Pharmaceutical Formulas Research Articles

Study on preparation technology of Qi Yu constitution Yangsheng granules.

Understanding how pharmaceutical formulas target specific illnesses is crucial for developing effective treatments. Enriching ion channel data is a critical first step in comprehending a formula's mechanism of action. This study aims to explore the effective disease spectrum of the Qi Yu granule formula through network pharmacology analysis and backtracking, and analyze its potential curative effects on liver and spleen system diseases, particularly depression and breast cancer. Using pharmacological tools and database analysis, the ion channel data of the formula's components were investigated. The effective disease spectrum was determined, and diseases related to liver and gallbladder, liver depression, and spleen deficiency were identified. Network pharmacology analysis was conducted to backtrack diseases, target gene proteins, and drug compositions. The extraction technology of volatile oil from medicinal herbs was experimentally studied to optimize the preparation process. The effective disease spectrum analysis identified potential curative effects of the Qi Yu granule formula on various diseases, including breast cancer. Backtracking revealed relationships between diseases, target gene proteins, and drug compositions. Experimental studies on volatile oil extraction provided insights into optimizing the preparation process. The study underscores the potential therapeutic benefits of the Qi Yu granule formula for liver and spleen system diseases. By integrating network pharmacology analysis and experimental research, this study offers valuable insights into the formulation and efficacy of the Qi Yu granules, paving the way for further exploration and optimization of TCM formulations.

Bacterioruberin: Biosynthesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Therapeutic Applications in Cancer and Immune Pathologies.

Halophilic archaea, also termed haloarchaea, are a group of moderate and extreme halophilic microorganisms that constitute the major microbial populations in hypersaline environments. In these ecosystems, mainly aquatic, haloarchaea are constantly exposed to ionic and oxidative stress due to saturated salt concentrations and high incidences of UV radiation (mainly in summer). To survive under these harsh conditions, haloarchaea have developed molecular adaptations including hyperpigmentation. Regarding pigmentation, haloarchaeal species mainly synthesise the rare C50 carotenoid called bacterioruberin (BR) and its derivatives, monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin. Due to their colours and extraordinary antioxidant properties, BR and its derivatives have been the aim of research in several research groups all over the world during the last decade. This review aims to summarise the most relevant characteristics of BR and its derivatives as well as describe their reported antitumoral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant biological activities. Based on their biological activities, these carotenoids can be considered promising natural biomolecules that could be used as tools to design new strategies and/or pharmaceutical formulas to fight against cancer, promote immunomodulation, or preserve skin health, among other potential uses.

Polydimethylsiloxane Organic-Inorganic Composite Drug Reservoir with Gliclazide.

A novel organic-inorganic gliclazide-loaded composite bead was developed by an ionic gelation process using acidified CaCl2, chitosan and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a crosslinker. The beads were manufactured by crosslinking an inorganic silicone elastomer (-OH terminated polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) with TEOS at different ratios before grafting onto an organic backbone (Na-alginate) using a 32 factorial experimental design. Gliclazide's encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and drug release over 8 h (% DR 8 h) were set as dependent responses for the optimisation of a pharmaceutical formula (herein referred to as 'G op') by response surface methodology. EE % and %DR 8 h of G op were 93.48% ± 0.19 and 70.29% ± 0.18, respectively. G op exhibited a controlled release of gliclazide that follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model (R2 = 0.95) with super case II transport and pH-dependent swelling behaviour. In vitro testing of G op showed 92.17% ± 1.18 cell viability upon testing on C2C12 myoblasts, indicating the compatibility of this novel biomaterial platform with skeletal muscle drug delivery.

Salvia officinalis Improves Glycemia and Suppresses Pro-inflammatory Features in Obese Rats with Metabolic Syndrome.

Obesity is regarded as the main cause of metabolic diseases and a core factor for all-cause mortality in the general population, notably from cardiovascular disease. The majority of people with type 2 diabetes have obesity and insulin resistance. Some evidence indicates that an individual with obesity is approximately 10 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than someone with moderate body weight. One of the most significant therapeutic herbs, Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) (SAGE), possesses potent medicinal importance. The aim of this article was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and antiobesity activity of SAGEAE against HFD-induced obesity in rats. Thirty adult albino rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: control, High-fat Diet (HFD) administrated rats, HFD + Salvia officinalis Aqueous Extract (SAGEAE) (150 mg/kg.bw.), HFD + SAGEAE (300 mg/kg.bw.) and HFD + metformin (500 mg/kg.bw.). Body weight, plasma biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, inflammatory indicators, hepatic Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), Glucokinase (GK), brain Leptin Receptor (LepRb), Glucose Transporter-4 (GLUT4), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and mRNA33-5P gene signalling mRNA levels were all assessed after 8 weeks. A histological examination of the liver was also performed to check for lipid accumulation. The administration of HFD resulted in increased body weight, glucose, insulin, leptin, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Thiobarbaturic Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP1), Interleukine-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) as well as hepatic PCK1, brain LepRb and adipose tissue mRNA33-5P gene expression. However, our findings revealed a significant reduction in adiponectin, High-density Lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels as well as the expression of hepatic GK and adipose tissue SIRT1 and GLUT4 genes. Also, administration of SAGEAE significantly normalized body weight, glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TC, TG, HDL-C, TBARs, SOD, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α in plasma and liver tissue of HFD-treated rats. On the other hand, PCK1, GK, LepRb, SIRT1, GLUT4 and mRNA33-5P gene expression was enhanced in obese rats when administrated with SAGEAE. Histological and US studies support the biochemical, PCR and electrophoretic results. The findings imply that SAGEAE could be used as a new pharmaceutical formula in the treatment of obesity.

Neuroprotective Effect of Lithospermum officinale Callus Extract on Inflamed Primary Microglial Cells.

Plants that have therapeutic features for humans or animals are commonly referred to as "medicinal plants". They produce secondary metabolites with antioxidant, antimicrobial and/or anti-cancer effects. Lithospermum officinale, known as European stone seed, is a famous medicinal herb. However, due to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PzAl) in the root extract of L.officinal, there are therapeutic limitations to this herb. This research was devoted to the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory capacity of methanolic extracts of L. officinale callus (LoE) (fresh cells) on rat microglial cells, the immune cells of the Central Nervous System, which play an essential role in the responses to neuroinflammation. Primary microglia were obtained from neonatal Wistar rats (1 to 3-days old), and then treated with various concentration of CfA and methanolic extracts of 17 and 31-day-old L. officinale callus before LPS-stimulation. In addition to HPLC analysis of the extracts, viability, nitric oxide production, and evaluation of pro-inflammatory genes and cytokines in the inflamed microglia were investigated by MTT, Griess methos, qrt-PCR, and ELISA. Methanolic extract of the 17-day-old callus of L. officinale exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated microglial cells much higher than observed for CfA. The data were further supported by the decreased expression of Nos2, Tnf-α, and Cox-2 mRNA and the suppression of TNF-α and IL-1β release in the activated microglial cells pretreated with the effective dose of LoE (0.8 mg mL-1). It was assumed that the better anti-neuroinflammatory performance of LoE than CfA in LPS-activated primary microglia could be a result of the synergism of the components of the extract and the lipophilic nature of RsA as the main phenolic acid of LoE. Considering that LoE shows a high antioxidant capacity and lacks PzAl, it is anticipated that LoE extract might be considered a reliable substitute to play a key role in the preparation of neuroprotective pharmaceutical formulas, which require in vivo research and further experiments.

DETERMINATION SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS RELATED WITH ROSEOMONAS MUCOSA AND ITS PIGMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULAS.

This study was aimed to conducted as a challenge test for R. mucosa ability to reduces atopic dermatitis induced in the skin of experimental animals and improve the fact that this kind of microorganism play important role as skin microflora to reduce some type of skin diseases, additionally to find the suitable pharmaceutical formula can be maintaining and stimulating bacterial isolate to produce a pigment. A probiotic application as a suitable cream formulas were prepared containing local R. mucosa biomass, Standard R. mucosa biomass and partial purified pigment to treat three groups of albino mice induced with atopic dermatitis. The main physical characteristics of the prepared cream formula are homogeneous with odorless, smooth texture, and clarity of its light yellowish color. Some immunological test including (CBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, platelets), total serum IgE and histopathological analysis were also done. The in vivo result improve the effectivity of all prepared formulas particularly local R. mucosa biomass formula in reducing induced AD in mice either externally or internally. The findings suggested the safety of topical R. mucosa therapy of lab. animals induced with AD.

An Ion Selective Electrode Construction Based on Phosphomolybdic Acid for Atropine Sulfate Detection

AbstractThis study presents an attempt has been carried out to fabricate ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) for the determination of Atropine sulfate (AT) in pharmaceutical formulas. Three plasticizers; namely, di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP), bis (2‐ethyl hexyl) phthalate (BEP), nitrobenzene (NB), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used in the fabrication of the three ion selective electrodes after incorporating into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and symbolized as E1, E2, and E3, respectively. Beyond evaluation of the three ISEs, it has been confirmed that one with DBP experienced the most Nernstian behaviour. For the electrode of interest, the slope and detection limit are 55.02 mV/decade and 1.1×10−6 M, respectively. The linear range was 1.0×10−2–1.0×10−5 M (R2=0.9999) with recording 5 s and 45 days; sequentially, for the response time and shelf life of E1 electrode. The sensor has experienced high selectivity for atropine sulfate, verifying from the selectivity coefficient data for a number of potential interferences. The statistical analysis using t‐test and F‐test indicates the eligibility of constructed electrode for utilization in field of pharmaceutical analysis. A satisfactory accordance has been obtained between the proposed electrode for atropine sulfate and the standard method. This methodology is supposed to be applicable in quality control and even clinical diagnosis.

Investigation of the interaction between curcumin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate in solid and solution media

Solubility and bioavailability are the main factors that affect the use of drugs and active ingredients, including curcumin (CUR). Among the ways to improve the properties of CUR are the polymeric matrices. This work aims to investigate the solubilization of CUR in the presence of macromolecular hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose succinate acetate (HPMCAS). Through the group contribution method, the compatibility between CUR and HPMCAS, which presented similar solubility components (Δδt < 7 MPa1/2), was analyzed. DSC measurements showed a depression of the CUR melting point in the presence of HPMCAS. The calculated Flory-Huggins parameter (−2.057 ± 0.25) indicates compatibility between the polymer and the CUR. The degree of crystallinity (Xc) of the CUR in the solid state (by XRPD) and in the molten state (by DSC) was calculated, noting that in the solid state the Xc was significantly higher. The intrinsic solubility of CUR in HPMCAS ranged from 102.84 to 62.40 when the temperature was raised from 293 K to 313 K with an enthalpy change of −18.01 ± 2.34 kJ mol−1 and entropy of 80. 9 ± 7.8 J mol−1 K−1. This process had a Gibbs free energy change with temperature variation of about −1.56 kJ mol−1 due to the solubilization of CUR in the internal hydrophobic core of HPMCAS. Particle sizes were detected indicating two populations of particles. The first (31.1 to 86 nm) and second (0.23 to 6.6 μm) populations were classified as unstable (< ±20 mV) by zeta potential (ζ). These results indicate that HPMCAS reorganization in the presence of CUR promotes a hydrophobic core capable of stabilizing CUR in solution. The formation of colloidal nanoparticles was confirmed by TEM which exhibited an effective diameter of 92 to 353 nm. As verified by ζ, colloidal instability was confirmed after 48 h, after which there was no change in the solubility of CUR in the system, showing that HPMCAS promotes a metastable state. The solubilization process and the formation of colloidal aggregates indicate how the drug dispersion process in the matrix can help in the production of pharmaceutical formulas.

A metal substituted nano ferrite (M = Zn, Cu, Fe and mn; x = 0 and 0.5)] improved Screen-Printed electrode for anodic determination of Toldimfos sodium

A novel metal substituted nano ferrite (M = Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn; x = 0 and 0.5)] modified screen-printed electrode (GSPE) was manufactured for Toldimfos sodium (TDS) discovery in raw material, pharmaceutical formula and human plasma by means of square wave voltammetry (SWV). Anodic square wave voltammetric peaks have been performed at the optimal circumstances of the drug solution like nanoparticle type, pH and, scan rate. These tested nanoparticles were coated on ferrite screen printed electrode (GSPE) providing a novel sensor to sense the TDS in the range of 19.98 to 334.70 ng/ml. They were verified for their electroactivity in refining electrodes sensitivity and detection limit. The morphology of the tested electrodes has been imaged by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Cu NPs was found to have the highest electrocatalytic activity and all this work has been accomplished on Cu NPs modified electrode. It gives LOD of 3.12 ng/ml and LOQ of 9.47 ng/ml in the studied range for TDS. This advanced electrode has been utilized for the TDS analysis in raw materials, pharmaceutical formulation and spiked serum.

Preparation of a Medicinal Formula as Emulsion Spray from Oil Extracts of Thyme, Spearmint and Clove to Treat Oral Ulcers in Animals and FMD in Cattle

Oral ulcers are common occurrences in animals for many reasons, including accidental injuries that occur during the consumption of feed or food, and may be bacterial and fungal or viral causes such as foot-and-mouth disease, which is usually accompanied by ulcers in the mouth, udder and foot (FMD), which leads to the animal's abstinence from food and then death so to find ways that solve this problem a pharmaceutical formula had been prepared from extract oils mint, thyme and cloves called it (mint vet). The oils were extracted by water evaporation then examined by GC-MS and attended many formulations until reaching the until reaching the perfect consistency and stability where the pharmaceutical form was white emulsion kept inside a spray bottle given in the form of a mouthwash. The biological test stability was conducted on the product for six months at two temperatures one of them cold degree 4°C and the other is room temperature 25°C to determine the expiration date and the best storage conditions, it has been compare with stander Gentamicin and Nystatin the inhibition zone of formula was higher than stander inhibition zone, high temperature was avoided because the product contains essential oil, the expiry date was calculated two years and store at less 15°C. The formula has been tasted in veterinary hospitals in Al-Rashedia and Baghdad, the report had proved the efficiency of the mouth wash and there are significant responses, when it’s used to treat Foot and Mouth Disease FMD without any side effect.

Development of High Performance CNTs-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Applications

This work reports the development of a new robust electrode composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for redox potentiometry to determine ascorbic acid. The electrode was fabricated via catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of ethylene on Ag substrate in the presence of H2 gas at 800 °C. The C2H2:H2 ratio was 75:90 ml/min respectively. The prepared electrode was characterized with SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and Raman spectrometry. SEM showed the formation of aligned CNTs. XRD and Raman spectrometry proved the formation of CNTs with a good degree of graphitization and high crystallinity. XPS analysis results showed 80% of SP2 C–C with a small presence of carbonyls and carboxylates, indicating the high perfection of the CNTs formed. CNT/Ag electrode was applied, for the first time, to zero-current potentiometry and was successfully used to determine ascorbic acid in both pure form and in pharmaceutical formula. Ascorbic acid concentrations down to 0.5 mmol/L was determined. Sigmoidal potentiometric curves were obtained and the results were comparable to those obtained from Pt electrode. The CNT/Ag electrode attained fast equilibrium and exhibited good sensitivity and reproducibility. The enhanced sensing efficiency is attributed to the rapid heterogeneous electron transfer and high electrode surface area offered by CNTs grown via CVD. Additionally, the CVD method produced CNT/Ag electrode with strong adhesion of the CNTs layer to the substrate compared to other CNT-based electrodes prepared by casting the CNTs or mixing them with Nafion. This in turn improves the performance and durability. Moreover, unlike the Pt electrode, the CNT on the surface of this electrode may easily be functionalized by immobilizing the desired moieties via various types of strategies to suit different selective routine applications. Figure 1

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of bee propolis (Tetragonisca angustula) and/or Calendula officinalis and potential use in mouthwash formulation / Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante de extratos hidroalcoólicos de propolis de abelha (Tetragonisca angustula) e/ou Calendula officinalis e potencial uso na formulação de enxaguantes bucais

Calendula officinalis and propolis extracts have a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial action against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to produce a mouthwash containing extracts of propolis and/or C. officinalis, with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity against pathogenic microorganisms implicated in periodontitis. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated based on the well diffusion assay. Total phenols, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity were evaluated by spectrophotometric method. The extract that showed greater antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against bacterial strains isolated from patients with periodontal disease were used for the composition of five mouthwash formulations. Thus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus pneumoniae were used as antimicrobial activity indicator microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were used as control group. Five mouthwash formulations were developed, differing in the addition or not of raw propolis extract (20%), chlorhexidine digluconate or sodium fluoride (0.05%). The results indicate that propolis extract was more efficient than the calendula extract with antimicrobial action superior compared to azithromycin against S. pneumoniae, isolated from patients with stage III/IV periodontitis. The propolis extract had a higher flavonoid content (0.288 ± 0.038 mg EQ/g) than marigold extract. The F5 formulation containing chlorhexidine was more efficient in inhibiting Gram-positive pathogens, followed by formulations no. 2 and no. 4 which contained propolis extract. In this perspective, the propolis extract presented not only antimicrobial activity, but also antioxidant activity. Thus, the use of propolis in pharmaceutical formulas, such as the one presented here, could be especially useful in oral hygiene, contributing to the prevention of periodontitis.

Effective method for the development of the liposomal nanoformulations of docetaxel

Docetaxel has been regarded as among the most effective chemotherapeutic medications in recent decades, but its low solubility in water with systemic toxicities have made it difficult to use in clinical trials. Nanotechnology has supplied docetaxel with innovative drug delivery technologies in recent decades, allowing it to increase their water solubility and lessen adverse effects. Liposome was successfully used for encapsulation the Docetaxel in variant conditions and optimized to synthesis lecithin liposome and loaded one. The thin film hydration method was demonstrated for nanocapsules. The synthesized Docetaxel-liposome formula was investigated by SEM, TEM and zeta potential used for liposome stability. Encapsulation and loading efficiency was determined and releasing kinetics was studied at pH= 5.5 and 7. The kinetics models were studied included: zero-order, first-order order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer Peppas model. The docetaxel-liposome was examined for its activity to kill prostate cancer in the cell line method and compared to free docetaxel (pure sample) and pharmaceutical formula. Our formula was very effective against prostate cancer and statistically significance.

Salivary Fluoride Bioavailability after Brushing with Brazilian Red Propolis Dentifrice: A Clinical Study.

Introduction Fluoride plays an important role in the control of dental caries, and currently new dentifrices are being associated with natural products. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the availability of fluoride in saliva samples after using a dentifrice incorporated with Brazilian red propolis (BRP, INPI Patent no. BR1020170110974) and to compare it to a conventional fluoridated dentifrice in healthy participants. Methods This study was conducted implementing a double-blind, randomized, controlled, and crossover design. Saliva samples of participants were collected at the following time points: 0 at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after brushing with each dentifrice. Salivary fluoride concentrations showed no statistically significant difference when comparing the two treatments (p > 0.05). All available fluoride concentrations in saliva decreased after one hour, with no significant difference between BRP and conventional fluoridated dentifrice treatment samples (p > 0.05). Results The results showed that there was no difference between the analyzed fluoride concentrations 1 hour after brushing with the different dentifrices. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the propolis incorporated in the dentifrice did not interfere with the kinetics and bioavailability of the fluoride ion in saliva samples, enabling its integration with the pharmaceutical formula and thereby promoting its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits without compromising the anticaries activity of the formulation.

Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Studies on Jordanian Honey and Propolis as Potential Self-Preserving Pharmaceutical Systems

The aim of this project was to study the physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties of Jordanian honey and propolis in order to determine their potential as pharmaceutical preservation systems. This study undertook a physico-chemical analysis of several Jordanian honeys and one propolis type, in order to evaluate several physico-chemical properties including, pH and free acidity, moisture content, ash content and HydroxyMethylFurfural content in three honey samples, and total flavonoid content in the propolis sample. The antimicrobial activity of honey and propolis samples was then evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Subsequently, Honey 1 (H1) was selected for further study and combined with propolis to test their potential synergistic activity. Finally, a preservative effectiveness test was conducted in order to assess the possibility of using honey and propolis as natural preservatives in aqueous dosage forms, such as syrups. The results of this study showed that all the tested honey samples and propolis possessed significant antimicrobial activity against the standard test microorganisms, and that honey with propolis exhibited synergistic activity that enhanced their antimicrobial activity and resulted in up to 90% reduction in their MIC values. This study also confirmed that honey and propolis could be used as a natural preservative system for pharmaceutical formulae. Our results reveal the possibility of using honey-propolis mixtures as natural preservatives in oral aqueous pharmaceutical dosage forms and other local application products.

Assessment of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of the dexchlorpheniramine reference standard and pharmaceutical formula in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Dexchlorpheniramine is a first-generation classical antihistamine, clinically used to treat allergies. The main objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of the dexchlorpheniramine reference standard (DCPA Ref. St) and a pharmaceutical formula on DNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We exposed PBMCs to five different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, and 50 ng/mL) of DCPA Ref. St DCPA Ref. St and pharmaceutical formula in order to evaluate their cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential. The results showed that both dexchlorpheniramine formulations did not affect PBMC viability and CD3+, CD4+, or CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations. The DCPA Ref. St and pharmaceutical formula neither induced genotoxic or mutagenic effects nor numerical or structural chromosomal alterations in PBMCs after 24 hours of exposure.

PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS, COMPLICATIONS, MISCONCEPTIONS AND DEBATABLE ISSUES OF IODINE PROPHYLAXIS IN RADIATION EVENTS (REVIEW).

to consider and review the essence of emergency iodine prophylaxis during radiation events, physiological aspects of iodine metabolism in the body, properties of individual iodine prophylaxis agents that are recommended, and to justify the rationality of using some of them along with absurdity/inadmissibility of others; substantiate the creation of a unified preventive information strategy regarding the event in order to reduce anxiety and other negative psychological consequences among the affected population. The review was performed by searching the abstract and scientometric databases and printed publications. In the event of serious radiation events at nuclear power plants and industry facilities, radioactive iodine is highly likely to enter the environment. With the threat of radioactive iodine incorporation or with its incorporation that has already begun, it is absolutely necessary to carry out the emergency iodine prophylaxis. Such prevention should be carried out with stable iodine preparations such as potassium iodide or potassium iodate in special pharmaceutical formulas. Dosing of drugs in age and population groups should be carried out by specialists in radiation medicine and radiation safety in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines. The use of iodinecontaining food additives, iodine solution for external use and Lugol's solution is categorically unacceptable due to complete ineffectiveness, impracticality of implementation, and sometimes due to the threat of serious harm to health. Clear preparedness plans for possible radiation accidents and incidents, as well as successfullyimplemented appropriate preventive measures, including emergency iodine prophylaxis, are crucial for the effective and successful response to such events. Emergency iodine prophylaxis during radiation events should be carried out exclusively under the guidance of specialists in radiation medicine and radiation safety using special pharmaceutical formulas of potassium iodide or potassium iodate in doses recognized by the international scientific community. Other means of emergency iodine prophylaxis, including «handicraft»/home preparations, are absolutely unacceptable. Implementation of this protective measure should be accompanied by a coordinated information campaign in order to minimize purely radiation risks and to preserve the psychological well-being of the population.

Study and Evaluation of the release of Flavonoids extracted from various Eggplant cones from Semisolid Pharmaceutical Forms (In vitro)

Various semisolid pharmaceutical forms have been prepared from eggplant calyx extract which rich in flavonoids and antioxidants. These ingredients were titrated in the prepared extracts, and then incorporated into the prepared pharmaceutical forms. Eggplant calyxes were used for three varieties cultivated in Syria. The flavonoids were extracted from them by using several aqueous and organic solutions. Three types of extracts were prepared for each type of eggplant (aqueous, ethanolic 70%, methanolic). The ethanolic extract of black eggplant showed the highest content of flavonoids. The black eggplant extract contained the largest amount of flavonoids in the three types of extracts. The antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was measured by measuring its ability to remove free radicals of the fixed root DPPH, and the ethanolic extract of the black eggplant showed the best antioxidant capacity. Three topical pharmaceutical formulas were prepared of the ethanolic extract 70% for the rectangular black eggplant calyx, and the kinetics of the release of the main components from them in vitro was studied using a Franz cell, within four hours to determine the release model for each formulation in order to compare the formulas and select the best one. The cream of the (o / w) pattern gave the best release of the active substances because it released the highest percentage (92%) after two hours and the release pattern was of the zero order, while the rest of the formulas had the highest percentage of release after four hours with some deficiency of the active substances in them.

Practical view of the topical treatment of peripheral venous catheter-related phlebitis: A scoping review.

To identify and analyse topical treatments for peripheral venous catheter (PVC)-related phlebitis. The methodological framework used to make this scoping review was developed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005; (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 2005 and 19)). A literature search was performed in various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane, Cuiden, Web of Science, WorldWideScience and Joanna Briggs. Additionally, articles from informal sources were incorporated. A search and selection were made of experimental, quasi-experimental and pre-experimental studies published between January 2015 and September 2020 that consider the use of topical products for the treatment of hospital in-patients with PVC-related phlebitis. Appraisal of the methodological quality of the study was performed independently by pairs of reviewers on the basis of the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The review was based on the guidelines in the PRISMA-ScR statement. Twenty-two articles were selected (8 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 12 quasi-RCTs and 2 pre-experimental studies) which considered treatments applied to a total of 2042 adult patients. The topical treatments described were classified into physical measures and phytotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments. The physical measures are easy to apply, but their effectiveness is limited. The main limitation of the phytotherapeutic treatments is their marketing and use in eastern culture. The best performing pharmacological treatment is the application of magnesium sulphate either with or without glycerine. These products can be presented in different pharmaceutical formulas: ointment, solution and oil. The evidence currently available on this issue is limited and often of dubious methodological rigour. Further studies are required on the treatment and follow-up of intravenous therapy-related phlebitis in different national and international contexts.

Direct Detection of Ofloxacin using MWCNT@Sm(OH)3 Nanocomposite Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

One of the most important quinolones, Ofloxacin (OFX), was directly determined using a carbon paste electrode modified by MWCNT@Sm(OH)3 nanocomposite using fast Fourier transform square wave voltammetry. The prepared electrode showed a considerable current increase compared to a bare one. The electrode surface was thoroughly characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The maximum performance efficiency of the developed electrode was reached at a scan rate of 0.1 V s−1, phosphate buffer pH 8 while the electrode contained 7% of Sm(OH)3 nanoparticles and 5% of MWCNT in the entire paste. Based on the results, a wide linear range of response toward OFX concentration from 0.01 to 1.00 μM was obtained (frequency of 700 Hz, number of cycles 8, and amplitude of 20 mV) and the limit of detection of 0.8 nM was achieved on top. The proposed electrode also successfully identified OFX in some pharmaceutical formula as well with adequate sensitivity and selectivity.