Phased Array Antenna Research Articles

Dual-band dual-polarized sub-6 GHz phased array antenna with suppressed higher order modes

This manuscript proposes a dual-band dual-polarized 64-element phased array antenna (PAA) with suppressed higher order modes (HoMs). Each array element is a microstrip patch structure with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loading, allowing for simultaneous dual-band and dual-polarization performance at 3.45 GHz and 3.87 GHz. The proposed PAA exhibits impedance matching of ≤-20\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\le - 20$$\\end{document} dB at 3.45 GHz and 3.87 GHz while limiting the mutual coupling below -19\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$- 19$$\\end{document} dB between the adjacent elements at both the operating bands. The proposed design includes a plated through hole placed near the CSRR loading to suppress any higher-order modes (HOMs). Two antenna prototypes, without and with HOMs suppression techniques are fabricated and measured. In addition, we demonstrate the beam steering of the proposed PAA up to ±600\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pm 60^0$$\\end{document} using an off-the-shelf 6-bit phase shifter module. The proposed 64 -element array achieves a gain of 23 dBi, and shows a minimal steering loss of ≃3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\simeq 3$$\\end{document} dB over the steering angle.

Coherent interface between optical and microwave photons on an integrated superconducting atom chip

Sub-wavelength arrays of atoms exhibit remarkable optical properties, analogous to those of phased array antennas, such as collimated directional emission or nearly perfect reflection of light near the collective resonance frequency. We propose to use a single-sheet sub-wavelength array of atoms as a switchable mirror to achieve a coherent interface between propagating optical photons and microwave photons in a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator. In the proposed setup, the atomic array is located near the surface of the integrated superconducting chip containing the microwave cavity and optical waveguide. A driving laser couples the excited atomic state to Rydberg states with strong microwave transition. Then the presence or absence of a microwave photon in the superconducting cavity makes the atomic array transparent or reflective to the incoming optical pulses of proper frequency and finite bandwidth.

Discrete space-time processing in multifunctional radar systems

In radar systems, all basic tasks, from signal detection to their recognition, are solved under conditions of a priori uncertainty arising, among other things, due to natural or organized interference. The task of maintaining a balance between the speed of the information-measuring and control system and the detail of the assessment of the phase coordinates of targets is of particular relevance in modern on-board multifunctional radar systems of fighter aircraft. In such systems, all basic tasks are solved with strict restrictions on space-time resources. The purpose of the work is to analyze the options for reviewing the airspace that provide the solution of basic tasks in multifunctional radar systems with restrictions on the permissible time of observation of targets and taking into account electronic countermeasures. Based on the analysis performed using performance indicators that ensure the noise immunity of multifunctional radar systems, rational variants of a discrete space-time survey for active phased antenna arrays are proposed. In modern antennas with electromechanical scanning, two space viewing modes are used – continuous direction-finding mode and on-pass tracking. In the continuous direction-finding mode, the detail of the phase coordinate estimates is realized only for a single target, but the secrecy of the actions of the multifunctional radar system is not ensured. In the pass-through tracking mode, a high level of detail is provided for assessing the phase coordinates of targets and the noise immunity of multifunctional radar systems. Therefore, in this mode, it is advisable to evaluate only the noise immunity of multifunctional radar systems against the background of natural interference. The greatest detail of estimates of the phase coordinates of targets and noise immunity are achieved in multifunctional radar systems with active phased antenna arrays, the element base of which allows for a fast discrete space-time overview when all parameters of the electromagnetic wave change, including its polarization, according to pseudo-random laws. The use of modern onboard time standards with stability up to 〖10〗^(-18) in combination with high-speed electromechanical switches will significantly increase the detail of the evaluation of the phase coordinates of targets and noise immunity, including during group actions of aircraft. The proposed review options relate to a new priority scientific and technical direction  correction of techniques (principles, methods and algorithms) for the construction of avionics using technological advances in the development of the element base of active phased antenna arrays.

Kinematic-mapping-model-guided analysis and optimization of 2-PSS&1-RR circular-rail parallel mechanism for fully steerable phased array antennas

This paper presents a systematic methodology for analyzing and optimizing an innovative antenna mount designed for phased array antennas, implemented through a novel 2-PSS&1-RR circular-rail parallel mechanism. Initially, a comparative motion analysis between the 3D model of the mount and its full-scale prototype is conducted to validate effectiveness. Given the inherent complexity, a kinematic mapping model is established between the mount and the crank-slider linkage, providing a guiding framework for subsequent analysis and optimization. Guided by this model, feasible inverse and forward solutions are derived, enabling precise identification of stiffness singularities. The concept of singularity distance is thus introduced to reflect the structural stiffness of the mount. Subsequently, also guided by the mapping model, a heuristic algorithm incorporating two backtracking procedures is developed to reduce the mount's mass. Additionally, a parametric finite-element model is employed to explore the relation between singularity distance and structural stiffness. The results indicate a significant reduction (about 16%) in the antenna mount's mass through the developed algorithm, while highlighting the singularity distance as an effective stiffness indicator for this type of antenna mount.

Single-Layer Wideband Tilted Beam Phased Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Vehicle Communications

Single-Layer Wideband Tilted Beam Phased Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Vehicle Communications

Single-PCB Fabricated, Ultrawideband, and Wide-Scanning Phased Array Antenna With Vertically Integrated Resistive Frequency-Selective Surface

Single-PCB Fabricated, Ultrawideband, and Wide-Scanning Phased Array Antenna With Vertically Integrated Resistive Frequency-Selective Surface

Estimation of Power Density in mm-wave Phased Array Antenna for 5G Cellular Handset

Estimation of Power Density in mm-wave Phased Array Antenna for 5G Cellular Handset

A Tiling Method for Sub-Arrayed Spherical Conformal Phased Array Antennas Based on Maximum 3-D Space Entropy Model

A Tiling Method for Sub-Arrayed Spherical Conformal Phased Array Antennas Based on Maximum 3-D Space Entropy Model

Millimeter-Wave Wideband Lens Loaded Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna With Limited Field of View

Millimeter-Wave Wideband Lens Loaded Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna With Limited Field of View

A Compact and Wideband MMIC-to-Ridge Gap Waveguide Contactless Transition for Phased Array Antenna Front Ends

A Compact and Wideband MMIC-to-Ridge Gap Waveguide Contactless Transition for Phased Array Antenna Front Ends

Dual-Band and Dual-Polarized Shared-Aperture Phased-Array Antennas With Enhanced Beam Coverage for 5G FR2 and 6G FR3

Dual-Band and Dual-Polarized Shared-Aperture Phased-Array Antennas With Enhanced Beam Coverage for 5G FR2 and 6G FR3

Linear Phased Metamaterial Incorporated Patch Antenna Array at 28 GHz for 5G Base Stations

This article presents a 1×6 linear phased antenna array implemented with metamaterial incorporated patch antennas for 5G base stations. The single element antenna was modelled on Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate in the dimensions of 7.8×7.8×0.254 mm3 with metamaterial incorporated partial ground plane and complementary metamaterial incorporated patch. This metamaterial incorporated antenna structure is resonating in 22.03–33.55 GHz at central frequency of 28 GHz with 40% impedance bandwidth with respect to the –10 dB return losses. With aim to design a radiating structure for 5G base stations and in order to enhance the gain, a six element phased array was developed using the abovementioned single element antenna with inter element spacing 7.8 mm between the adjacent antenna elements. In the analysis of this phased array, we observed acceptable diversity parameters (isolation, ECC, DG, CCL, and MEG) and presented beam steering capabilities by changing the phase difference between the adjacent ports. The proposed six element phased array antenna is capable to steer the beam to ±43.5° and capable to cover 5G NR n-257, n-258 and n-261 bands with significant gain and efficiency.

Research into the Impact of Phase Shifter Failures on the Characteristics of Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna

Introduction. Currently, the impact of phase shifter (PS) failures on the characteristics of phased antenna arrays, slotted waveguide array antenna (SWAA) in particular, represents a significant problem. A review of publications shows that insufficient attention has been paid to PS failures.Aim. To investigate the characteristics of a SWAA in the event of PS failures, when their phase takes a value equal to zero instead of the required value.Materials and methods. The methods of statistical modeling methods were used to study the impact of failures on SWA characteristics. Calculations were carried using the Mathcad 15 software package.Results. An algorithm for statistical modeling of the impact of PS failures on SWAA characteristics is proposed. A relationship that connects the radiation pattern with the volume of the statistical sample and the number of failed PSs is given. The malfunctions of emitters from 5 to 35 out of 50 elements were studied. Changes in the following characteristics were obtained: standard deviation – from 0.064 to 0.18, radiation pattern width – from 8 to 18 %, the level of side lobes – from 13 to 59 %, radiation power – from 0.9 to 0.3.Conclusion. The results obtained can be used in radio-electronic systems with antenna arrays at the stage of their development. Future work will address PS failures with phases being established randomly and with random values, as well as the case of PS failures where power does not pass into the emitter. Another important direction concerns compensation of distortions resulting from failures of antenna elements.

Method for estimating the geometric parameters of the radiating aperture of a deployable phased antenna array

The effectiveness of the functioning of radio engineering systems largely depends on the possibility of providing the specified directional parameters of the antenna systems used in their composition. For large-sized deployable antenna arrays operating as part of autonomous radio engineering complexes, the problem of maintaining the specified directional parameters is especially relevant due to possible errors in the installation of the antenna array phase centers after deployment. The purpose of this work was to develop a method for estimating the position of the phase centers of antenna elements in the radiating aperture of a phased array antenna array based on the results of measuring the phases of signals received from a source in the far zone. In the general formulation, a method has been developed that allows, based on the results of measurements of the phases of signals received from a source in the far zone, to determine the geometry of the radiating aperture of a phased array antenna. Subsequently, the obtained geometric parameters make it possible to adjust the amplitude-phase distribution to preserve the parameters of the generated radiation pattern. It has been shown that the use of the developed method allows, based on the results of measuring the phases of signals received from a source in the far zone, to determine the actual position of phase centers of antenna elements in the radiating aperture of the phased array after deployment, on the basis of which correction of the amplitude-phase distribution is performed, which allows reducing the deviation of the generated radiation pattern from the set one due to errors in antenna deployment. The following main results have been obtained: 1. The obtained relations make it possible to reduce the problem of estimating the geometric parameters of the radiating aperture of the deployed phased array based on the results of phase measurements at the outputs of antenna elements to solving an overridden system of linear algebraic equations with respect to unknown errors in the angles of deployment of sections of the phased array. 2. The conducted studies of accuracy of estimating the geometric parameters of the radiating aperture of the phased antenna array and formation of the radiation pattern showed: with an increase in the number of antenna elements in the section and, accordingly, in the radiating aperture of the phased array, the standard deviation of the error estimate decreases according to the law ~N–0,5; with an increase in the accuracy of estimating the angles of deployment of sections of a phased array antenna array with an increase in the number of antenna elements in the section, the accuracy of forming a radiation pattern for antennas which section size is largest in the direction perpendicular to the axis of deployment may decrease. This is due to an increase in the number of antenna elements, for which the error of their contribution to the radiation pattern compared to the standard deployment it's harder to compensate.

Ka-band phased array antenna with waveguide power distributor

Known designs of Ka-band phased array antennas incorporate an optical feed or a radial waveguide feed. Significant disadvantage of an optical feed is microwave energy overflow through antenna aperture, which decreases aperture efficiency and increases a side lobe level. Optical feed requires additional space for feeding antenna location and increases overall antenna dimensions. The design of a phased array with a radial waveguide feed forces placement of the phase shifter control circuits outside the dimensions of the array and increases overall antenna dimensions. The purpose of the article is to design a Ka-band phased antenna array (PAA) with a waveguide feed with smallest overall dimensions and various aperture shapes. The manufactured prototype of PAA with a grid pitch of 6x6 mm and size of 300x40 mm showed acceptable results of the side lobe level, scanning sector ±45° and gain factor. Proposed Ka-band phased array antenna design allows one to construct the extremely compact radar of various types including airborne radars.

Spin dynamics of room temperature van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets and their usage in microwave devices

Quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials exhibiting room-temperature (RT) long-range ferromagnetic nature have emerged as a significant research field to explore fundamental condensed matter physics due to their intriguing physical properties. These vdW materials enable a futuristic platform for implementing novel spintronics devices. Here, we examined the spin dynamics of polycrystalline Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 vdW materials using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) study reveals that both materials have a soft ferromagnetic character at room temperature. From room temperature FMR measurements, the effective magnetization of Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 derived ∼0.54 ± 0.056 and 0.50 ± 0.017 kOe, respectively. These results are consistent with reported VSM data. Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 exhibit broad FMR linewidths of 0.697 ± 0.036 and 0.748 ± 0.056 kOe, respectively, which can be due to inhomogeneous line broadening. Besides its intrinsic contribution to linewidth, it is also affected by extrinsic Gilbert damping (αext). The value of αext is influenced by conflicting intra-band and inter-band electronic transitions, according to Modified Kambersky's theory. Furthermore, the effective Gilbert damping constant (α) obtained is 0.0513 ± 0.0046 for Fe5GeTe2 and 0.0526 ± 0.0031 for Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 at RT. Additionally, we developed microwave signal processing devices using these materials and evaluated their functionality both as a microwave band-reject filter and an adjustable phase shifter. The stop-band response was studied across the 5 to 25 GHz frequency range under an applied magnetic field as high as 7 kOe. For these flip-chip-based devices, attenuation is −5 dB/cm for the Fe5GeTe2-based filter and −3.2 dB/cm on sample Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2 at 6.95 and 5.37 kOe, respectively. The same micro-strip filter was used as a tunable phase shifter in the off-resonance region. The optimal differential phase shift studied for Fe5GeTe2 and Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2-based phase shifters in the high-frequency region (22 GHz for Fe5GeTe2 and 18 GHz for Fe4.8Co0.2GeTe2) is 23°/cm and 14°/cm, respectively, at high magnetic fields. These versatile devices find integration across a wide spectrum of applications, such as phased-array antennas, radar systems, and wireless communication systems, offering their benefits to diverse fields.

Приёмопередающий модуль для активной фазированной антенной решетки малого космического аппарата

The transceiver modules of various manufacturers are considered, the analysis of systems for ensuring the thermal regime of these modules is presented. The modern principles of construction of receiving and transmitting modules of active phased antenna arrays are formulated. Based on the analysis, the appearance of the transceiver module for the X-band active phased array antenna of the radar surveillance spacecraft is presented.

Design and Simulations of a Novel Ka-Band Isoflux Scanning Phased Array Antenna for GEO Satellites

Design and Simulations of a Novel Ka-Band Isoflux Scanning Phased Array Antenna for GEO Satellites

Enhancing the Scanning Gain of Phased Array Antenna Using a Holographic Metasurface

Enhancing the Scanning Gain of Phased Array Antenna Using a Holographic Metasurface

A Miniaturized Dual-Polarized Active Phased Array Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications

A Miniaturized Dual-Polarized Active Phased Array Antenna for 5G Millimeter-Wave Applications