Dialect Phenomena Research Articles

The use of Slovakia Hungarian dialects in social media

AbstractThis paper analyzes dialect-stylizing internet content on current events that depict Slovakia Hungarian dialects speakers. The regular display of dialect phenomena on social media platforms allows rapid spread, constant presence, and the possibility of comments. The figure of the dialect speaker, previously geographically bounded, can become a symbol of authenticity, accessible from anywhere in the world. The paper examines the importance of the views of lay language users and content creators in simple language management and citizen science in the contexts of the recognition of dialects, of their oral and written representation, and of the evaluation of languages and varieties.

Language awareness survey among university students

In this study we examined the linguistic awareness and dialect attitudes of university students studying at the University of Nyíregyháza. It is particularly important that the future teachers have a positive attitude towards the varieties of the Hungarian language and share their knowledge with their learners in an effective way. However, the results of various research studies show that in many cases, mother tongue education in schools does not build on a multi-standard approach to language varieties, and as a consequence, non-standard varieties are perceived more negatively than standard ones. The aim of this research is to find out what the university students in the research study know about the regional variation of language, conscious language use and how they view dialect speech. The study was conducted through an online questionnaire survey involving 70 respondents. As a starting point for the research, it was assumed that the respondents’ dialect attitudes and language awareness would be determined by their experiences at school, and thus negative attitudes towards dialect speech would be observed in their value judgments. It was also assumed that respondents would be less accepting of the occurrence of dialect phenomena in their own language use and in the speech habits of others in their locality. The results showed that the majority of the students surveyed did not have a negative opinion of dialect phenomena, so the first hypothesis was not confirmed. However, the second hypothesis was partially confirmed, as far fewer respondents acknowledged the occurrence of dialect phenomena in their own language use than in the speech of the people in their locality. Overall, the majority of respondents to the survey have a positive attitude towards linguistic diversity and strive to use the language consciously. It is hoped that the students surveyed here will adopt the right approach to teaching about linguistic diversity in their teaching practice, thus positively influencing learners’ attitudes towards dialects and linguistic diversity.

All-Turkish Lexical Layer in Turkic Languages and Uzbek Language Dialects

Abstract It is known that the study of dialects is one of the urgent issues of today's linguistics. World linguistics has made significant progress in the field of dialectology in the study of dialects, in creating a perfect areal description of dialectal phenomena. From the conducted research, a scientific conclusion can be drawn that it is possible to talk about the forms of language tools, i.e. the methods of expression, in the expression of all philosophical categories in the ancient monuments and in our current language. Like all philosophical concepts, the meaning of space and time is a linguistic image of the subjective perception of the objective world. That is why the linguistic research conducted in that direction requires communication with the sciences of philosophy, logic and psychology, leaving the framework of linguistics. Time-space-calendar words form a separate system in ancient Turkish written texts, and their comparative study with our current language is studied as an urgent issue of linguistics. Also "anda//anta" (at that time), "yil (year), kish (winter), kiçë//keçe (night), kuntuz (day), tun ortusi (midnight) ” words find their reflection in ancient monuments and lay the foundation for the emergence of representatives of the Turkic language, in particular, the Uzbek and Azerbaijani languages. In the system of means of expressing spatial concepts in the language, the phonetic space is considered the beginning, the beginning. That is, the phonetic space can be called the basis of space expression through language. At the same time, the grouping of words, morphological forms, syntactic units according to the time and space content, analysis of the specific aspects of those language units, many manifestations of concepts denoting the time and space content in the Azerbaijani language. The explanation of the forms of the edges was carried out based on the requirements of theoretical linguistics.

Peace and Conflict in Two Friends: A Naturalistic Short Story

As a mover and shaker man of letters, the French short story writer Guy de Maupassant penned hundreds of groundbreaking stories, yet sundry of them are still eclipsed owing to the rarity of reviews. Two Friends (1882), one of his eloquent works, is a pertinent case worth reading and analyzing. As a corollary, this article comes to terms with Two Friends to uncover the story’s narrative structure, point of view, setting dimensions, historical context, style, and symbolism to cognize readers about the significance of this piece of work that comes to grips with two dialectical phenomena which are peace and brutality. This juxtapositional datum in human nature echoes how realistic literature in the 19th century represented societies by shedding light on divergent issues in Two Friends and conversing about the impulse that thrusts Guy de Maupassant to tell about the faith of two commoners living in Paris. This investigation indulges realism in Maupassant’s work through the projection of commoner characters entangled with the dire reality of armed conflicts. Besides, naturalism discloses the reasonable forces of the environment and innate heredity that navigate the characters' actions. This will inform us about how war sometimes has the repercussions of foolish decisions or human greed, out of which innocent human beings are the overt victims who pay a heavy price.

Studying of folk (dialectal) speech in extracurricular work of middle school

The studying of folk (dialectal) speech is important in the school course of the Ukrainian language, especially in rural areas, as it offers an understanding of the specificity of the Ukrainian language in its territorial expression. Awareness of the specificity of the territorial variety of the Ukrainian language will contribute to the manifestation of patriotic feelings of students, the desire to preserve the ethnic (territorial) peculiarity. The relevance of our research is determined by the need to study folk speech in the school course ofthe Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to develop the topics of one of the forms of extracurricular work (of a colloquium) on the Ukrainian language for the study of spoken language in secondary school. The research was carried out on the material of the dialects of the villages of Ulashkivtsi and Zabolotivka of the Chortkiv district of the Ternopil region. Research methods. The research was carried out on the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on linguistic methods – descriptive, structural. With the help of the descriptive method the factual material was summarized. The inventory and systematization of language phenomena was promoted by the structural method. Conclusions. As a result of the insufficient coverage of information from the "Dialectology of the Ukrainian language" in school teaching course of the Ukrainian language, the role of extracurricular work as one of the types of educational work is increasing, the purpose of which is to deepen the information from this course, as well as to explain to schoolchildren the differences between folk (colloquial) words and literal names. Therefore, students must understand the specifics of the manifestation of the territorial variety of the national Ukrainian language. For this purpose, the most optimal form of extracurricular work is a colloquium, during which the teacher will provide information about the types of dialectal phenomena, tell about the origin of the dialecticisms of speech, offer information about the vocabulary of the calendar cycle (middle grades), and explain the phonetic-grammatical regularities of dialectal speech (senior grades).

THE PECULIARITY OF LANDSCAPE AND METEOROLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA

The article discusses the features of the composition of landscape and meteorological vocabulary in the Russian dialects of Udmurtia. The words of this subject recorded in the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia, as well as in the records made by researchers of individual dialects on the territory of the republic, are analyzed. During the lexicographic analysis with the involvement of dialect dictionaries, it was revealed that most of the names of landscape features and natural phenomena in the Russian dialects of Udmurtia are commonly used words, as well as dialect designations known in Vyatka and Perm dialects. This conclusion is natural, since Udmurtia borders with the Kirov region in the north and west and with the Perm Region in the east, is located in the same natural zone with these regions, as well as at the intersection of the areas of the corresponding dialects. In addition, the study revealed a number of words that were not marked in the dialect dictionaries of neighboring regions or in Russian vernacular dialects in general. Such lexemes, fixed in this meaning only in the Russian dialects of Udmurtia, are formed from the all-Russian or dialect bases, but have phonetic, word-formation or semantic differences from the same-root words noted in lexicographic sources.

Говіркова фонетика збірки оповідань О. Лотоцької «Нині зозуля кувала»

Initially, the use of dialectisms in literary works was provoked by the writer's linguistic experience. In the XX – at the beginning of the XXI century spoken language acquires the status of a stylistic device in literary texts. One of such authors is Olena Lototska. Olena Lototska was born in the village of Krupove, Dubrovytsia district, Rivne region. This dialect belongs to the middle-polissian dialect of the northern dialect. The texts of the collection «Nyni zozulia kuvala» meticulously reproduces the peculiarities of vocalism and consonantism of speech, there are no inaccuracies and duplicities in the reproduction of dialectal phenomena. O. Lototska demonstrates the specifics of the reflection *о, *е, *ĕ, *ę, *и (і) and *ы in the modern Krupovets dialect. The peculiarities of the functioning of the system of consonantism are primarily related to the load of soft consonant variants.

THE PHENOMENON OF WRITTEN DIALECT TEXTS (NAIVE POETRY OF NORTHERN PODLACHIA)

The article examines the issue of works of naive literature as written monuments of the dialect language. Based on the materials of the ethnolinguistic-dialectological expedition of 2005, nine poems of two authors from the vicinity of Bielsk Podlaski – Olha Onatsyk (born in 1921, Yagushtovo village) and Volodymyr Sosna (born in 1937, Pashkivshchyna village) – were introduced into scientific circulation and analyzed in linguistic and thematic terms. From a psychological point of view, the desire to write poetry arose among numerous naive poets of Northern Podlachia mainly because of the desire to fill a kind of lacuna associated with the functional limitation of the native language. In the case of such poets, usually retired peasants, the value of their works for humanitarian studies is determined not only by the representation of the peasant picture of the world, but also (or primarily) by the language itself. The archaic dialects used by them deserve the special attention as one of the most important parts of ethnoculture. The themes and stylistic means of the presented works confirm the researchers' conclusion that such poetry "stands between literature and folklore". The works of both amateur poets are presented according to manuscripts and parallel audio recording (author's reading) – this approach allows to avoid subjectivism when evaluating dialectal phenomena, primarily phonetic ones. Particular attention is paid to the unique dialect features in the manuscripts. The principles of publishing works of Podlachian naive literature written in Latin graphics are proposed: accurate transmission of manuscripts, parallel transliteration in Cyrillic, commenting on unclear lexemes (narrow-local dialectisms, borrowings). The importance of preserving the ethno-cultural heritage of the Ukrainians of Northern Podlachia is emphasized. Systematic research, the publication of ethnolinguistic descriptions, dialect texts and dictionaries will allow us to create a reliable picture of the current state of the dialects of the Buh and Narva interfluve, the last area where Ukrainians live compactly on the territory of Poland.

Breaking Points in the Context of Compliance with Arabic in the Soundness of Recitations. (Sîbeveyh, Kisâî, İbn Cinnî)

Pek çok sahih hadiste zikredildiği üzere, Kur’ân yedi harf üzere nâzil olmuştur. Bu yedi harfin farklı lehçeleri ifade ettiği konusunda kıraat âlimlerinin neredeyse ittifakı vardır. Bu yedi farklı lehçe olgusunun bir yansıması olarak, Kur’ân'ın yanlış okunmasını önlemeye yönelik çabalar, Hz. Peygamber dönemine kadar dayanmaktadır. Ancak Hz. Peygamber'in vefatından sonra insanlar, ihtilafa düştükleri kıraatleri sormak için kesin bilgi kaynağını kaybetmiş oldular. Bu bağlamda ihtilaf arttığında kıraat âlimleri, sahih kıraat ile sahih olmayan kıraati ayırt etmek için üç şart ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu üç şarttan birincisi kıraatin Hz. Peygamber’e mütevâtir olarak ulaşması, ikincisi Mesâhif-i Osman'a uygun olması, üçüncüsü ise herhangi bir Arap lehçesine uygun olmasıdır. Kıraat âlimleri, Araplar tarafından konuşulan bu lehçenin yaygın olmasının veya nahivcilerin üzerinde anlaşmaya vardığı bir lehçe olmasının şart olmadığını söylemişlerdir. Ebu İshak el-Hadramî (ö. 117/735), Halil b. Ahmed el-Ferahîdî (ö. 175/791) ve Yunus b. Habîb (ö. 182/798) gibi erken dönem nahivciler, kıraatlerin lehçelere uygunluğunu incelerken kıraatler ve râvileri hakkında olumsuz hükümler vermekten kaçınmışlardır. Sîbeveyh(ö. 180/796) ise kıraatleri Basra nahiv ekolünün kuralları ile değerlendirmiş ve bu kurallara uymayan kıraatleri yanlış veya çirkin olmakla itham ederek bu olguyu farklı bir boyuta taşımıştır. Kisâî (ö. 189/805) de kıraatlere hem kıraatçi hem de dilci kimliğiyle yaklaşmış, Sîbeveyh'in reddettiği birçok kıraati doğru kabul etmiş ve bunlara dayanarak yeni nahiv kuralları oluşturmuştur. İbn Cinnî(ö. 392/1002) de Sîbeveyh ve onu takip edenlerin reddettiği kıraatlerin nahivsel değerini ortaya koymak için el-Muhteseb’i yazmış, Sîbeveyh ve onu takip edenleri de eleştirerek bu olguyu kıraatçilerin istediği noktaya getirmiştir.

THE PHENOMENON OF SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN THE LETTERS AL-AIN AND NOUN- AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

The phenomenon of substitution between the eye and the noon, is considered a dialectical phenomenon between certain tribes, it is the substitution of the static eye with nun if it is adjacent to the ta and was rudahl in the verb (give - entailed), although there is no convergence in the exit between the two sounds (the eye and the noon) as each of them has An exit, as the eye exits from the middle of the throat, and the nun is from the tip of the tongue and between the folds of the folds. However, we found some common phonetic characteristics between these two letters, making one of them replace the other, as they are among the loud and medium sounds between intensity and softness. The other thing is that the verb (to give) came in the dictionaries under two linguistic roots, which are (atta and nata) and the meaning is one of handling. Keywords: Substitutions, Dialects, Vocalization, Sounds.

Dialectical features of I. Bazhansky's diary-chronicle “War”

The article examines the linguistic features of the diary-chronicle “War” by I. Bazhansky, in particular the dialect vocabulary. The language of I. Bazhansky's works is valuable because it allows to draw conclusions about the peculiarities of the Ukrainian language of the early ХХ century on the territory of Bukovina. The relevance of the research is determined by the need of studing of dialectical features of the diary-chronicle“War” by Bukovinian teacher and writer Ivan Bazhanskyi. Exploring the linguistic features of the diary-chronicle requires a comprehensive analysis to make an effective communicative influence on the reader. The aim of scientific work is to analyze phonetic, lexical, word-forming, morphological and syntactic dialectisms in the Ivan Bazhanskyi diary-chronicle “War”. The novelty of research is conditioned by the fact that in the Ukrainian linguistics dialectal phenomena of the Ivan Bazhanskyi diary-chronicle "War" has been explored for the first time. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of induction and deduction are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive and structural methods. Conclusions. Phonetic and morphological dialectisms recorded in this literary text reflect the basic phonetic and grammatical patterns of Bukovinian dialects. Word-forming dialectisms in modern Bukovinian dialects are obsolete. Among the lexical dialectisms we distinguish the actual lexical and semantic dialectisms. Lexical dialectisms of the diary-chronicle “War” by I. Bazhansky are classified by lexical-thematic groups: LTG of military affairs, LTG of economic sphere of use, abstract names, nominations of a person, names of clothes, nominations of people, etc. Each group includes specific Ukrainian words and borrowed names.

ГОВОРЫ БЕЛОЗЕРСКОГО КРАЯ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

The article is a review of the linguistic papers by researchers of the Vologda scientific school, written in the period of the XX - beginning of the XXI century and focusing on the study of Belozerye as a special territory in Vologda region. Currently, geographical and historical Belozerye occupies the space of Kirillovsky and Belozersky districts in Vologda region. According to archaeological sources, the main trade routes passed exactly through this territory, here was the settlement of the Slavs and Finno-Ugric tribes, which determined the development of different dialect phenomena. The assimilation of the population brought about changes in language processes. Linguists and language historians consistently analyzed material collected in these territories. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the main research areas, which were developed by Vologda linguists during this period. It wasn't initially intended to provide a review including works on the history, archeology and culture of the region under study...

Діалектна основа перекладу Михайла Атаманюка німецькомовного роману К.Е. Францоза «Боротьба за право»

The article focuses on the first Ukrainian translation of the novel Ein Kampf um’s Recht by the Austrian writer Karl Emil Francoz of the mid-19th century, which tells about the struggle of Galician peasants - Rusins - for their land. The translation was made in Chernivtsi in 1910 by Mykhailo Atamanyuk, a Ukrainian writer and translator, whose creative legacy has been unfairly overlooked by researchers. Mykhailo Atamanyuk grew up and got education in Austro-Hungary, where he witnessed the interethnic dialogue and intercuLturaL contacts and mastered the local dialect from his childhood. These factors, together with Atamanyuk's consonance with Franzos in the perpception of reality, formed a reliable basis for a high-quality translation into the native language of its heroes. The authors argue that the translation under analysis accurately conveys all the typical features of the local dialect. The article analyses the translation in terms of the dialectal facts on different language levels and identifies phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic dialectal phenomena, typical for the Transnistrian dialect of the Galician-Bukovinian dialects within the South-Western dialect of the Ukrainian language. Basing on the two toponyms mentioned in the novel, the authors determine its linguo-spatial background - Kolomyisky, Tlumatsky, Horodenkivsky, and Snyatinsky districts of Ivano-Frankivsk Region of modern Ukraine, which represent the Transnistrian dialect at the Ukrainian dialect map. These dialects formed the basis of the Western Ukrainian variety of the literary language, which contributed to the popularity of the novel among Ukrainian readers. Thus, for the first time, the dialect basis of Atamanyuk's Ukrainian translation of the novel Ein Kampf um’s Recht by K.E. Franzos has been established.

INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA PÚBLICA ENQUANTO FENÔMENO ESSENCIALMENTE DIALÉTICO

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to examine the relations of cause and effect in the process of organic incorporation of distance education in public universities. Therefore, it is proposed the concept of dialectics to explain the institutionalization of the modality. With regard to the methodology, from the methodological triangulation different instruments, strategies and sources of data were used, namely: documentary analysis; virtual focus groups; semi-structured interviews; Delphi technique; and virtual questionnaire. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative approaches, without losing sight of our epistemological matrix concerning Max Weber’s comprehensive sociology, which concerns the apprehension of universities as clusters of subjects who attribute a subjective sense to their socially oriented action. With the study, it was understood that the institutionalization of distance education is an essentially dialectical phenomenon, because it is enmeshed in constant institutional conflicts driven by immanent contradictions. While dichotomous views persist, especially through the model established by the Open University System of Brazil (UAB - Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil), there are important obstacles in the organic incorporation of the modality. Therefore, it is considered that the overcoming of this public policy of an emergency nature tends to culminate in the greater synthesis process, in which distance education and classroom education become juxtaposed. Hybrid education is achieved, since the qualifications “face-to-face” and “distance” become secondary, giving greater focus to the educational process.

Українсько-білоруське пограниччя: Білоруські впливи на говірки Українського Полісся

The present paper is devoted to the research on the Ukrainian northern supradialect or, more precisely, the issue of the influence of Belarusian language space on the structure of local subdialects within it. The paper aims to indicate and describe characteristic features of Ukrainian Polesian subdialects, yet only those that testify to common with South Belarusian dialects trends in the evolution of dialectal phenomena or that penetrated into their structure as a result of Belarusian influence. In connection with this, the research is largely confrontational. This is why comparative-historical and descriptive methods of analysis were taken up.

Typological originality of secondary dialects with the south Russian basis in the Middle Volga Region

The article highlights the problem of the typology of dialects of the Middle Volga region. Particular attention is paid to secondary dialects with signs of South Russian dialect bases, the status of which in the Volga atlases is determined ambiguously. The area of the described dialect type is indicated. It is indicated that in the left-bank part of the Middle Volga region, in the so-called Trans-Volga region, there is a high probability of the existence of secondary Central Russian dialects with the preservation of signs of southern Russian maternal stems. The main source is data from regional atlases. The materials of dialectological expeditions to the villages of the Samara region are used. The description of the typological characteristics of the secondary dialects with a southern base, which are designated on the maps of regional atlases as Central Russian, is based on the analysis of isogloss of phonetic, grammatical and proper lexical dialect phenomena. In dialects with a completed transition to Central Russian, typologically significant South Russian features are types of yakany with the preservation of vowel dissimilation, obstruent pronunciation of g of secondary origin and other phonetic, morphological and lexical features that make up the series of two-term dialectal correspondences. According to the linguistic basis, such dialects are often polydialectal. In some dialects, the South Russian basis is not in doubt, and we can only state the beginning of the transition to the Central Russian type. The question is raised about the existence of secondary dialect types, formed as a result of the assimilation of dialects of the South Russian dialect with other dialects, not only in the Volga region, but also in other territories with favorable conditions for inter-dialectal contact. It is concluded that the presence of the Central Russian type and South Russian bases in the described dialects is possible only if there is a sufficient amount of information on typologically significant levels of the dialect language, in which systemic relations are clearly manifested and which are represented on linguistic maps by stable isoglosses. Data on secondary types of dialects should be based on the structural-typological classification of dialectal phenomena of various levels, including the lexical one.

Reflections of Russian dialect geography in Djorža Karelian

Can we pinpoint an Eastern Finnic dialect on the map, based exclusively on the Russian influence in its phonology and grammar? How precisely do differences between Russian (sub-)dialects manifest themselves in Eastern Finnic? Due to its unique location, far from its relatives, and its contacts with different Russian dialects, Djorža Karelian is a promising tool for answering these questions. We explore the distribution of three phonological features in Djorža Karelian vocabulary borrowed from Russian; all of them correspond to isoglosses on the Russian dialect map. In addition, we also shortly examine one syntactic feature in this Karelian variety: the distribution of two borrowed conjunctions with similar meaning and North-South divide in Russian dialects. We conclude that phonology is not the best detector of contact between non-cognate dialects, because of the small sound inventories of the contact varieties and the problems in distinguishing externally driven change from internally driven change. Syntax seems to be a better diagnostic for contact between non-cognate dialects, because of its complex relationship with meaning. We go on to demonstrate how syntactic evidence from a non-Slavic variety can also be suggestive for the occurrence of linguistic phenomena in Russian dialects.

Становление норм глагольного формообразования и употребления в региональном деловом письменном узусе русского языка XVII–XVIII веках

The аrticle is devoted to identification of features of verbal shaping in the language of the Transbaikal monuments of the business writing of the 17–18th centuries and to consideration of its alternativeness in aspect of formation of grammatical norms in synchronic opposition of the Russian of the center and the periphery and diachronic opposition of the Transbaikal speech usage of the 17–18th centuries and the modern period. It is established that in the majority of the Transbaikal business documents the happened transition to the new system of verbal forms of an infinitive, time in an indicative mood is noted. In general features of the use of new and archaic verbal forms are caused by a complex of factors, in particular a document genre, banality of his structural components, the nature of the stated events, reflection of the dialect phenomena from the Transbaikal colloquial usage of that time is less often shown. The comparative analysis of verbal forms of of regional business written ususes of the 17–18th centuries revealed in verb formation and use in the business monuments of Nerchinsk, Transbaikalia normalizators trends, General trends emerging written business language in the centre and a number of Russian regions. The processes of unification follow the General Russian trend towards unification in the system of verbal formation. The results of this research supplement and expand scientific information on language morphological processes in the formed standard business language in the center and regional options.

THE TERM (AL-TALTALA) BETWEEN DIELECTS AND ANOMALOUS READINGS

Colloquial tends to put (kasra) under the letters that indicate present verbs in general. This phenomenon, some of its sections are considered linguistically acceptable and have eloquent evidences, while others are considered to be against eloquence, defective and disruptive. There is no doubt that the term (Taltala) is commen among language specialists and it is defined by them that it is putting (Kasra) under the first letter of present tense verb, in general, as we will see in the literature of linguistics and other sciences, they transmit the traditional texts from the ancients about considering it from the vilified dialectal phenomena, and they consider the eloquent what is deprived of it. This r generalization has restrictions and limitations, and in order to clarify these restrictions and limitations, this research paper was written, to be of use to those who seek knowledge of the rules of this issue, whether they were readers who have an urgent need to know these details, as their books are empty of useful restrictions that meet their intellectual requirements and needs of clarification, limitation and control, or they were those who are specialized in language and aim to expand the circle of their knowlege of it in order to expand the license, and what is permissible and is not defective, to get rid of ignorance of the resources of eloquent texts and explicit evidences. You hardly find anything in this matter except for little references in the language books and its scattered topics. The research came in two parts, the first deals with these language books and what came in them after a brief introduction, and the second examines the books of the deviant anomalous readings and their approach to the issue, with an appendix that enlist Qur’anic examples in which the conditions and concepts of our phenomenon can be applicable to the research term (Al-Taltala). To distinguish between this and the authentic narrations and readings, I have prepared this brief research paper, supported by the apparent evidences from the anomalous readings with the correct chain of narrators

Standardization in Balkan Slavic Diachronic Research

The present paper studies the problem of standardization of Bulgarian within the context of the emergence of the Balkan Sprachbund. Traditionally, standardization is considered to be a part of the nation-building process, understood as the codification of orthographic and other linguistic norms in authoritative documents. As they are legally binding within the national collective, the traditional view distinguishes texts from the era before standardization containing more dialectal phenomena and the standardized literature, where dialectal features are usually suppressed. This study presents the hypothesis that the codification of the Bulgarian language in the 19th century did not have such an impact on the later development of language norms. Rather, the codification merely led to changes in orthography. Other norms of the literary language gradually developed within the manuscript tradition of the so-called damaskini. This hypothesis is supported by a quantitative analysis of a sample of texts from various centuries and dialectal areas.