Spiritual Perspective Research Articles

Exploring Teachers' Perspectives on Using a Spiritual Approach to Address Bullying Behavior Among Students: A Qualitative Study

The primary discoveries of this researcher's inquiry underscore the potential of integrating spirituality into educational practises to reduce bullying and foster favourable behavioural transformations in students. The educators employed diverse pedagogical approaches, including mindfulness exercises, storytelling sessions, and open dialogues centred on spiritual themes such as compassion and forgiveness. Implementing these strategies has been found to potentially enhance students' self-awareness, empathy, and sense of community, creating an educational environment that is ultimately more inclusive and secure for all individuals. The study clearly recognises the difficulties of putting a spiritual perspective into action. Experts in the field of education have proposed a number of solutions to these problems, including expanded opportunities for teacher training, more communication and cooperation among stakeholders, and flexible methods of instruction. Those in positions of responsibility in the field of education, such as administrators, teachers, and lawmakers, stand to gain greatly from considering the implications of the research findings. The results raise the possibility that schools with a stronger emphasis on spirituality have a positive effect on students' academic performance and well-being. To take advantage of these benefits, schools should put an emphasis on teacher preparation, promote teamwork, and craft a holistic strategy for integrating spirituality. Involving all parties is crucial in creating a welcoming and secure learning environment where kids may practise gratitude, empathy, and respect for one another. This research shows how spirituality can be included in classrooms to make for a more peaceful and empathetic learning environment. It also highlights the importance of taking a holistic approach to education that incorporates more than just academics.

Relationship between the Level of Spirituality and Blood Pressure Control among Adult Hypertensive Patients in a Southwestern Community in Nigeria

Background: Spirituality has been strongly associated with good blood pressure control as it forms a strong coping mechanism in hypertensive patients. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was done to determine the relationship between spirituality and blood pressure control among adult hypertensive patients in rural Southwestern Nigeria to achieve good blood pressure control. Method: The selection was done by systematic random sampling technique. Socio-demographic and clinical information were obtained through semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The level of spirituality was assessed using the Spiritual Perspective Scale. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 61.1 ± 11.1 years. More than half (52.6%) had a high level of spirituality and more than two-thirds (67.1%) of respondents had controlled blood pressure. Respondents with a high level of spirituality were 4.76 times more likely to have good blood pressure control {p < 0.001, 95% CI (1.05-14.99)} than those with a low level of spirituality. Conclusion: Proper understanding and effective utilization of this relationship will assist health professionals and researchers in the appropriate integration of this concept into patients’ holistic care with the aim of achieving better blood pressure control among hypertensive patients.

Relationship between the Level of Spirituality and Medication Adherence among Adult Hypertensive Patients in Rural South Western Nigeria

Background: Spirituality has been found to drive the motivational component of the Behavioural Wheel of the Theory of Change Approach in adaptation mechanisms. Effective medication adherence has been strongly associated with good hypertension control and one way to achieve this is to leverage spirituality as a strong coping mechanism in hypertensive patients. Method: Selection was done by systematic random sampling technique. Socio-demographic and clinical information were obtained through semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The level of Spirituality was assessed using the Spiritual Perspective Scale and medication adherence was assessed using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 61.1±11.1 years. More than half (52.6% and 61.2%) had high level of spirituality and good medication adherence respectively. Respondents with high level of spirituality (99.4%) had good medication adherence and this was statistically significant with p<0.001. Conclusion: Proper understanding and effective utilization of this relationship will assist health professionals and researchers in the appropriate integration of this concept into patients’ holistic care with the aim of achieving better blood pressure control among hypertensive patients.

Generating Sustainable Organizational Commitment of Indonesian Lecturers: The Role of Psychological Contract Through Spiritual Perspective

Objective: Research on EER (employee-employer relationship) has always attracted the attention of researchers in the field of Human Resources Management. Every organization and company always strive to be at the forefront and get employees who are competent in their respective fields besides having high and sustainable commitment to their organization. One of the antecedents of sustainable organizational commitment is the fulfilment of the psychological contract. Unfortunately, the psychological contracts that have been studied so far have only considered mundane transactional and relational aspects. In fact, worldly exchanges will not last forever. Need to review the psychological contract from a spiritual perspective which rewards are more lasting and can be felt in this world and the hereafter. No doubt, these exchanges are only believed by people who believe in the afterlife or people who have religion and belief in God. This study aims to investigate the indicators of the psychological contract from a spiritual perspective, namely from an Islamic perspective. The psychological contract from an Islamic perspective in this study becomes a mediating variable between authentic leadership and sustainable organizational commitment. In addition, trust in leaders is also used as a moderating variable between authentic leadership and spiritual psychological contracts. Methods: Respondents in this study were Muslim lecturers at Muhammadiyah universities accredited A throughout Indonesia. There are 6 universities that come across the requirements located in the cities of Yogyakarta, Malang (East Java), Surakarta (Central Java), Jakarta, and Medan (North Sumatra). The questionnaire was distributed via Google form using a 6-point Likert scale and processed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (Smart PLS) 3.0 technique. The number of respondents who filled out the questionnaire completely was 121. Results: This research produced several findings, i.e.: (1). Authentic leadership has a positive effect on fulfilling the spiritual psychological contract, (2). The spiritual psychological contract affects organizational commitment, (3). Trust (in the leader) has a positive effect on fulfilling the spiritual psychological contract, (4). The spiritual psychological contract becomes a mediator of the positive influence of authentic leadership on organizational commitment, (5). The spiritual psychological contract also mediates the effect of trust (in the leader) on organizational commitment. (6) authentic leadership has no direct effect on organizational commitment, and (7). Trust (in the leader) does not moderate the effect of authentic leadership on the spiritual psychological contract. Originality: This study adds one of the 2 previously known dimensions (transactional and relational), namely the liturgical dimension. This study also explores the dimensions of the spiritual psychological contract, although the term used still adopts the two previous psychological contract terms. However, the sources that are referred to all dimensions come from the verses of the Al Quran and Al Hadith which are the main sources of Islamic law. This research was conducted at Muhammadiyah universities which requires all members to prioritize Islamic da'wah, without neglecting financial needs, but financial needs are not the main goal. Implication: An authentic leader is characterized by listening to the opinions of subordinates, being a role model for his subordinates, being willing to guide and motivate, being aware of his own qualities, wanting to convey information on the achievements of the organization and his team, as well as strategies to achieve their goals, and respect the differences within the institution, will bring about subordinates' desire to fulfill their spiritual psychological contract. Likewise, leaders who want to recognize the superiority of subordinates, give flexibility in choosing work projects, give challenging assignments, facilitate growth, and intend to build relationships, as contained in indicators of trust in the leader, will be able to increase the desire of subordinates to fulfill their spiritual psychological contract. Spiritual psychological contracts are a novelty in this study, especially with the addition of one dimension in this variable, namely the liturgical contract. Authentic leadership and trust in the leader are able to arouse followers to fulfil their spiritual psychological contract which also has an impact on increasing their organizational commitment in sustainable manner.

Bias Budaya Minuman Beralkohol: Kajian Komunikasi Antar Budaya Perpsektif Agama Dan Budaya

Indonesia's culture allows for a wide range of customary and religious cultural practices. Alcoholic beverages are one of the products of a combination of culture and customs. This article examines the biases inherent in artistic labeling and the legality of consuming alcoholic drinks despite their traditional production process. It cannot be denied that the ideology of Pancasila has the highest position, namely the supreme deity, which can be interpreted as a form of primary guidance in implementing the state from upstream to downstream. The primary purpose of this article is to provide a religious and cultural study that discusses the bias that has been a conflict between government regulations regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages and traditionally processed alcoholic drinks. A qualitative meta-synthesis approach centered on systematic qualitative review produces a holistic study and assessment of religious and cultural perspectives. The results of this study, firstly that from a spiritual perspective, Indonesia is the nation with the largest Muslim population in the world, meaning that it is predominantly Muslim, which signals that all forms of intoxicating drinks are a form of prohibition in religion and this is also contrary to the ideology of Pancasila which upholds divinity. Secondly, no culture would ever justify the consumption of alcoholic beverages that have a variety of negative impacts, both in terms of health and social aspects.

The chaos – the violin – the Сosmos in the I. Kalynets’s poem “Great-grandfather”

In modern Ukrainian literary studies, the problem of researching intermedial relations in the artistic works of the Sixtiers, in particular, Ihor Kalynets, is relevant. At the same time, there is a lack of studies devoted to the analysis of separate texts. In our opinion, the poem ‘Great-grandfather’ from the collection ‘Kupala Fire’ demonstrates a harmonious interaction of the text levels, from the level of plot to the phonetic one. Therefore, the purpose of this article is a holistic study of the poem. A structuralist approach was used to achieve the mentioned goal. The poem ‘Great-grandfather’ contains the signs of cinematography, and it is based on an external plot. The clipped image of the great-grandfather playing the violin is subtly nuanced and dynamic. The image of the violin, as an ancient sophisticated instrument symbolizing the soul of the great-grandfather, is analyzed. The examination of the dedication in the poetry (to ‘Oleg Krysa’ who is a world-famous Ukrainian violinist) gives reasons to assume that the great-grandfather was a virtuoso violinist. The images of a bow and rosin were analyzed as the attributes of a specific prayer-playing. The meaning of the violin playing is to help the nature and people to by pass the time of twilight with the minimum losses, to turn the chaos of dusk into the cosmic time of a starry night. At this point the great-grandfather becomes the centre of interaction, the final (the fifth) element which enables the transformation. During the study of the colouring of the poem, we managed to conclude that the poetry was not so much of interest because of the colours, but because of their brightness. A noticeable development of brightness to the climax point was followed by a sinusoidal downturn. The last counterpoint in the colour chart is the image of the lemkas-‘soniakhs’ (sunflowers) who are under the influence of the maestro’s playing. The soundcode confirms the expressed ideas and demonstrates I. Kalynets’ virtuoso mastery of phonics. It is concluded that the great-grandfather, who is a violinist, becomes the mediator of the cosmic processes at the moment when he loses the boundaries of his own personality and dissolves in art. The great-grandfather, turning the chaos of twilight into the Cosmos, opens up new spiritual perspectives for his fellow Lemks. It is about a mystical art that unites the day and the night, the heaven and the earth, the man and the God.

Achieving SMEs’ excellence: scale development of Islamic entrepreneurship from business and spiritual perspectives

PurposeThis paper investigates the effect of Islamic entrepreneurship on small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) business performance and the development of a framework to comprehensively investigate Islamic entrepreneurship to achieve competitive business advantages. Islamic entrepreneurship was measured through the Islamic entrepreneurial model, which is based on two unobserved constructs: business and spiritual perspectives. These two constructs were used as predictors of business performance. This paper aims to develop a new scale of Islamic entrepreneurship from business and spiritual perspectives to achieve SMEs’ successful business performance.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 189 Muslim respondents were involved and analyzed their responses using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory composite analysis.FindingsThe empirical findings proved that the Islamic entrepreneurial scale with two perspectives is an absolute measure. Besides, the predictive validity findings revealed that business (i.e. trustworthiness, honesty and truthfulness) and spiritual perspectives of Islamic entrepreneurship (i.e. Taqwa, good intention and respecting religious obligations) positively affected SMEs’ business performance.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study lies in expanding the existing research, developing a measurement scale and empirically testing the Islamic entrepreneurship model. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that contributes to the Islamic entrepreneurship literature in the SME context and offers new avenues for potential researchers. The new scale will allow SMEs to understand the halal and haram concepts in more depth and apply the Islamic rules and principles with full spirit.

ART THERAPY FOR IMPROVING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING OF STUDENTS TRAUMATIZED DURING THE WAR

The article is aimed at the study and development of art methods for restoring the stability of students who suffered during the war. The research was divided into the following stages: a survey on the perception of war and own "war experience" among secondary school students; fixation of "pain points" (problematic) and "support points" (useful knowledge, skills) in students' answers; development of an effective method of art therapy in the conditions of war for students to overcome losses and gain a new life and spiritual perspective.

Extending the research frontiers of employee mental health through contextualisation: China as an example with implications for human resource management research and practice

PurposeImpoverished employee mental health is harmful to employees and organisational performance. There is emerging interest in employee mental health in the human resource management (HRM) field. The majority of these studies mainly focus on the organisational and individual levels from the psychological and managerial perspectives without considering the sectoral characteristics and societal context.Design/methodology/approachThis perspective paper draws on extant literature as well as 10 informal interviews with medical professionals, organisational leaders in the public sector, teachers and HR professionals to shed light on employee mental health research, practice and challenges in the Chinese context.FindingsThis paper reveals national, sectoral, occupational and individual factors that shape mental health problems, individual coping mechanisms and organisational interventions. It also shows international influence on employee mental health in the form of institutional pressure and knowledge transfer.Research limitations/implicationsThere is limited research on employee mental health and HRM in the Chinese context, which restricts the scope of discussion in this paper, but at the same time presents rich future research opportunities that may be relevant to other national settings.Practical implicationsManaging the mental health of the workforce is part of the mental health management of the population, which means a holistic approach to building a mental health eco-system needs to be adopted. The authors call for more research on employee mental health in the Chinese context to provide evidence to support policy development and organisational efforts to scale up mental health services at the national and organisational levels. The authors also provide practical recommendations for policymakers and employing organisations.Originality/valueThe authors present a multi-level and multi-factor overview related to employee mental health in the Chinese context. The authors argue for a resource-based and multi-stakeholder approach, which will help inform and improve mental health policy and practice. The authors present several avenues for future scholarship and research. The authors extend the research frontiers of employee mental health issues by calling for the inclusion of a broader range of theoretical lenses including institutional theory, cultural and spiritual perspective and critical sociology to understand more fully how employee mental health conditions may be undermined or improved.

Ego: An Epistemological Analysis of Self-Centric Consciousness Through Cultural Perspectives and Spiritual/Theological Dimensions in Hinduism and Buddhism

This Article probes into the profound intricacies of ego, a multifaceted paradigm of self-centric consciousness that has garnered significant scholarly interest across various disciplines, with a specific focus on its conceptualization within the cultural contexts of the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. By drawing on philosophical and psychological theories, this rigorous exploration aims to elucidate the nuanced dimensions of ego, shedding light on its ontological essence and intricate interaction within the human psyche. Additionally, this article explores how the cultural context influences the conceptualization and experience of ego in Eastern philosophies and religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, in comparison to Western philosophical and psychological frameworks. The work also deliberates the spiritual and theological dimensions of ego, exploring how self-centric consciousness intersects with spiritual perspectives. Drawing on a range of spiritual traditions and theological perspectives, this comprehensive exploration aims to shed light on the diverse understandings and implications of ego within the realm of spirituality. By undertaking a comparative analysis, this research seeks to uncover the cultural variations in understanding ego, encompassing diverse perspectives on self-identity, interconnectedness, and the role of ego within these distinct traditions. By examining the influence of cultural context, this investigation contributes to a deeper comprehension of the cultural contingency of ego, ultimately enriching our understanding of this fundamental construct in the broader landscape of human consciousness and subjective experience.

THE EVOLUTION OF WESTERN SPIRITUALITY: FROM ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME TO CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the history of spirituality in the Western world, examining its evolution from ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary practices. The article explores the development of key religious and philosophical traditions, including early Christianity, the Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment, and analyzes their contributions to the evolution of Western spirituality. The article also investigates the emergence of contemporary spirituality, highlighting its emphasis on personal experience and individual growth, and its rejection of traditional religious institutions and dogma. While contemporary spirituality has been criticized for its lack of structure and its tendency to promote subjective experiences over objective truth, it has also had a significant impact on Western culture, particularly in the areas of health and wellness. The article discusses the challenges that contemporary spirituality poses, including the potential for spiritual bypassing, the need for authenticity in spiritual practices, and the importance of recognizing spirituality as a deeply personal and individual experience. Additionally, the article explores the future of Western spirituality, considering the impact of changing cultural and social trends and the ongoing evolution of spiritual practices. The article also examines important works and figures that have contributed to the development of Western spirituality from Ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary times, showing the diversity and richness of spiritual perspectives and practices over time. Ultimately, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the history of Western spirituality and highlights its enduring influence on Western culture and society, while also providing insights into the challenges and opportunities that contemporary spirituality presents.

Environmental Ethics in the Spiritual Perspective of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam

This article aims to examine the views of Hindu and Buddhist spiritualism related to efforts to deal with environmental damage in Indonesia and try to find common ground between Hindu and Buddhist spiritualism regarding environmental preservation with the teachings of Sufism in Islam. The method used in this article is library research with a descriptive-qualitative approach. The research shows that the ecological damage that has occurred in Indonesia is very worrying. This happens because humans have no concern for their environment, they only focus on taking the maximum benefit for profit alone. Religion has authority in environmental preservation by instilling ethics and morals in humans. Spirituality in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam is aimed at getting closer to God. There is a concept for each religion to increase one's spirituality, namely through bhakti marga yoga in Hinduism, hasta ariya magha in Buddhism, and Sufism in Islamic teachings. The concepts shared by each of these religions have in common to shape one's spirituality which can be reflected in a moral person. Immoral cases such as environmental damage are a big thing that can be solved by increasing one's spirituality.

How is the Performance of Private University Lecturers Regarding Scientific Publications?: The Perspective of Workplace Spirituality and Job Satisfaction in Garut Regency

The performance of lecturers’ scientific publications is an obligation that every lecturer must carry out because it will support careers and university social stratification. The purpose of this study is to disclose how the performance of lecturers’ scientific publications is analyzed from the perspective of workplace spirituality and job satisfaction. This study uses a quantitative-descriptive approach, proportional random sampling is used to determine as many of 157 lecturers with a Likert scale of gradation 1-4. The data were then analyzed using Smart-PLS 3.3. The results show that workplace spirituality has a positive and significant effect on the performance of scientific publications, and job satisfaction mediates the influence of spirituality at work on the performance of scientific publications on permanent lecturers at private universities in Garut Regency, Indonesia. The findings indicate that higher level of workplace spirituality will increase job satisfaction and scientific publication performance.
 Keywords: workplace spirituality, job satisfaction, performance

Analisis Evaluasi Program Pendidikan Dalam Pembelajaran Di Sekolah

This paper discusses the evaluation of educational programs in learning in schools where the implementation of education as part of educating the life of the nation must receive full attention from policy makers in this country, as stated in article 31 of the 1945 Constitution, amendment 4 that every citizen country has the right to education. The main goal of education is to develop human beings from an intellectual, emotional and spiritual perspective. In terms of its objectives, the output of education should be able to produce human resources who have advantages in terms of intellectual, emotional and spiritual. Education must be able to answer the challenges of the development of science and technology which is accompanied by a flow of information that is increasingly developing rapidly. The writing of this article uses the method of literature analysis (library research), namely the study of various scientific sources such as articles in both national and international journals and books that are in accordance with the themes and titles discussed. The literature analysis method makes the writer to read and find sources of reading material that are appropriate to the themes being discussed or are relevant. In this case the method of literature analysis is an appropriate and effective step.

How should intellectual capital development? An islamic religious perspective

Purpose: The objective of this study was to reconstruct Intellectual Capital to fill gap between Humans, Corporations and God. Theoretical framework: Intellectual Capital in its form and development as part of intangible assets in the business world, both from commercial and non-commercial measurements, is part of accounting, considered a modern business perspective and a product of entity theory. This definition of Intellectual Capital shows the masculine side, the Value of Entity theory. The antithesis of this is Sharia Entity Theory which emphasizes responsibility toward the sole creator of the company's nature, specifically God. Spirituality or religion fills the gap behind critical accounting studies based on secular thinking. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses the Islamic spirituality perspective paradigm, which is at heart and related to the organizational, social, and human environment in reconstructing Intellectual Capital. Findings: The results of this study obtained that the construction of human Capital is positioning employees to have honesty, trustworthiness, ridho, demanding knowledge, shodaqoh, zakat, and ukhuwah Islamiyah. Second, structural Capital is a blessed business, not arbitrary to employees, welfare, business commitment to trustworthiness, sadaqah for business, the principle of ridho in the organization, and giving employee rights. Third, customer capital is a promise, doing good/service, honesty to customers, responsibility, ukhuwah Islamiyah, sadaqah for CSR, trustworthiness, and setting prices like for like. Research, Practical & Social implications: First, management in developing the company can change the company's philosophy through intellectual capital which is based on God's will. Second, it is important to treat human resources, organizational structure and relational capital by aligning the soul, nature and God as a manifestation of added value. Originality/value: An important finding in this research is that spirituality is the most important thing in positive change for the world in which we live. Intellectual Capital in creating value should be the result of human work that is blessed by God.

An Epistemology of Swami Vivekananda: A Comparative Approach

Indian philosophy being profoundly rich from socio-political, economical, and spiritual perspective has a lot to offer. A lot many philosophies of different Indian thinkers have been probed into for the purpose of character and national building such as that of Kautilya, Gandhi, Nehru, M.N. Roy and likewise. However, there exists a plethora of thinkers whose philosophies have been not studied systematically or have been overlooked. It is owing to this research gap, that the paper is prepared with special attention to the teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda who altogether gives a different perspective about life and its intricacies. This paper tends to explore the various socio-political concepts expounded by Swami Vivekananda which are relevant event today and if taken and deliberated upon seriously have the potential to resolve a lot many crises that are being faced by the Indian society. This is a qualitative study, examining the political philosophy of Swami Vivekananda through his works. The paper analyses the relevance of the philosophy in the then era as well as in the contemporary era with reference to western ideas and philosophy. A comparative approach is adopted in the paper to comprehend the differences as well as the similarities between the philosophy of western thinkers with that of Swami Vivekananda.

Vinoba Bhave's Views on Education

Education is one of the essential aspects of human life. Education is the most effective way to teach people the value of quality work, speak out against demarcation, and practice good habits. Education research is conducted in many areas, including psychology, philosophy, curriculum, and organization. Educational philosophy is the study of the foundations of education and the pros and cons of various educational plans. A survey of this type helps direct to the outcomes of any educational thought. As a result, the field of educational philosophy is as important as that of statistical methodology. Vinoba Bhave has experimented with various facets of education and formulated his concept in this matter. His points of view are unique and thought-provoking, and they cover a broader and deeper range of education from the social, ethical, economic, and spiritual perspectives. He attempted to codify Mahatma Gandhi ji’s educational ideas. His independent and scholarly education thinking has resulted in the spiritual interpretation of Nai Talim's principles and programs, the teaching of various subjects, the teacher-pupil relationship, and the uplift of villages. Vinoba's contribution is the magical touch to the analysis and the formulation of educational programs, which can be claimed to be independent of his master’s. This paper aims to show the interpretation of the educational ideas of Vinoba Bhave in the contemporary world.

Investigating the Dimensionality of Psychological Contract from a Spiritual Perspective: an Empirical Study of Indonesian Employees

Based on the Western value system, research on the psychological contract has received immense attention from human resources management researchers. However, psychological contract from the spiritual perspective has not been much explored. This empirical study attempts to enrich the understanding of the psychological contract phenomenon from a spiritual perspective. This is a research paper to explore the dimensionalities of a spiritual psychological contract with examined both inner (structure) and outer (measurement) models via Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A survey of 108 employees in business organizations in Indonesia, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan was drawn for the study using a nonprobability convenience sampling procedure to obtain a more representative sample. The construct validity of the spiritual psychological contract (SPC) via SmartPLS 3.2.7 software led to the major finding; the SPC measurement model in the business organizational context is explained by three components i.e., transactional, relational, and liturgical contract. This is a new insight into psychological contract research and needs further studies to explore it.

How Then Shall We Live as a People of Faith in a World in Crisis?

This article addresses the question of how the community of faith (the church, etc.) should respond to the world in crisis. It provides a spiritual perspective on this crisis rather than a full description of the problems and how to solve them. It draws upon the life and teaching of Jesus to discern how to respond to our troubled world, noting that Jesus too lived in a world in crisis. The article underlines that Jesus fully lived the “more excellent way” described by Paul in First Corinthians. The community of faith responds with a thoughtful faith, hope grounded in salvation history (i.e., the entrance of God into human affairs, from Abraham to the present), and unconditional love, following the example of Jesus. In these ways, the community of faith helps mitigate “a world in crisis” and empowers faithful followers to flourish.

IBN KHALDUN'S CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO ISLAMIC EDUCATION AND THEIR PERSPECTIVE ON THE FUTURE

Ibn Khaldun is a thinker in Islamic education who is concerned with the circumstances of students' growth and development from the psychological, pedagogical, social, and spiritual perspectives. The purpose of this article is to look at Ibn Khaldun's social background, his main points of view on education, an analysis of those views, and projections of those views into the future. This study describes Ibn Khaldun's ideas on Islamic education in a descriptive manner using the library research method. Ibn Khaldun's ideas, which view learning potential as a natural thing that can be developed by choosing the right method of learning, are included in the findings found in this article. In this situation, educators can use the malakah and at-tadrij methods in accordance with the level of the students' cognitive development and their level of openness to learning. The ideas put forth by Ibn Khaldun can be developed as potential directions for Islamic education in the future, and his thoughts are pertinent to the current understanding of modern education. Ibn Khaldun's educational idea is regarded as a strong foundation for organizing Islamic education because it offers a strong foundation on the psychological, pedagogical, social, and spiritual aspects of Islam.