Petiole Color Research Articles

Differences in the apportionment of molecular and morphological variation in North American strawberry and the consequences for genetic resource management

Variation for 24 morphological traits measured in a greenhouse environment and 36 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was assessed among 318 wild octoploid strawberry (Fragariaspp.) genotypes from diverse habitats across the northern USA. RAPD marker frequencies and certain leaf and flower morphology traits (petiole color, leaf mass/area ratio, leaflet length and width, flower and receptacle diameter, petal width, flowers/inflorescence) were significantly different between the F. chiloensis-platypetala and F. virginiana-glauca species complexes. The proportion of variation accounted for by provenance effects was lower for the RAPD markers than for most morphological traits, especially in the F. virginiana-glauca species complex. Morphological traits of potential adaptive importance group the collection into provenances within each species-complex, and reflect the significant habitat and geographic differences across the region from which the germplasm was collected. Variation among populations within provenances was low for the molecular and most morphological traits, with a much larger amount of variability among plants within populations. Most of the variation for the presumably more selectively-neutral RAPD data was among plants within populations and populations within provenances rather than among the provenances that were recognized based on morphological traits, especially in the F. virginiana-glauca complex. Patterns of diversity for morphological traits must be considered, along with more selectively-neutral molecular characters such as RAPDs, to formulate effective sampling strategies and to properly estimate the quantity and apportionment of diversity within this germplasm.

ウメ（Ｐｒｕｎｕｓ ｍｕｍｅ）とニホンスモモ（Ｐ．ｓａｌｉｃｉｎａ）の種間雑種個体における形態的特性について

Interspecific crosses between Prunus mume cv. Baigo (seed parent) and P. salicina cv. Sordum (pollen parent) were made in 1984 from which four fertile seeds were obtained. When the seeds were planted in a greenhouse in the following spring, three seedlings were obtained. Eventually, the seedlings flowered and set fruits ; they proved to be interspecific hybrids based on peroxidase and esterase isozyme analyses. Morphological characteristics of these seedlings are as follows. Mature leaf : General shape, tip and base form of the leaf and petiole color of the seedlings are similar to 'Baigo' ; 'Sordum' and the seedlings have reniform glands on their leaf base, but 'Baigo' has none. Flower : The flower size of seedlings was intermediate between 'Baigo' and 'Sordum'. 'Baigo' has one flower per flower bud, whereas 'Sordum' has two or three flowers. The hybrid seedlings bear one or two flowers per flower bud and trichomes on the exocarp like 'Baigo', unlike 'Sordum' which has none. The pollen of the seedlings were fertile. Fruit : The shape of matured fruit of 'Baigo' and 'Sordum' is round ; the latter has a slightly mounded tip. Two seedlings segregated to a round fruit and one into an elliptical shape. Flesh color of 'Baigo' is yellow, whereas that of 'Sordum' is red. One seedlings segregated to a red flesh whereas two inherited a light yellow flesh.

Intersubspecies Hybrids and Their Progeny in Brassica campestris

Morphology and fertility were characterized for 22 intersubspecies hybrids within B. campestris L. Nine subspecies, representing crop types from different geographical areas, were used as pollen donors on three different seed parents. Stability of scored morphological characters was divided into four classes based on their appearance in F1 hybrids; i) constant (present in all hybrids when the character was present in one of the parents, e.g., enlarged hypocotyl, divided leaf), ii) variable (present in some hybrids when the character was present in parent types, e.g., petiole color, pubescence), iii) novel (appearing in hybrids but not present in parents, e.g., anther tip spot, self-compatibility), and iv) reciprocal differences. Constant characters are assumed to have a strong genetic component, variable characters may result from heterozygosity in parents, an allelic series, or polygenic inheritance, and novel characters may arise through mutation or altered gene or physiological interactions. Reciprocal crosses revealed morphological components controlled by the maternal parent, and were most striking in pak-choi (ssp. chinensis) by turnip [ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.] hybrids. Pollen and seed fertility of hybrids was generally reduced when Indian oilseeds [ssp. dichomata (Roxb.) Olsson; ssp. trilecularis (Roxb.) Olsson] were used as parents. Inheritance of the enlarged hypocotyl character was tested in one F2 population. Segregation of the enlarged hypocotyl trait was consistent with a hypothesis of a dominant Mendelian locus. Various novel characters appeared in this F2 population that were not evident in the parents of the hybrid, some of which also showed Mendelian segregation. Genetic differentiation of nuclear or plastid genomes may account for these observations.

Evaluation of Propagating Stock and Practices for Annual Rhubarb Production

Yield and quality of seedand vegetatively propagated rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum L.) for annual production were evaluated for four seasons. Selection of `Victoria' seedlings based on petiole color was not effective in increasing the proportion of red mature petioles. Yields from seed-propagated annual rhubarb were always higher than yields from single-bud crown divisions and from crown divisions in 1 of 2 years. Petiole color of vegetatively propagated rhubarb was always superior to that of seed-propagated rhubarb. GA applications increased early yield from single-bud divisions, but reduced petiole weight of early and total harvest of `McDonald' rhubarb. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (GA).

EVALUATION OF PROPAGATING STOCK AND PRACTICES FOR ANNUAL RHUBARB PRODUCTION

Yield and quality of seed- and vegetatively-propagated rhubarb [Rheum rhabarbarum L.) for annual production were evaluated for 4 seasons. Field planting of transplants or crown divisions in late October or early November resulted in harvests beginning in early to late January and continuing until late April. Selection of `Victoria' seedlings based on petiole color was not effective in increasing the proportion of red mature petioles. Yields from seed-propagated annual `Victoria' rhubarb were always higher than yields from `McDonald' single-bud crown divisions and higher than yields from `McDonald' crown-divisions in one of two years. The four-year average yield for `Victoria' seed-propagated rhubarb was 20.4 Mg·ha-1 whereas `McDonald' crown-division-propagated rhubarb had a two-year average yield of 15.8 Mg·ha-1. On the other hand, petiole color of vegetatively-propagated rhubarb was always superior to that of seed-propagated rhubarb. GA applications increased early yield from `McDonald' single-bud divisions, but reduced early and total harvest petiole weight.

Distribution and morphological characteristics of wild taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in Japan and Taiwan.

The 29 accessions of wild taro (Colocasia esculenta SCHOTT) were collected in southern Japan and Taiwan. The collection sites were from Honshu, Kyushu, Hachijo Island, through most of the islands in the Nansei Archipelago and Taiwan. However, they were not found in the southern coastside of Shikoku, a few islands in the Nansei Archipelago and Peel (Chichi-jima) and Coffin (Haha-jima) Islands in Bonin Archipelago. The taros grew naturally along roadsides, around creeks and around and inside of rice cropping paddy fields. All the accessions derived from Taiwan and the Nansei Archipelago were diploids (2n=28) and the others were triploids (2n=42). The taros were cultivated in the experimental fields with one of the oldest cultivars, 'Eguimo', to observe the vegetative and inflorescence morphology in details. Their. plant form, leaf shape and petiole color were variable among the accessions. The triploids had cormel typed lateral branches and the diploids did runner typed ones. All the accessions produced spadices. Length of the portions of spadix varied among the accessions. They do not seem to be wild, but escape. And because their edible characters such as cormel yield are infcrior to those of the current cultivars, they are thought to have been introduced in the areas before the arrival of current cultivars.

Selection for perceptual distinctiveness: Evidence from aguaruna cultivars ofManihot esculenta

This paper presents evidence that cultivars of manioc (Manihot esculenta) have been selected for combinations of characters that allow them to be perceptually distinguished. This mode of selection is proposed to explain why cultivars are so variable in perceptually salient taxonomic characters unrelated to the use or survival of the plant. This paper reanalyzes published material on manioc and related species and presents new evidence from the inventory of manioc cultivars maintained by the Aguaruna Jivaro of northern Peru. Rogers and Fleming’s (1973) sample of manioc cultivars exhibits 3 characteristics implied by the model of selection for perceptual distinctiveness: high, continuous, and independent variation of nonadaptive taxonomic characters. The inventory of Aguaruna cultivars exhibits 2 additional characteristics predicted by the model: taxonomic characters of this local inventory vary as independently and nearly as greatly as those of the species as a whole. Anthropological evidence is presented to demonstrate that Aguaruna interact with the plants as predicted by the model: Aguaruna identify cultivars using many of the same characters as Rogers and Fleming and they confuse cultivars they regard as similar in stem color, petiole color, and leaf shape. The evidence suggests that procedures used by cultivators to identify cultivars leave their imprint on the plants; crops show the effect of the cultivator's eye as well as hand.

Hybridization between pascal celery and parsley

Pascal celery cv. Golden Spartan was hybridized with parsley which is immune to celery blight (Septoria apiicola). Three F1 hybrids were obtained from over a thousand seedlings grown from the pascal celery parent. The F1 plants were intermediate for most characters. Segregation for petiole color in the F2 generation demonstrated that a hybrid actually occurred. Segregation for late blight resistance occurred independently from petiole color.

Inheritance of leaf color in Allium fistulosum

The petiole color of Allium fistulosum cultivated in Japan is white. A mutant having red petiole was found in 1963. In the cross between red and white and the reciprocal, the F1 was red, and the F2 and F3 consisted of 3 red: 1 white (Table 1, 2). Red color in F1, F2 and F3 was much paler than that of the parent. C, a basic color gene, R, a gene for production of red pigment, and a few intensifiers are assumed.A low temperature sensitive chlorophyll deficient mutant was found in 1964. This plant developed normally in early stage. When overwintered, yellow leaves appeared. However normal green leaves reappeared during the spring growing season. The physiological mechanism of chlorophyll deficiency induced by low temperature is being studied.

A Study of Natural, Self and Cross (Dwarf × Tall) Progenies of Dwarf Coconuts of the West Coast of India and its Bearing on the Genetics of Dwarfs and the Putative Hybridity of their Off-Type Progenies

SUMMARYComparison of yield performance of the dwarf orange and green coconuts of the West coast of India, their off-type progenies, tail ‘female’ × dwarf ‘male’ hybrids and West Coast Talls grown in the Central Coconut Research Station, Kasaragod showed that the off-type progenies of the orange dwarf are very economic yielders. Though they have been considered by earlier workers to be products of out-cross of the dwarfs with tall ‘males’, controlled crosses conducted in this Station show that ca. 50% of the progenies of dwarf orange ‘female’ × tall ‘male’ and ca. 75% of those of dwarf green ‘female’ × tall ‘male’ crosses turn out to be of the purely dwarfish type. Irrespective of the colour characters of the tall pollen parents used, the off-type progenies of the orange dwarfs showed reddish petiole colour; those of the green dwarf were mostly green. Under controlled selfing of the orange dwarf, seedlings resembling the natural off-type progenies were obtained in the same frequency as under open pollinati...