Pesticide Residues In Food Research Articles

Determination of multi-class pesticides residues of cow and human milk samples from Iran using UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-ECD: A probabilistic health risk assessment

Raw, pasteurized, powdered cow milk and human milk samples from Tehran, Iran were investigated for the residual of fifty pesticides with the aid of gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and mass detector for confirmation; and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS). No pesticide residue was determined in more than 91% of examined samples. However, the dimethoate residue was detected in 3 raw milk samples in levels higher than EU recommended MRL. While in 3 human milk samples, organochlorine pesticides residue, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDD was recognized below MRLs, only in 1 human sample residue of p,p′-DDE was more than CODEX recommended MRL. HI in adults and children were 0.72 and 3.55, respectively. However, the health risk assessment based on HI demonstrated that adult consumers are not at considerable risk. The HI, higher than 1 in children, confirms the risks raised due to ingestion of organochlorine (OCP) and organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides via milk consumption. In addition, no carcinogenic risk to milk consumers was calculated. Therefore, implementation of good farming practices on farms, improving the knowledge and consciousness of pesticide users, use other safe methods for pest control such as biotechnology-based, and use a rational program for application of pesticides, continuous monitoring of pesticides in crops, and strict government regulations on pesticide residues in food are recommended.

A ratiometric fluorescent sensing system for the selective and ultrasensitive detection of pesticide residues via the synergetic effects of copper nanoclusters and carbon quantum dots

Agricultural products, such as foodstuffs and herbal medicines, may be contaminated by pesticides. Therefore, developing sensitive methods for pesticide detection are urgently needed for the assurance of food safety. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescent sensing system based on blue-emitted nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) and red-emitted copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) complex was fabricated for pesticide detection. The selective detection of thiram and paraquat, two typical widely used pesticides, can be easily realized by changing the solvent environment. The detection limit can be reached as low as 7.49 nM and 3.03 nM, respectively. A good linear correlation was found over the concentration range from 10 to 500 nM for thiram and 5 to 100 nM for paraquat. More interestingly, fast and visual detection of thiram and paraquat can be achieved via smartphone-based colorimetric analysis, which has provided an effective implementation for on-site monitoring of the levels of pesticide residues in food.

Exposure assessment of selected pesticide residues using occurrence data in foods and serum samples in Pakistan

Pesticides have emerged as a global threat to human health, especially in developing countries. In this study, we examined nine major types of pesticide residues in the food commodities (8 groups) and serum samples (n = 80) of people living in the region of Southern-Punjab, Pakistan. Pesticide residues quantification was performed using gas chromatograph coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The estimated daily intakes of the selected pesticide residues through consumption of food were also calculated. The concentration of analyzed pesticide residues in food was found below the EU maximum permissible limits except for α-HCH, and β-HCH. The highest risk of cancer was found to be associated with the consumption of HCHs contaminated cereals than other products. The incidence rate of pesticide residues in the serum samples of studied subjects was 96.25%. Pearson correlation test showed no significant correlation between thyroid hormone levels of the studied population group and the analyzed pesticide residues in the food commodities (p>0.05). Findings of this study indicate that people of Southern-Punjab, Pakistan are exposed to pesticides via food chain although non-significant health implications were recorded, the levels of a few pesticides need to be curtailed.

Influence of Fermented Liquid Manure (Jeevamrutha) on Growth Parameters and Yield Attributes of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used intensively in modern agriculture giving rise to insects which have become resistant to pesticides. It has also resulted in the revival of pests and declining number of beneficial organisms such as honey bees, pollinators, parasites, and predators and accumulation of residues of pesticides in food and fodder. To improve soil microflora, a farm-made bio-culture called ‘Jeevamrutha’ is added to the soil instead of fertilizers. Jeevamrutha is made from a small amount of indigenous cow dung and urine. In red sandy loam soil, an experiment was conducted to see how varying concentrations of jeevamrutha affected the growth parameters and yield attributes of tomato. In a factorial randomized complete block design, five treatments with different combinations were laid out with three replications. The experimental results revealed that applying jeevamrutha at a 50% concentration influenced growth parameters of the crops including height of plants, total number of leaves, leaf area index, root length, and shoot length significantly. The use of jeevamrutha at 100% was significant in increasing tomato fruit yield due to improvements in yield attributes such as total number of fruits per plant, weight, length, and diameter of fruits.

Multiresidue pesticide analysis in tomato using GC-MS/MS using modified QuEChERS method with titanium-coated graphite with CNT-ABS nanocomposite as dispersive solid-phase extraction materials

Abstract The presence of pesticide residues in food and vegetables is a growing concern for consumers. To monitor these residues reliably, a selective and sensitive multiresidue system has been developed and validated in tomato by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Titanium-coated graphite with carbon nanotube (CNT) in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) used as reversed-dispersive solid-phase (extraction materials with modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method. Titanium-coated graphite with CNT-ABS is synthesized, characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The clean-up performance of titanium-coated graphite with CNT-ABS was demonstrated to be better to primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon black cartridges. The processing of two multiple reaction monitoring transformations for each analyte is done using GC-MS/MS in electron impact mode. Satisfactory purification and recovery effects (74%–100%) of 35 pesticides were achieved in tomato matrices when using 5 mg of titanium-coated graphite ABS-CNT nanocomposite. It was observed that quinolphos and deltamethrin are present above the maximum residue limit. The technique proved to be reliable and sensitive in tomato samples for the routine testing of 35 pesticides.

Screening of pesticide distributions in foods of animal origin: a matrix-based approach for biotransfer factor modeling of grazing mammals.

Pesticides are detected in a wide array of foods of animal origin, posing a threat to food safety and human health. Here, to facilitate the management of pesticide residues in livestock products, we proposed a screening model for simulating pesticide biotransfer factors (BTFs, ratio of steady-state pesticide concentration between animal tissues and feed) in mammalian bodies. The proposed model was developed based on simple matrix algebra using first-order kinetics. Simulation of over 700 pesticides in common food products derived from cattle and sheep indicated that pesticide biotransfer is a balancing process between uptake efficiency from the gut lumen and the uptake-elimination ratio (ratio of the overall uptake and elimination rate constants) in individual tissues. Furthermore, we parameterized the developed BTF model using the octanol-water partition coefficient. The simulated pesticide BTFs could be categorized into three lipophilicity phases, namely, the lipophilicity-boosting (log KOW < 4), lipophilicity-balancing (4 ≤ log KOW ≤ 8), and lipophilicity-limiting (log KOW > 8) phases, and the simulated general trends of BTFs were consistent with the experimental data. Although the metabolic rate constants of pesticides in mammalian bodies warrant further evaluation, the model proposed here can assist in the risk assessment and regulatory management of pesticide residues in foods of animal origin.

Acute in vivo toxicity of neonicotinoid pesticide residues in common Egyptian fruits

Pesticide residues in food is a major health hazard. Contamination of pesticide residues in common Egyptian fruits was studied. Samples of peach and cantaloupe (500g each) from five different local markets were examined. Fruit samples were liquid-liquid extracted. Thiamethoxam was detected in three cantaloupe samples at 0.085 mg/kg and acetamiprid in two samples at 0.24 mg/kg, whereas acetamiprid was detected in all the peach samples at 0.08 mg/kg. Detected levels were below MRL. Male albino rats were given either distilled water (0.2 ml) or acetamiprid (17 µg/kg) or thiamethoxam (6 µg/kg) orally for 6 consecutive days. Doses were calculated according to the estimated average daily intake of fruits (~100 g) and extrapolated to rats. Thereafter, oxidative state of liver and brain was evaluated besides liver function tests and assessment of histopathological features. Serum GPT was in normal range in thiamethoxam-exposed rats, while it showed a marked increase in acetamiprid-exposed rats. sGOT was elevated after exposure to both compounds, though total protein and sGSH were not affected. Oxidative insult was expressed in liver tissue through increased MDA, NO and protein carbonyl contents, although the antioxidant GSH pool was not depleted after pesticide exposure. Acetamiprid boosted the cytokine IL-1 level. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed inflammatory degenerative changes. Acetamiprid affected the DNA integrity in blood. Brain oxidative state was not changed. These pesticides should be further studied for guiding local regulations towards safer use to avoid long term associated health hazards.

Estimation of the Risk of Chronic Exposure of the Brazilian Population to Pesticide Residues by Eating Table Tomatoes

HIGHLIGHTS Pesticide residues in foods can result in extremely harmful impacts on human health. Pesticide residues its have been identified in tomatoes. There was no of chronic dietary exposure risk to pesticides through of tomatoes. The tomatoes were safe for human consumption.

Urinary concentrations and determinants of pyrethroid metabolites in pregnant women from non-rural areas of Yunnan, China.

The study assesses the levels of urinary pyrethroid pesticide (PYR) in women during early pregnancy. The factors associated with exposure are also determined. A total of 480 pregnant women from non-rural areas visiting hospital for prenatal examination during early pregnancy were enrolled. A self-designed, structured questionnaire was used to collect data on potential factors of PYR exposure. Urinary PYR metabolite levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The majority of urine samples (98.8%) contained one or more PYR metabolite, although only a few women self-reported pesticide exposure. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA) levels were close to those reported in certain developed countries. However, the levels of 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DBCA) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4F3PBA) were higher than those reported in previous studies. Urinary PYR levels were positively associated with exposure to pesticides, consumption of bananas and oranges, the number of fruit types the women regularly ate, being multiparous, and cooked frequently. They were negatively associated with early pregnancy body mass index (BMI), unemployment, frequent intake of apples, and washing fruits and vegetables with soda or hot water. Pregnant women in non-rural areas were extensively exposed to low levels of PYRs. Dietary intake may be the primary pathway of exposure. The presented findings highlight the importance of using appropriate methods to reduce pesticide residues in food.

Comparison of Organic and Conventional Food and Food Production

Comparison of Organic and Conventional Food and Food Production

Robotic written silver ink on photographic paper for detection of thiram residues in fruits

With the widespread application of pesticide in agriculture, pesticide residues in food have posed serious health risks to human. There is an urgent requirement to detect pesticide residues in food. In this work, a sensitive and effective method was employed to measure thiram residues in fruit using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. Silver ink was written on photographic paper (AgNPs-photographic paper) directly by robotic writing technique. The AgNPs-photographic paper substrates possessed good SERS activities and high stability among four months. A good linear response between the peaks intensities and the logarithmic concentrations of thiram was obtained with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.024 ppb. The substrates also exhibited excellent reproducibility with relative standard deviation (RSD) value less than 10% from ten different substrates. SERS mapping was tested to characterize the uniformity of AgNPs-photographic paper, and the RSD value was calculated to be 14.34% at 1377 cm−1 measured by 120 points. The LOD values of apple and peach juice adulterated with thiram were 0.0024 and 0.024 ppm, respectively. The LOD values of thiram residues on apple and peach peels were both 0.25 ng/cm2. It was demonstrated that the substrates prepared by robotic writing technique had great potential for practical application in food safety inspection.

Simultaneous determination of eight carbamate pesticide residues in tomato, rice, and cabbage by online solid phase extraction/purification-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

建立了在线固相萃取/净化-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(online SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定番茄、大米和圆白菜中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的分析方法。将番茄5.0 g(不加水)、圆白菜和大米各2.0 g(各加3 mL水),以1000 r/min旋涡1 min,加入2 g氯化钠和10 mL 0.5%(v/v)甲酸乙腈溶液,旋涡均匀后离心,上清液氮吹后用10%(v/v)乙腈水溶液复溶,复溶液使用CAPCELL PAK C18净化柱(50 mm×2.0 mm, 15 μm)进行在线净化,当流动相0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈的体积比分别为90:10和35:65时,可实现氨基甲酸酯农药的吸附和洗脱。以ACQUITY UPLC CSH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)为分析柱,实现8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的分离,以0.1%(v/v)甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在12.0 min内即可完成分析。在优化条件下,8种氨基甲酸酯类农药在各自线性范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995, LOD和LOQ分别为0.01~0.3 ng/mL和0.05~1.0 ng/mL;在3个加标水平下,8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的加标回收率为73.76%~112.32%,相对标准偏差为1.28%~13.14%(n=6)。通过在线净化的方式,大大提高了前处理效率,只需12 min即可完成净化上样,不需氮吹复溶等步骤,提高了处理效率。该法回收率高,重复性好,具有准确、快速、灵敏、环保等优点,可用于植物性食品中8种氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测。

Rapid detection of paraquat residues in green tea using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanostars

As consumers demand safer food products, constant monitoring of pesticide residues in food is crucial. Conventional chromatography-based analytical methods are destructive and require time-consuming sample preparations. This study aims to establish a novel, facile, and rapid testing technique using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanostars as a SERS substrate. The SERS performance was evaluated by detecting a widely used pesticide, paraquat, in green tea samples. Spiky tips of gold nanostars can serve as SERS hot spots to intensify Raman signals of analyte molecules. Additionally, the rough topography of gold nanostars has increased surface area, enabling good substrate-analyte interactions. Electron microscopes and Zetasizer were employed for the characterization of gold nanostar substrate. The detection limit of this SERS method is 0.2 mg/kg for paraquat in green tea. The results indicate that SERS coupled with gold nanostars is a practical approach and has great potential to be applied for qualification and quantification of trace contaminants in foods. • Novel gold nanostars were synthesized with multiple outwardly radiating branches. • SERS coupled with gold nanostars was utilized to detect paraquat in green tea. • PLS models were built for prediction of paraquat in green tea (R = 0.99). • The detection limit of the SERS method for paraquat is 0.2 mg/kg. • SERS method is a facile and rapid method for trace analyses of food contaminants.

Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis

BackgroundFlowers of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. are used as tea in traditional Chinese cuisine. However, with increasing population and urbanization, water and land availability have become limiting for chrysanthemum tea production. Hydroponic culture enables effective, rapid nutrient exchange, while requiring no soil and less water than soil cultivation. Hydroponic culture can reduce pesticide residues in food and improve the quantity or size of fruits, flowers, and leaves, and the levels of active compounds important for nutrition and health. To date, studies to improve the yield and active compounds of chrysanthemum have focused on soil culture. Moreover, the molecular effects of hydroponic and soil culture on chrysanthemum tea development remain understudied.ResultsHere, we studied the effects of soil and hydroponic culture on yield and total flavonoid and chlorogenic acid contents in chrysanthemum flowers (C. morifolium ‘wuyuanhuang’). Yield and the total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid contents of chrysanthemum flowers were higher in the hydroponic culture system than in the soil system. Transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq revealed 3858 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between chrysanthemum flowers grown in soil and hydroponic conditions. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment annotation revealed that these differentially transcribed genes are mainly involved in “cytoplasmic part”, “biosynthetic process”, “organic substance biosynthetic process”, “cell wall organization or biogenesis” and other processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed enrichment in “metabolic pathways”, “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites”, “ribosome”, “carbon metabolism”, “plant hormone signal transduction” and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to yield and formation of the main active compounds included phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Enrichment analysis of transcription factors also showed that under the hydroponic system, bHLH, MYB, NAC, and ERF protein families were involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction.ConclusionsHydroponic culture is a simple and effective way to cultivate chrysanthemum for tea production. A transcriptome analysis of chrysanthemum flowers grown in soil and hydroponic conditions. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system.

Pesticide residues in food and potential risk of health problems : a systematic literature review

Pesticide residue in food has been investigated since the growing demand of food safe. The determination of pesticides residues in food is becomes an essential requirement for consumers, producers, and authorities responsible for food quality control. Pesticides can poison humans through the mouth, skin, and breathing. Often unwittingly these toxic chemicals enter a person’s body without causing sudden pain and causing chronic poisoning. This study aimed to investigate the impact of pesticides residue to health problems from meta-synthesize, sourced from the Scopus and Sinta indexed articles and obtained 12 indexed articles that were used as references. Meta-synthesize result showed that there are some type of pesticide who used by farmers such as chlorphenapir, emamctin benzoate, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, mankozeb, chlorotalonil, and propineb. Continous use of pesticides can cause such as fatigue, excessive saliva, hard breathing, frequent urination, blurred vision, dizzinesss, and fingerpain. At the end, pesticides residue is adverse effect on human health problems.

Rapid field trace detection of pesticide residue in food based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy isan alternative detection tool for monitoring food security. However, there is still a lack of a conclusion of SERS detection with respect to pesticides and real sampleanalysis, and the summary of intelligent algorithms in SERS is also a blank. In this review, a comprehensive report of pesticides detection using SERS technology is given. The SERS detection characteristics of different types of pesticides and the influence of substrate on inspection are discussed and compared by the typical ways of classification. The key points, including the progress in real sample analysisand Raman data processing methods with intelligent algorithm, are highlighted. Lastly, major challenges and future research trends of SERS analysis of pesticide residue are also addressed. SERS has been proven to be a powerful technique for rapid test of residue pesticides in complex food matrices, but there still is a tremendous development space for future research.

Distribution of Iodine125 Labeled Parathion and the Protective Effect of Dried Banana Peel in Experimental Mice

AbstractParathion (PA) one of the organophosphorus pesticides, is widespread in agriculture crops. Several studies reported the detection of this pesticide residue in food at high concentrations. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine the accumulation of iodine [125I] labeled parathion ([125I] PA) in mice organs and to study the protecting reflex of dried banana peel. In this study, two groups of mice were used. Iodine [125I] labeled parathion (10 mg/kg body weight) was applied only to one group of mice. Meanwhile, [125I] PA (10 mg/kg body weight) and dried banana peel (20% were added to the diet) were applied to the other group of mice. The mice were injected by [125I] PA through the tail vein and were given the dried banana peel through the mouth. The mice were kept under observation for 180 min. for monitoring. The result of the first group of mice, which was injected with [125I] PA, only indicated that [125I] PA was distributed primarily in the kidneys (18.6%), liver (18.9%), and intestine (6.11%), after 180 min. In the second group of mice which received both [125I] PA, and dried banana peels, [125I] PA accumulated at a lower percentage in the kidneys (10.2%), liver (5.2%), and intestine (4.67%) after 180 min. These results indicated the decrease of [125I] PA in the liver and kidneys could be due to the effect of dried banana peels, and draw attention to the use of agricultural waste to remove pesticide residues contaminating food and feed.

The poison is on the table: an analysis of the pesticides present in the food of Brazilians

Brazil is the world's largest consumer of pesticides. To monitor the quality of food sold in the country, the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food (Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos - PARA) was created, responsible for carrying out analyzes of these foods and providing annual reports. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the information contained in these reports on the residues of pesticides found on unsatisfactory samples (unauthorized pesticides and/or above the permitted limit). This is a descriptive documentary study, based on the reports available (2001 to 2018). Information was collected on the pesticides that most appeared among the samples considered unsatisfactory and their possible damage to human health. Strawberries, bell peppers, and cucumbers presented the largest numbers of samples unsatisfactory, mostly because of the presence of pesticides unauthorized. The pesticides that have been repeated the most irregularly were chlorpyrifos, carbendazim, acefate and metamidophos, the latter has been banned since 2011 in Brazil. Evidence show that such pesticides are toxic to the human organism. Measures are needed to better control and inspect food and pesticides sold in Brazil, also raise awareness among the population and rural producers.

Analysis of imidacloprid residues in mango, cowpea and water samples based on portable molecular imprinting sensors.

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used in the production and cultivation of crops. In recent years, the extensive use of imidacloprid in agricultural production has resulted in large amounts of pesticide residues in agricultural products and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid, accurate, sensitive and convenient method for detecting imidacloprid pesticide residues to ensure the safety of agricultural products and the environment. To clarify how to use the molecular imprinting method for the electrochemical rapid residue detection of imidacloprid. This paper selected reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles as modifiers modified on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) chitosan as a functional monomer, and imidacloprid as template molecule to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer, and applied this sensor to the residue detection of imidacloprid. The results showed that the concentration of imidacloprid showed a good linear relationship with the peak response current, and the detection limit of imidacloprid was 0.5 μM, while the sensor had good repeatability and interference resistance. The recoveries of imidacloprid spiked on three samples, mango, cowpea and water, were in the range of 90–110% (relative standard deviation, RSD<5%), which proved the practicality and feasibility of the assay established in this paper. The results of this paper can be used as a basis for the research on the detection of imidacloprid pesticide residues in food or environment.

Internationally harmonized certified reference materials and proficiency testings for pesticide residue analysis.

Matrix certified reference materials (CRMs) and proficiency testings (PTs) are effective for evaluation of the quality of analytical results. The National Metrology Institute of Japan has developed five kinds of CRMs and has provided eight PTs so far for the quantification of pesticide residues in foods. Target pesticides were sprayed on growing crops, and the harvests were used for the preparation of CRMs and PT samples. In most cases, multiple analytical methods based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry were used to ensure the reliability of certified values (for CRMs) and reference values (for PT samples). These activities were carried out with corresponding to the international standards such as ISO 17034 and ISO/IEC 17043. An overview of the development of CRMs and the implementation of PTs is described, with some examples.