Gap Phenomenon Research Articles

Analysis of band structures using ω(k)- and k(ω)-approaches for two-dimensional truss metamaterials under residual strain and variations in mass distribution

Metamaterials are part of the expanding field of composite materials with engineered structures, though some areas remain underdeveloped. One of these involves the analysis of complex band structures ( k ( ω ) -approach), more particularly to truss cells, in comparison to purely real ones ( ω ( k ) -approach). We seek to fill this knowledge gap by presenting and discussing the employment of both approaches on truss cells, while analyzing how stiffness and mass impact the band structure. Two-dimensional truss metamaterial cells, addressing distinct band gap (BG) phenomena and with real band structure already described in the literature, are evaluated under varying conditions of residual strain and mass distribution between nodes and elements. It is demonstrated that these varying conditions modify band characteristics, with changes in frequency range and attenuation behavior based on the cell type and BG generation phenomenon. These changes are also related to the merging of BGs for two, or even three, distinct or equal phenomena. The study also examines how increasing mass in the elements weakens the association between natural frequencies with BG range and resonant modes, leading to the reduction of distinguishing features. Additional observations from the literature on the expected behavior of the band structure are verified and discussed.

Is It Benefiting Me or the Environment? How Context Nudges Green Product Choices

ABSTRACTGreen attribute trade‐offs have been identified as one of the significant antecedents of the green gap phenomenon (i.e., the discrepancy between pro‐green attitudes and purchase behavior of green products) in literature. This paper focuses on the strategic role of trade‐off‐related context effects (i.e., compromise effect and asymmetric dominance effect) as behavioral nudges in green marketing. We suggest that the benefit association of green attributes can influence the scope of these two context effects. We use three studies with experimental design to illustrate the said effect across three trade‐off scenarios, a range of product categories, and a diverse set of samples. Study 1 (307 participants), Study 2 (312 participants), and Study 3 (259 participants) investigated the hypotheses for trade‐offs between green attributes and other conventional product attributes, particularly price, functional performance, and usage/procurement convenience, respectively. The results reveal that when green attributes are associated with user‐benefit, the target green option performs better as a compromise option than as an asymmetrically dominant option, whereas when the green attributes are associated with environmental‐benefit, the target green option performs better as an asymmetrically dominant option than as a compromise option. Further, this difference in efficacy under environmental‐benefit association is less pronounced for individuals high on interdependent self‐construal. Additionally, we find that under the environmental‐benefit association, an independent self‐construal attenuates the efficacy of the compromise effect.

The Influence of the Gap Phenomenon on the Occurrence of Consecutive Discharges in WEDM Through High-Speed Video Camera Observation

The Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) process is an accurate method for manufacturing high-added-value components for industry. Continuous developments in the process have resulted in specialized machines used in sectors such as aerospace and biomedical engineering. However, some fundamental aspects of the discharge process remain unresolved. This work aims to study the influence of discharge location and bubble expansion on the occurrence of subsequent discharges. A high-speed video camera observation system was constructed to capture images of each discharge. From the acquired images, an algorithm was devised to determine the discharge location based on grayscale analysis. Moreover, the voltage and current waveforms of the discharges and the framing signals of the high-speed video camera were then obtained using an oscilloscope. Synchronizing the observation images and signals allowed for calculating the delay time for each single discharge. The results indicate that most of the discharges occurred near the boundary of the bubble and during bubble expansion. This finding has been observed for a variety of machining conditions and can be explained by the effect of the debris particles concentrated at the bubble boundary. This study provides useful information for better understanding the discharge process in WEDM.

The gap phenomenon for conformally related Einstein metrics

AbstractWe determine the submaximal dimensions of the spaces of almost Einstein scales and normal conformal Killing fields for connected conformal manifolds. The results depend on the signature and dimension of the conformally nonflat conformal manifold. In definite signature, these two dimensions are at most and , respectively. In Lorentzian signature, these two dimensions are at most and , respectively. In the remaining signatures, these two dimensions are at most and , respectively. This upper bound is sharp and to realize examples of submaximal dimensions, we first provide them directly in dimension 4. In higher dimensions, we construct the submaximal examples as the (warped) product of the (pseudo)‐Euclidean base of dimension with one of the 4‐dimensional submaximal examples.

Pengaruh Rasio Capital Adequacy Ratio, Net Interest Margin, Non Performing Loan Terhadap Return on Asset Bank Konvensional Periode 2014 - 2022

This research serves to fill in the gaps in knowledge from previous studies that discuss different opinions about each ratio. The focus is on the phenomenon of gaps in the relationship between ROA and bank financial performance. The purpose is to evaluate the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio, Net Interest Margin, and Non Performing Loan on ROA both separately and together at these banks during the period 2014-2022. This research method is a quantitative approach purposive sampling technique to select a sample consisting of five leading conventional banks in Indonesia. The results of the analysis using multiple linear regression and hypothesis testing, the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio on ROA is not significant, Net Interest Margin has a significant positive effect on ROA, Non Performing Loan on ROA has a significant negative effect, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Net Interest Margin, Non Performing Loan as a whole has an effect on ROA.

Pengaruh Kompensasi, Motivasi Kerja, dan Disiplin Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. Matahari Department Store Cabang Festival Citylink

PT Matahari Department Store ranked first in the retail business in Indonesia in 2023. However, based on a pre-research study conducted by researchers on 20 employees of PT Matahari Department Store Festival Citylink Branch, it was found that there was a gap phenomenon in the company related to employee compensation, motivation, and work discipline. So, this research aims to analyze the influence of compensation, work motivation, and work discipline on performance. This research involved a sample of 100 employees. This research found that compensation partially impacts employee performance, but work motivation and discipline do not. The result also found that compensation, work motivation, and work discipline significantly impact employee performance

Do educational interventions reduce the gender gap in communication skills?- a systematic review

BackgroundEfficient doctor-patient communication is essential for improving patient care. The impact of educational interventions on the communication skills of male and female students has not been systematically reviewed. The aim of this review is to identify interventions used to improve communication skills in medical curricula and investigate their effectiveness in improving the communication skills of male and female medical students.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were as follows: used intervention strategies aiming to improve communication skills, participants were medical students, and studies were primary research studies, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses.Results2913 articles were identified based on search terms. After title, abstract, and full-text review, 58 studies were included with interventions consisting of Training or Drama Courses, Curriculum-Integrated, Patient Learning Courses, and Community-Based Learning Courses. 69% of articles reported improved communication skills for both genders equally, 28% for women more than men, and 3% for men more than women. 16 of the 58 articles reported numerical data regarding communication skills pre-and post-intervention. Analysis revealed that post-intervention scores are significantly greater than pre-intervention scores for both male (p < 0.001) and female students (p < 0.001). While the post-test scores of male students were significantly lower than that of female students (p = 0.01), there is no significant difference between genders for the benefits, or difference between post-intervention and pre-intervention scores (p = 0.15), suggesting that both genders benefited equally.ConclusionImplementation of communication training into medical education leads to improvement in communication skills of medical students, irrespective of gender. No specific interventions benefitting male students have been identified from published literature, suggesting need of further studies to explore the phenomenon of gender gap in communication skills and how to minimize the differences between male and female students.

Педагог в цифровой эпохе: выживать или развиваться

The study analyses the phenomenon of the digital gap between teachers and students in the context of the digital transformation of education. Based on a review of the scientific literature and the study of the impact of the level of Information and Communication Technologies proficiency of teachers on the educational outcomes of students, the density and topicality of the problem has been revealed. A comparative analysis of the factors affecting the digital gap and differences in the perception and use of digital technologies by teachers and students is carried out. The main result of the study is the understanding of the immaterial factors as prevailing in the formation of the digital gap. The main risks associated with this phenomenon are highlighted. A strategy based on stimulating self-improvement and continuous self-learning of teachers is proposed to eliminating the immaterial factors of the digital gap. The implementation of a comprehensive, motivation-oriented approach to overcoming the digital gap in the educational environment is proposed as a recommendation.

Using Optimization Algorithms to Design Phononic Barriers Protecting Monuments or Building Facades

The work compares the design of phononic structures using two types of optimization algorithms. Using the genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm, optimal layer distributions were obtained in which the phononic band gap phenomenon occurs. The mechanical wave propagating in the obtained structure, for the given frequency ranges, significantly reduces the transmitted energy, thanks to which the building facade or monument located behind the obtained barrier is exposed to much smaller vibrations, which significantly reduces damage related to long-term fatigue load. The mechanical wave propagation was modeled using the Transfer Matrix Method algorithm and the proprietary objective function allows for the reduction of wave transmission with the simultaneous reduction of high transmission peaks with small half-widths.

Pengaruh Infrastruktur terhadap PDRB Kawasan Timur Indonesia Tahun 2014 – 2022

Economic growth according to Solow Swan's theory is influenced by the factors of capital accumulation, labor, and technological progress. Infrastructure is a form of physical capital that can increase economic activity. During the government of President Joko Widodo, there is the concept of “Nawacita” which in its agenda has points to increase people's productivity and competitiveness in the international market and points to build Indonesia from the periphery by strengthening regions and villages within the framework of a unitary state. The real condition that occurs today is the phenomenon of the development gap. In order to implement this agenda, the government divides Indonesia into the Western Region and the Eastern Region of Indonesia. Eastern Indonesia is considered to be underdeveloped because if seen from the contribution of KTI to the National GRDP, it only contributes less than 25 percent. The purpose of this study is how infrastructure affects the 17 provinces of Eastern Indonesia. The study uses secondary data with panel data regression analysis with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The variables used are economic growth represented by GRDP as the dependent variable and road infrastructure, electricity infrastructure, TPAK, number of internet users as independent variables. The results showed that the variables of electricity infrastructure and the number of internet users had a significant positive effect on economic growth while the variables of road infrastructure and TPAK had no significant effect on economic growth.

Integrating the rent gap into the ground rent theory. Measurement and implications for different models of agriculture

The aim of this paper is to establish a conceptual framework for the rent gap theory in agriculture and to identify potential implications of the rent gap for socio-economic processes occurring in agriculture and rural areas. From an empirical perspective an attempt was made to determine the state and dynamics of the rent gap phenomenon in agriculture in Poland, considering the regional division. The authors used income approach and Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) for estimating the capitalization rate. It was found that rent gap is a permanent phenomenon in Polish agriculture, the dynamics of which largely depends on macroeconomic factors. A widening rent gap may result in the withdrawal of land from farming and a decline in total factor productivity in agriculture. Thus, the implications of the rent gap may relate to food security. Measuring the rent gap can be a step towards determining the quasi-market value of environmental amenities of land.

Deinstitutionalized Careers: Intersectionality of Gender Pay Gap among Women Knowledge Workers

The purpose of this study is to explore women knowledge workers’ experiences of the intersectionality of the gender pay gap and to scrutinize the reasons behind gender pay gap. The study problematizes the gender pay gap phenomenon by using intersectionality theory. The study describes how the gender pay gap varies based on ethnical differences besides being women and reveals how this situation deinstitutionalizes women’s careers. The study utilized a descriptive qualitative research design employing thematic analysis conducted in Germany and Türkiye with a purposively selected sample of participants. The study’s empirical material was generated through semi-structured interviews with women knowledge workers who differ in ethnicity and generally work in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The study’s findings indicated that ethnicity should be considered among other intersectional factors to analyze the gender pay gap comprehensively. The reasons behind the gender pay gap are found to be the lack of transparency in the workplace, gender-based occupational segregation, culture, the glass ceiling, the existence of male-dominated informal communication channels, and the fact that women workers are more easily preferred in organizational downsizing initiatives.

Numerical and theoretical approach to evaluate the clamping force and the interlayer gap extent during drilling of stacked materials

In the aeronautical industry, one-shot drilling of stacked materials is a widely adopted and established solution. However, ongoing discussions persist, particularly regarding the issue of interlayer gap formation that arises when two or more unsealed materials are drilled together. This study aims to present a simplified and reproducible theoretical model based on the equation of the elastic curve applied to structural schemes that discretize and describe the interlayer gap phenomenon in the drilling process. The model is designed to estimate the extent of the interlayer gap phenomenon and predict the clamping force required for its reduction when an end-effector is employed as a clamping device during the drilling of stacked sheets. Experimental and finite element analyses were conducted to validate the results of the proposed theoretical model. Each model was developed and applied to a real structural unit of a fuselage panel, considering actual boundary conditions in terms of structural constraints and geometric features of the assembly. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the proposed one-dimensional theoretical model consistently aligns with experimental and numerical observations obtained through finite element analysis. This offers an effective and readily implementable solution in an industrial context as a tool for sizing the clamping force exerted by a clamping device.

Empowering housewives through green marketing: Fostering eco-friendly household products for sustainable consumption

The escalating concern over the green gap phenomenon, which underscores a discord between consumers' environmental concerns and purchasing behaviours, has accentuated the importance of exploring eco-friendly consumption patterns. This study delves into the multifaceted factors influencing the purchasing behaviour of eco-friendly household products, focusing on the dynamic interplay among consumer knowledge, values, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Specifically, it aims to elucidate how these variables collectively inform housewives' attitudes towards eco-friendly products and purchasing behaviours. The research gathered data from 300 respondents across Jambi City and Sungai Penuh City within Jambi Province, employing principal component analysis and structural equation modelling to scrutinize the hypothesized relationships between the constructs. The findings underscore consumer values, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control significantly and positively influence consumer attitudes towards eco-friendly household products. Moreover, a pronounced positive correlation between consumer attitudes and eco-friendly purchasing behaviour was identified, whereas the impact of consumer knowledge on consumer attitudes emerged as negligible. This research enriches the theoretical discourse on eco-friendly purchasing behaviour, particularly concerning household products. It offers critical insights for marketers, policymakers, and environmental advocates aiming to foster sustainable consumption practices by pinpointing the pivotal factors that shape consumer attitudes and behaviours. Additionally, the study lays a robust groundwork for subsequent research endeavours to bridge the green gap and advance environmental sustainability through enlightened consumer decisions.

Lieb-Schultz-Mattis Theorem in Open Quantum Systems.

The Lieb-Schultz-Mattis (LSM) theorem provides a general constraint on quantum many-body systems and plays a significant role in the Haldane gap phenomena and topological phases of matter. Here, we extend the LSM theorem to open quantum systems and establish a general theorem that restricts the steady state and spectral gap of Liouvillians based solely on symmetry. Specifically, we demonstrate that the unique gapped steady state is prohibited when translation invariance and U(1) symmetry are simultaneously present for noninteger filling numbers. As an illustrative example, we find that no dissipative gap is open in the spin-1/2 dissipative Heisenberg model, while a dissipative gap can be open in the spin-1 counterpart-an analog of the Haldane gap phenomena in open quantum systems. Furthermore, we show that the LSM constraint manifests itself in a quantum anomaly of the dissipative form factor of Liouvillians. We also find the LSM constraints due to symmetry intrinsic to open quantum systems, such as Kubo-Martin-Schwinger symmetry. Our work leads to a unified understanding of phases and phenomena in open quantum systems.

대학전공선택검사의 성차에 의한 차별기능문항 탐색

Objectives Paying attention to the phenomenon of a gender gap in the choice of a major in the engineering de-partment, this study set out to examine whether there was differential item functioning by gender and what caused it by analyzing the items related to engineering in the Korean College Major Interest Inventory, 2nd Edition(KCMII-2).&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, the study used the data of 9,069 respondents who answered the activity preference items and the data of 9,040 respondents who answered the vocational preference items in the engineering sec-tion of the inventory in its analysis before checking if the data met the normal distribution and unidimensionality assumption requirements. Differential item functioning was extracted with the ‘lordif’ package of R and the PARSCALE program. The items whose differential function was found both in the programs were chosen as the final differential item functioning.&#x0D; Results The results of testing the assumption of unidimensionality suggested the possibility of other dimensions of latent trait beyond activity and career preferences. Subsequent analysis conducted through differential item functioning analysis revealed that nine out of the 30 activity preference items and seven out of the 30 vocational preference items were extracted as differential item functioning. All these items except for one activity preference item were favorable to female students. The activity preference items whose differential function included majors in life science and biotechnology, computer software, environmental studies and energy, and chemistry and chemical engineering. In terms of career preference, the differential functioning items encompassed majors in life science and biotechnology, chemistry and chemical engineering, and environmental studies and energy.&#x0D; Conclusions The study then inferred the causes of the differential item function extracted based on the findings and discussed the future direction of career education to help high school students overcome the gender gap in the choice of an engineering career and make a reasonable and sustainable career and occupation choice.

Determinan Penyaluran Kredit pada Bank Perkreditan Rakyat di Sulawesi Utara

The role of banking as an intermediation institution is very important in supporting the running of the economy and national development, considering its function as an organizer of payment transactions, an intermediary between debtors and creditors, and so on. The main focus and activity of banking in carrying out its intermediation function is credit distribution. This research is motivated by the existence of a gap phenomenon where the credit distributed by Rural Banks in North Sulawesi is not yet optimal. Thus, it is necessary to examine the factors that influence credit distribution, some of which are Third Party Fund (TPF) and Non-Performing Loan (NPL). The aim of this research is to find out the influence of Third Party Fund and Non-Performing Loan on credit distribution at Rural Banks in North Sulawesi. The analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The results show that Third Party Fund and Non-Performing Loan have a positive and significant effect on credit distribution. Based on the results, it is hoped that Rural Banks can further increase Third Party Fund and minimize the occurrence of Non-Performing Loan in order to increase credit distribution at Rural Banks in North Sulawesi.

A Systematic Literature Review on the Attitude-Behaviour Divides in Favour of Sustainable Consumption

Sustainable consumption is crucial for sustainable development in the modern era, with various aspects and contexts covered in literature. Research on sustainable consumption has led to the green gap phenomenon, highlighting the discrepancy between customers’ actual environmental support and their claims of increasing environmental care. Thus, it’s still research on sustainable consumption as a novel forum in various fields is, however, lacking. Accordingly, “overall, this analysis fills in understanding gaps in the “intention-behavior” gaps and suggests areas for future research by shedding light on pertinent literature. In the last ten years, there has been a notable increase in the amount of scholarly research conducted on this topic. The current study fifty-nine papers for a review of the literature pertaining to papers that have been published in a few scientific journals in the last 10 years, starting in 2013 based on the with predetermine inclusion criteria. This study used the systematic literature review (SLR) methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Solving the spectral gap problem with a four-mirror bow-tie cavity in waveguide free-electron laser oscillators

The generation of intense coherent radiation pulses in the far-infrared and terahertz regimes is of considerable interest to the free-electron laser (FEL) radiation user community. At long wavelengths, the diffraction effect can be quite severe, therefore, an optical waveguide is required to confine the radiation field. However, it will also bring about some new phenomena, and the most noteworthy one is the spectral gap phenomenon: at some particular wavelengths, regardless of electron beam adjustments, the coupling efficiency and output power of waveguide FEL oscillators drop significantly. Such spectral gap has an adverse effect on experimental results since numerous experiments require continuous spectral scanning. In this paper, we propose to utilize a bow-tie cavity instead of conventional cavities to the waveguide FEL to solve the spectral gap problem. The simulation was carried out based on the parameters of FELiChEM, a newly built user facility in China. Numerical simulation code OPC combining with modified GENESIS is used to enable the modelling, for the first time, of a bow-tie cavity based FEL in the far-infrared wavelength regime. The simulation results indicate that this novel structure can effectively eliminate the spectral gaps and substantially enhance long-wavelength laser performance.

Enhancing Company Value Through Profitability Mediation (A Study on Manufacturing Companies Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange During The Period of 2018-2021)

The research is based on the fact that there is a significant fluctuation in the performance of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, leading to the emergence of a phenomenon known as the 'gap' phenomenon. The gap phenomenon is characterized by the inconsistency in the influence of variables such as ROE, capital expenditure, and tangible assets on profitability and their impact on company value. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of the variables ROE, capital expenditure, and tangible assets on profitability and their impact on company value in the manufacturing industry listed on the IDX during the period from 2018 to 2021. The population in this study consists of all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period from 2018 to 2021. The research analysis method used in this study is Smart PLS.