the emergence and polymorphous effects of the gentrification of two regional county municipalities (RCMs) in the province of Québec: Brome-Missisquoi and Arthabaska. Based on the results of qualitative interviews with the four types of actors (newcomers, long-time residents, directors of local and regional community organizations, and municipal officials), it shows the complexity of rural gentrification at various levels: 1) socio-demographically; 2) in terms of housing and economic impacts; 3) on the community and cultural levels; 4) on the physical, environmental and political levels. The findings demonstrate, among other things, the need to go further than simply portraying gentrifiers and, to this end, we have augmented our analysis with representations provided by other actors affected by rural gentrification. The article also stresses the importance of examining the overall effects of the phenomenon, both negative and positive, with a view to improving our understanding of it.

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Gentrification: What It Is, Why It Is, and What Can Be Done About It

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Gentrification: What It Is, Why It Is, and What Can Be Done About It