Grammatical Perspective Research Articles

Discussion on Comparative Research and Teaching of the Adverbs Shizhong(始终),Zaowan (早晚),Chizao (迟早) for Vietnamese Students

Adverb“始终（shizhong）、早晚（zaowan）、迟早（chizao）” in Chinese and Vietnamese are equivalent compound words composed of two monosyllabic morphemes, and these two morphemes have opposite meanings. This article analyzes and compares three adverbs from two semantic and grammatical perspectives, conducts comparative analysis, and thereby finds the similarities and differences between these three words in Chinese and Vietnamese. At the same time, finding the causes and proposing teaching methods to solve the problem of Vietnamese students often misusing these words when learning Chinese in Vietnam. We have found very few studies on teaching and comparing adverbs in these two languages, so this article hopes to help Vietnamese students understand more deeply the characteristics of this group of words, as well as avoid misusing this group of words.

The Grammatical Dispute Regarding the Attachment of "Kama" in the Qur'an and Its Impact on Tafsir (Exegesis) Literature

The issue of the attachment of "Kama" is one of the matters that has occupied grammarians and exegetes; grammarians have differed regarding the attachment of "Kama" in several places in the Qur'an. This study is centered on the following question: How does the grammatical disagreement over the attachment of "Kama" affect the interpretation of the verses? This study aims to analyze the attachment of "Kama" in various Quranic contexts, present the grammatical disputes surrounding it, and explore the impact of these disputes on the exegesis literature. The goal is to propose a grammatical perspective that contributes to guiding the parsing of Quranic verses by relying on an analytical methodology in the study. Furthermore, the scientific significance of this study lies in enhancing the linguistic understanding of the Quranic context, providing interpretative insights into Quranic texts, reducing discrepancies in multiple grammatical explanations, and enriching linguistic and grammatical studies related to the Qur'an. Findings indicate that there is a disagreement among grammarians in four instances of the evidence of "Kama" in the Qur'an. Such plurality of opinions in this matter does not imply an error in any of these views but rather reflects the depth, precision, and richness of the Quranic context. The correctness of a single word's attachment to more than one element is considered one of the miraculous aspects of the Qur'an. Ultimately, this analysis recommends expanding the scope of research to include the study of the attachments of words similar to "Kama" in the Qur'an, such as the words "Mithl" (like) and "Ka'anna" (as if).

The Grammatical and Pragmatic Features of the New Popular Construction of “Cloud+X” in Contemporary Chinese

“Cloud+X” is a popular construction that has appeared and been frequently used in recent years. The study of the grammatical and pragmatic process of "Cloud+X" construction has vital significance for understanding the development of this buzzword in the new era and word creation. The buzzword “Cloud+X” is analyzed from the perspective of grammar and pragmatics in this paper. From the grammatical perspective, this paper will focus on the grammatical characteristics of “Cloud+X” and analyze its evolution motivation. Based on three main constructions including “Cloud+verbs with monosyllabic morphemes”, “Cloud+verbs with disyllabic or polysyllabic morphemes” and “Cloud+nominal morphemes”, and combined with specific examples and meme theory, this study analyzes their relationship and evolution. From the pragmatic perspective, the paper mainly focuses on the four main aspects of the construction “Cloud+X” such as its productivity, main user groups, emerging platforms and registers as well as the construction stability.

교실 담화에서 교사의 청유문 분석

This study explores the functions of grammatical forms in specific discourse contexts by analyzing propositional sentences based on sentence-ending types. Propositional sentences, similar to imperative sentences, are identified as having a notably directive attribute. Particularly, classroom discourse, which is grounded in a clear hierarchical structure between teachers and students, may highlight the use of propositional sentences more than in other discourse situations. Therefore, this research utilized a spoken corpus to investigate propositional sentences through an inductive method. Initially, propositional sentences and their functions were defined within the spoken corpus from a grammatical perspective. The sentences were then analyzed and categorized according to their functions. The findings suggest that propositional sentences in classroom discourse primarily exhibit directive functions. Moreover, new functions of propositional sentences, previously undiscussed, were discovered. These newly identified functions are closely associated with the type of discourse. The results of this study allow for the differentiation of unique features of propositional sentences in classroom discourse, potentially aiding learners in enhancing their intuitive understanding of the Korean language.

KEUNIKAN METODOLOGI TAFSIR AL-FARRA: MA’ANI AL-QUR’AN

The Al-Farra Commentary is the oldest and first commentary in the history of exegesis, and its manuscript has survived to the present day. Its presence has been a source of inspiration for commentators who lived after him. From a content perspective, the commentary has its own uniqueness. The purpose of this writing is to reveal the uniqueness of the Al-Farra exegesis methodology entitled "ma’?n? al-Qur?n" (Meanings of the Quran). This writing is a type of literature research using descriptive analysis methods. The main source of the research is the Al-Farra commentary known as "ma’?n? al-Qur’?n," and supplementary sources include books, publications, and journal articles that are still relevant to the study's theme. The results of this research reveal that the Al-Farra commentary was written in response to a request from his colleagues. The method he used is the tahl?l? method, drawing references from the Quranic verses, Prophet's hadiths, the opinions of companions, and mostly incorporating the thoughts of linguistically adept scholars of his time and the preceding era. The predominant style is linguistic, particularly focusing on syntactic analysis, which is spread throughout every verse. The uniqueness of the Al-Farra commentary lies in its inclination to concentrate only on verses or sentences considered difficult from a grammatical perspective, providing more in-depth analysis of their linguistic aspects.

From derivation to inflection: the case of the Turkish nominalizer (y)Iş

Abstract The Turkish nominalizer -(y)Iş demonstrates a broad spectrum of functions ranging from a deverbal word-formation device that forms lexicalized nouns with concrete and abstract meanings to an inflectional marker used in nominal clauses, especially in clausal complementation. In some uses, the item conveys manner semantics. While the item itself has been variously investigated and forms an established part of any Turkish grammar description, there is still a lack of consensus on its functional and semantic properties. This article investigates the morphosyntactic functions and the semantic features of the nominalizer -(y)Iş in light of the claims in the linguistic literature on the one hand, which include manner, countable events, factive imperfective, single instance of an event, direct reference to the inner process of an action, etc., and of examples from primary sources on the other, and evaluates the findings from the perspective of grammaticalization. It will be argued that the range of functions of this item and the fact that it seems to resist any straightforward analysis result from its transition from a derivational marker to an inflectional marker with tasks including complementizer functions, a process in which manner semantics will be argued to play a role.

Evaluation of Side by Side from a Grammatical Perspective

Evaluation of Side by Side from a Grammatical Perspective

Sintagmatizacija kao sredstvo veze između paremiologije i frazeologije / Syntagmatization as a Means of Connection Between Paremiology and Phraseology

The language continuum is expressed in many ways: through the coexistence of autonomous language layers (and their corresponding language disciplines) and transitional units between certain categories, through the transitional varieties of the dialects of a language, etc. The very fact that there are transitional (hybrid) units that ensure the elasticity and permeability of the borders between language layers opens up a series of questions and challenges and puts before linguists the task of defining the minimum unit of some analysis as precisely as possible and its further hierarchical branching. However, since it is impossible to stop change in language, we should not harbor many illusions that movements in language will not open new fields and perspectives for understanding the particularity of a certain linguistic phenomenon. The elastic stability of language – and the continuity between paremiology and phraseology – can also be recognized in the possibilities of paremies to syntagmatize as sentence structures, i.e. to turn them into open structures that, like other idiom groups, fit into the grammatical perspective of the sentence in which they appear. This is possible probably due to the fact that idiom groups are created by the lexicalization of the “prominent part of the script”, i.e. due to the possibility of separating the so-called crystallization nucleus. In this paper, we have dealt with the mentioned type of paremis economization and we have tried to single out possible patterns of syntagmatization.

Menelisik Omnibus Law Bidang Perencanaan Anggaran

In the context of budget regulations, in 2023, Government Regulation Number 6 of 2023 and Minister of Finance Regulation Number 62 of 2023 were issued which have the omnibus law character. This research aims to examine the omnibus law in the field of budget planning to analyze whether there are substances that have not been regulated, substances that are less in line with other regulations, and substances that from a grammatical perspective give rise to multiple interpretations. The research method was carried out through a descriptive qualitative approach. The research results show that the mechanism for preparing the state budget has not been fully described by the state budget cycle, the preparation of the Medium-Term Development Plan and the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (from the funding side) needs to refer to the Medium-Term Budget Framework. In addition, the mechanism for calculating the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework has not been fully described. Furthermore, to increase the efficiency of budget allocation, it is best to add, reduce, and or shift the budget ceiling not only at the line ministries level but also need to be done at the national level. The mechanism is carried out through national blocking savings, where inefficient allocations are blocked and savings are made, then when preparing the Budget Allocation, the figures resulting from the national saving are redistributed to priority programs/activities in various line ministries.

Bahasa Arab di Pesantren Modern

Islamic boarding schools are the oldest places of learning in Indonesia. Their existence in learning Arabic can be seen from the success of Islamic boarding schools in producing young people who are able to speak Arabic and master the four Arabic skills proportionally. In practice, Islamic boarding schools use a learning model that is considered effective for training and improving students' Arabic language skills. Santri learn Arabic in which Latin writing is not found in the book, there is only Arabic writing without a vowel. Santri are required to be able to read, understand, what has been conveyed by an ustadz, besides that in daily conversations students are required to use language (Arabic and English) because in modern Islamic boarding schools there is a language environment. Arabic is a language that is recognized internationally as a means of world communication. The spread of Arabic throughout the world until now has its own significance for the development of linguistics. Arabic entered Indonesia through trade routes at the same time as the arrival of Islam. The quantity of Muslims spread throughout the world also influences the pattern of the spread of Arabic when viewed from a grammatical perspective (I'rob), Arabic has two unique grammatical sides which students must master both.

Culture in a radically usage-based model of language change, with special reference to constructional attrition

Abstract This article offers theoretical and programmatic reflection on how the impact of culture on language change should be accounted for from a radically usage-based diachronic construction grammatical perspective, with a focus on how cultural change can cause constructions to disappear from a language. It approaches this question through an assessment of how culture is incorporated in Schmid’s (2020) Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization model of ‘the dynamics of the linguistic system’. Against the backdrop of various proposals on the effect of ‘democratization’ in Anglo-Saxon culture on subtractive historical developments in the modal domain of English, and based on a study of interpersonal variation in the intrapersonal longitudinal development of a declining modal construction, the paper argues that the influence of culture on language change is mediated by entrenchment and that culture has a more extensive impact on entrenchment than the EC-model currently allows for.

A more special use of the third person singular pronoun in Shanghainese

Abstract This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of the third person singular pronoun ɦi⁶ in Shanghainese in its non-referential use. Evidence from its phonological dependence and syntactic integration with the preceding host verb is presented to show that the non-referential ɦi⁶ is a clitic. It is further observed that this use of ɦi⁶ requires licensing from the [+subjunctive] feature, echoing Qian (2004) and Jin (2016). However, my analysis diverges from theirs in treating the ɦi⁶ in question as an expletive licensed by the [+subjunctive] feature, rather than a subjunctive marker itself on grounds that it is not obligatory in a subjunctive sentence and that the subjunctivity must always be encoded by other elements in the sentence. ɦi⁶ in this use serves as an emphatic, strengthening the effect of deontic or imperative force in subjunctive contexts. Furthermore, it is shown that the licensing must obey a locality condition, whereby the expletive ɦi⁶ must be licensed by a c-commanding licenser in its local domain. From the perspective of grammaticalization, I propose that ɦi⁶ is going through an intermediate stage of becoming a purely modal functional marker. A final stage of this “upward” grammaticalization can be found in the expletive use of the third person pronoun keoi in Cantonese, which has become a more grammaticalized marker that has scope over the sentence. It is pointed out that the development of the expletive pronoun suggests that being at the right-periphery is a crucial factor in motivating and facilitating grammaticalization in Chinese. Last, a comparison between the non-referential ɦi⁶ and the Mandarin non-referential third person pronoun ta in the V-ta-ge-NP/AP construction is presented, showing that both cases manifest interactions between VP-internal projections and higher functional categories.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRANSFORMATIVE GENERATIVE RULES IN POETIC DISCOURSE ANTARAH BIN SHADDAD AS A MODEL

Poetry and prose are the binary that have been created by man and coincided with the The manifestations of his life and its potentials. The characteristics of each have varied, Poetry, in the perspective of scholars took the greater part of the celebration, because it embraced the confusion of the human soul and its transformations through time. It is not feasible for scholars to focus on the issues of poetry, its components and characteristics, examine and scrutinize them. Added to this, codify thier manifestations, and derive their laws according to many different visions and models. However, the grammatical perspective seems to be the furthest model for dealing with the poetic phenomenon and its stylistic transformations .So how is the way to combine the law with shifts or the grammatical inspiration and the constant tendency to looseness and transgression, as is the case with poetry. From here it seems to us the vitality of the angle through which we want to access the poetic phenomenon and its methods. Especially since one of the most important linguistic schools represented in the Generative Transformational Grammar School has very Very convenient tools to approach the idea of s shifts and transformations between depth and surface structures .Hence, we turned to trying to monitor and describe the poetic sentence system and its structures, an investment in the transformative rules, as it settled with Chomsky in Antarah bin Shaddad Ode as a model. Moreover, it aims at highlighting the effectiveness of the transformative generative rules in the Blog and attempting to reach the description of the grammatical system of the poetic text. besides, monitoring the relationship between the grammatical level and the semantic level. Keywords: Effectiveness, Grammar, Generative, Transformative, Poetic Discourse, Antara Bin Shaddad Ode

‘As-동사’주제한정어-구문에 대한 문법화적 접근

This study aims to address the developmental paths of ‘asverb’-topic restrictors (TRs) from the perspective of grammaticalization. The ‘as-verb’-TRs includes ‘as-verb-ing’-forms (as touching and as concerning) and ‘as-verb-s’-forms(as concerns, as regards, as relates to and as respects). ‘As far as-verb’-TRs will be also dealt with on the evolutional cline. Mechanisms of grammaticalization influenced by the human cognition will clarify the motivation of the historical changes and contemporary phenomena on the ‘as-verb’-TRs with the assistance of diachronic and synchronic corpora analysis.

인식론적 관점에서 바라본 문말조사 ‘了’

From a grammatical perspective, the Sentence-final Particle '了' originated from the verb 'liao(了)', which has Temporality. However, It has been grammaticalized since the mid-late period of the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, through the absorption of the function of 'ye(也)', it develops into a mirativity marker that is involved in the recognition of the speaker and the listener. This function has been passed down to modern Chinese, and the Sentence-Final Particle 'liao' still functions as an mirativity marker, and its meaning is distinguished as (1) new information to the speaker and the listener, and (2) contrary things to the speaker and listener's expectations. This mirativity of 'liao' is implemented in two ways as follows. First, it is compatible with the negative. Previously, the Sentence-Final Particle 'liao' was considered a particle in the tense-aspect category, so an explanation of the phenomenon of a negative and '了' co-occurring within a sentence was required. However, 'liao' in the epistemological category can be the subject of recognition, whether the proposition is positive or negative, so no problem occurs unless there is a problem in the context of discourse. Second, it is not constrained by a tense-aspect. ‘The 'mirality' of 'liao' allows for events that correspond to the ’past perfective aspect’ and the ‘future perfective aspect’, as well as events that correspond to the ’stative setense’ and even the progressive event corresponding to the ‘imperfective aspect’.

Perfect in Lithuanian: A case study based on data from Facebook comments

The aim of this paper is to analyse the semantic values of the Lithuanian perfect construction, putting them into a perspective of grammaticalization. The paper is based entirely on the data from a 2-million-word Facebook comments corpus created ad hoc for this study. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the semantic values of the perfect tokens extracted from the corpus reveals several previously unidentified features of this Lithuanian construction. A large proportion of structures formally corresponding to the perfect should be described as copular constructions with adjectivized participles. This formal coincidence and the ambiguity generated by it in certain cases should not be seen as accidental but rather considered a likely source of the grammaticalization of the Lithuanian perfect, as the influence of its semantic features can be seen in all the perfect’s other values. Considering it as a source, it seems that the development of the Lithuanian perfect is going in two separate, but also related directions, each of which is based on a gradual abandonment of one of the two core features of the prototypical Lithuanian perfects―the subject-oriented resultatives. In the case of the transitive resultative perfects, the orientation towards the subject is lost, while in the case of the experientials, it is the resultative meaning that is lost. Of these two values, the experientials are twice as frequent, which shows that the resultative meaning is abandoned more readily than the need to express a state or a quality of the subject. However, the experiential perfects seem to present some formal differences from all the other perfect values, namely, a significantly more frequent auxiliary usage which has so far been considered accidental.

Лечебники XVII–XVIII вв. из сибирских архивов: структурно-грамматический аспект

The article presents a comparative study of two medical books from the Siberian archives dating back to the 17 th –18 th centuries: Tobolsk Lechebnik (TL) kept in Tobolsk Book Depository, and Altai Lechebnik (AL) stored in Altai Museum of Local Lore – both stemming from the text of the medical book called "Prokhladnyi Vertograd (The Cool Garden)" from the collection of the Rumyantsev Museum (PV). Our findings show that Siberian medical books demonstrate different degrees of structural and grammatical transformation of the source PV text, conventionally considered by the authors of the research to be a list, which is chronologically closer to the original text. It was established that TL can be regarded as a list derived from the PV, and AL – a source reflecting a further stage in the process of text generation in the institutional medical discourse. We claim that the intentional and grammatical perspective of the medical text formation is associated with the modal variability of verbal lexemes: the prevailing in PV and TL personal verb forms reflect the presence of the subject of speech as an agent in special communication; in AL these are replaced by infinitives which transform the real modality of the message about an action "from experience" (in PV and TL) into a syntactic categorical imperative.It was also determined that the subject of the action expressed by personal verb forms is typically generalized (in this case, special actions of the doctor and the patient can be detected through the difference in the verbal lexemes). The subject is not grammatically defined with the infinitive verb forms.

Narrative Elicitation as Ethnography: Methodological Insights From the Examination of Children's Perspective Marking in Amdo Tibetan.

This paper employs a case study with Amdo Tibetan children to demonstrate the benefits of narrative elicitation for ethnographic language socialization research in under-studied languages. Primarily by examining spontaneous verbal interaction, existing language socialization research has demonstrated how salient grammatical resources shape children's understanding of cultural belief systems pertaining to sociality and the appropriate display of emotion. However, spontaneous data do not always capture children's full linguistic repertoires and competencies, and may therefore present a partial picture of their mastery over particular grammatical systems. One such area that remains to be studied is how children use interactional cues to build their emerging knowledge of grammatical perspective marking in Tibetan languages. This paper integrates narrative elicitation with ethnographic methods from language socialization to examine how Amdo Tibetan children mark perspective using evidentiality, the grammatically-obligatory encoding of knowledge source, an area not frequently documented in language socialization studies. Language socialization research involved 15-months of participant observation, audio-video recording, and analysis of spontaneous interactions with children aged 1–4. This ethnographic research found that adults' narratives highlighted local theories about the importance of compassion (Tib. snying rje) by using grammatical evidentiality to emphasize characters' direct experiences in the story-world. However, grammatical evidentiality was under-represented in children's spontaneous talk. To provide further insight into children's mastery of evidentiality in this culturally salient communicative genre, I conducted narrative elicitation tasks with seven Amdo Tibetan children, aged 2–7. By framing narrative elicitation tasks as forums for social interaction in family homes, I adapted a method traditionally used in experimentation to complement the study of naturalistic interaction. Interaction analysis of the elicited narratives found that family members positioned young children as novice narrators, leading to dialogic rather than monologic narratives. Young children co-constructed shared perspectives on narrated events, and used evidentiality in conventionalized ways by mirroring the grammatical forms of adults' previous utterances. By adapting narrative elicitation tasks to language socialization's ethnographic methods, this paper models how qualitative researchers can locate patterns in children's experiences of language across complementary settings of data collection, an endeavor that is particularly important to research with child speakers of under-documented languages.

Chinese does have independent tense elements

Abstract Previous research on Chinese tense indicates that Chinese has either null tense or no tense. However, the present study suggests that the conclusions of previous studies regarding Chinese tense are either against the syntactic truth or illogical. The present study provides new evidence to support that Chinese has two independent tense elements, zai and guo, which clearly indicate present and past tense, contrary to the traditional assumption that they are aspectual markers. From the perspective of grammaticalization, both zai and guo witnessed grammaticalization from the spatial concept to the temporal concept. The semantic evidence shows that zai and guo are semantically different from the aspectual markers zhe and le and convey the meaning of time location. The fact that both zai and guo are allowed in negation but not permitted in non-finite structure provides syntactic evidence that they are tense markers. However, the present study also suggests there can be two different zai and guo; zai and guo used separately and independently and zai and guo used with zhe and le. In the latter case, zai is a time adverbial and guo is an aspectual marker. The existence of independent tense markers in Chinese also shows that Chinese may have at least four different mechanisms to anchor tense.

Gender representation in EFL course books explored through a corpus-based study: A case study

Introduction. Through this corpus-based case study, the authors examine gender representation in four English as a Foreign Language (ELF) course books, “Exploring English”, through a grammatical perspective. Particularly, the study observes the frequencies of pronouns ‘he’ and ‘she’, the association of fourteen action verbs with a certain gender, and differences in gender representation between Course book 3 and 4. To analyse the issue, a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) corpus is compiled with texts selected and stored individually from each course book. Materials and Methods. A mixed approach is used to collect and analyse the data for this study. By using AntConc, the study firstly retrieves the numerical data which are further analysed and interpreted qualitatively. Results. The findings suggest underrepresentation of women. In addition, certain actions were associated with a particular gender. More specifically, noticeable was the positioning of feminine pronouns with domestic activities or chores such as cooking, while masculine pronouns were linked with actions such as paying bills or repairing cars. Although both genders participated equally in dialogues, the contextual analysis of pronouns suggests that the order of mention in sentences reflects masculine supremacy. Nevertheless, the last two levels of the course books suggest a similar representation of gender as hypothesised. Conclusions. The pronoun and verb analysis in this study revealed the uneven and biased representation of gender in textbooks which is concerning for the future of education. Yet, this is only a case study and findings cannot be generalized. Lastly, the authors consider that further analysis on gender representation in the course books from other grammatical aspects would provide even more comprehensive results. Keywords Gender representation; DIY corpus; EFL course books; Pronouns; Action verbs