Personal Judgment Research Articles

Understanding value in residents’ experiences and its impact on life satisfaction and value co-creation: empirical evidence from Jiuzhai Valley, China

ABSTRACT This study furnishes a value-oriented paradigm, illustrating the impact of perceived value of tourism-induced change on life satisfaction and value co-creation. Adopting PLS-SEM to analyze data from 535 residents of Jiuzhai Valley, this study reveals that material perceived values (economic and functional) influence life satisfaction; non-material perceived values (social and cultural) have stronger impacts on value co-creation than material perceived values; material perceived value influence value co-creation through the mediation of life satisfaction. This study enriches the literature by integrating personal value judgments with social representation theory to assess how intrinsic values-determined perceived value influences residents’ extra-role value co-creation.

Factors Associated With Guideline-concordant and Excessive Cervical Cancer Screening: A Mixed Methods Study

IntroductionNational guidelines recommend cervical cancer screening with Papanicolaou (Pap) testing at 3-year intervals or with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing alone or HPV/Pap cotesting at 5-year intervals for average-risk individuals aged 30–65 years. MethodsWe explored factors associated with clinician-reported guideline-concordant screening, as well as facilitators and barriers to appropriate cervical cancer screening. ResultsA national sample of clinicians (N = 1,251) completed surveys; a subset (n = 55) completed interviews. Most (94%) reported that they screened average-risk patients aged 30–65 years with cotesting. Nearly all clinicians who were categorized as nonadherent to national guidelines were overscreening (98%). Guideline concordant screening was reported by 47% and 82% of those using cotesting and HPV testing, respectively (5-year intervals), and by 62% of those using Pap testing only (3-year intervals). Concordant screening was reported more often by clinicians who were aged <40 years, non-Hispanic, and practicing in the West or Midwest, and less often by obstetrician–gynecologists and private practice physicians. Concordant screening was facilitated by beliefs that updated guidelines were evidence-based and reduced harms, health care system dissemination of guidelines, and electronic medical record prompts. Barriers to concordant screening included using outdated guidelines, relying on personal judgment, concern about missing cancers, inappropriate patient risk assessment, and lack of support for guideline adoption through health care systems or electronic medical records. ConclusionsMost clinicians screened with Pap/HPV cotesting and approximately one-half endorsed a 5-year screening interval. Clinician knowledge gaps include understanding the evidence underlying 5-year intervals and appropriate risk assessment to determine which patients should be screened more frequently. Education and tracking systems can promote guideline-concordant screening.

Anatomical variants of acne differ in their impact on social perception.

Acne negatively affects quality of life, however quality-of-life scores poorly correlate with disease severity scores. Previous research demonstrated existence of facial areas in which skin lesions have greater impact on gaze patterns. Therefore, we hypothesized that anatomical variants of acne may be perceived differently. The aim was to investigate effect of anatomical variants of acne on natural gaze patterns and resulting impact on social perception of acne patients. We tracked eye movements of participants viewing neutral and emotional faces with acne. Images were rated for acne-related visual disturbance, and emotional faces were rated for valence intensity. Respondents of an online survey were asked to rate their perception of pictured individuals' personality traits. All faces with acne were perceived as less attractive and received poorer personality judgements with mid-facial acne presenting smallest deviation from healthy faces. T-zone and mixed acne exhibited the least significant difference in respondents gaze behaviour pattern from each other. In addition, there was no significant difference in respondents' grading of acne visual disturbance or ratings for attractiveness, success and trustworthiness. U-zone adult female acne was rated as the most visually disturbing and received the lowest scores for attractiveness. Happy faces with adult female acne were rated as less happy compared to other acne variants and clear-skin faces. Anatomic variants of acne have a distinct impact on gaze patterns and social perception. Adult female acne has the strongest negative effect on recognition of positive emotions in affected individuals, attractiveness ratings and forming social impressions. If perioral acne lesions are absent, frontal lesions determine impact of acne on social perception irrespective of the presence of mid-facial lesions. This perceptive hierarchy should be taken into consideration while deciding treatment goals in acne patients, prioritizing achieving remission in perioral and frontal area.

Psychometric Quality of the German HEXACO-60 Personality Inventory-Revised

Abstract: Striving for more valid personality judgments is desirable as more sound decisions can be expected with increasing measurement accuracy. In this study, the psychometric qualities of the German HEXACO-60 personality inventory are evaluated. Extending previous studies, we examined the third-person observer-report form in addition to the first-person rating format, which allowed us to examine the psychometric quality beyond self-reports, such as cross-rater agreement, rank-order stability, structural validity, and measurement invariance. Data from 3,046 self-raters (61% female; age range: 14–90) and ratings from 2,199 well-informed acquaintances (partners, friends, or relatives of the self-raters) were analyzed. Satisfying internal consistency, 2-year and 4-year rank-order stabilities, agreement among self- and informant-raters, and consensus among informant-raters were found. Moreover, the six-factor structure was confirmed in structural equation models that incorporated the perspectives of both self-raters and informant-raters. Finally, partial strict measurement invariance was demonstrated across rater perspectives. Previous validation of the German HEXACO-60 self-report form could thus be replicated and expanded by highlighting the psychometric soundness of the third-person observer-report form and the convergent as well as discriminant validity of HEXACO trait measures across rater perspectives. The informant perspective provides valid additional benefits for the assessment of personality traits within the HEXACO framework.

Building an Information Modeling-Based System for Automatically Generating the Assembly Sequence of Precast Concrete Components Using a Genetic Algorithm

Facing a significant decrease in economic working processes, Off-Site Construction (OSC) methods have been frequently adopted in response to challenges such as declining productivity and labor shortages in the construction industry. Currently, in most OSC applications, the assembly phase is traditionally managed based on the personal experience and judgment of the site managers. This approach can lead to inaccuracies or omissions, particularly when dealing with a large amount of information on large, complex construction sites. Additionally, there are limitations in exploring more efficient and productive alternatives for rapidly adapting to changing on-site conditions. Given that the assembly phase significantly affects the OSC productivity, a systematic management approach is crucial for expanding OSC methods. Some initial studies used computer algorithms to determine the optimal assembly sequences. However, these studies often focused on geometrical characteristics, such as component weight or spatial occupancy, neglecting crucial factors in actual site planning, such as the work radius and component installation status. Moreover, these studies tended to prioritize the generation of initial assembly sequences rather than providing alternatives for adapting to evolving on-site conditions. In response to these limitations, this study presents a systematic framework utilizing a Building Information Modeling (BIM)–Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach to generate Precast Concrete (PC) component installation sequences. The developed system employs Genetic Algorithms to objectively explore diverse assembly plans, emphasizing the flexibility of accommodating evolving on-site conditions. Real on-site scenarios were simulated using this framework to explore multiple assembly plan alternatives and validate their applicability. Comprehensive interviews were conducted to validate the research and confirm the system’s potential contributions, especially at just-in-time-focused PC sites. Acknowledging a broader range of variables such as equipment and manpower, this study anticipates fostering more systematic on-site management within the context of a digitized construction environment. The proposed algorithm contributes to improving both productivity and sustainability of the construction industry by optimizing the management process of the off-site construction projects.

An automated procedure for the detection of the Yarkovsky effect and results from the ESA NEO Coordination Centre

Context. The measurement of the Yarkovsky effect on near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) is common practice in orbit determination today, and the number of detections will increase with the developments of new and more accurate telescopic surveys. However, the process of finding new detections and identifying spurious ones is not yet automated, and it often relies on personal judgment. Aims. We aim to introduce a more automated procedure that can search for NEA candidates to measure the Yarkovsky effect, and that can identify spurious detections. Methods. The expected semi-major axis drift on an NEA caused by the Yarkovsky effect was computed with a Monte Carlo method on a statistical model of the physical parameters of the asteroid that relies on the most recent NEA population models and data. The expected drift was used to select candidates in which the Yarkovsky effect might be detected, according to the current knowledge of their orbit and the length of their observational arc. Then, a nongravitational acceleration along the transverse direction was estimated through orbit determination for each candidate. If the detected acceleration was statistically significant, we performed a statistical test to determine whether it was compatible with the Yarkovsky effect model. Finally, we determined the dependence on an isolated tracklet. Results. Among the known NEAs, our procedure automatically found 348 detections of the Yarkovsky effect that were accepted. The results are overall compatible with the predicted trend with the inverse of the diameter, and the procedure appears to be efficient in identifying and rejecting spurious detections. This algorithm is now adopted by the ESA NEO Coordination Centre to periodically update the catalogue of NEAs with a measurable Yarkovsky effect, and the results are automatically posted on the web portal.

Assessment of the effects of bean extract on axillary hair reduction.

Body hair removal plays an important role in beauty standards, particularly for women. Finding a method that is easy to use, cheap, and can be done without supervision can significantly affect long-term hair reduction and reduce the side effects of hair removal. The present study investigated the impact of a containing 20% broad bean (Vicia faba) extract cream on axillary hair removal. Twenty-five female volunteers were randomly divided into A (right axillary intervention - left axillary placebo) and B (right axillary placebo - left axillary intervention). Depending on the group, each person used a cream containing 20% broad bean extract )"The extract made from the seeds and pods of broad beans.") on one side and a placebo on the other twice a day for three months. Volunteers shaved their axillary hairs three days before each visit and took pictures of both sides on the day of the visit with a trichoscope (to check the diameter and thickness of the hairs). We found a decrease in thickness on the intervention group (the axilla where a cream containing broad bean extract was applied); however, this difference was not significant between the intervention side and the placebo. In terms of the number of hairs, the difference between the two groups was significant only in the second month despite the decrease on the intervention side. Evaluation based on the personal judgment of the volunteers showed that there was a substantial difference in terms of the number of hairs (p=0.012) and thinning of hair (p=0.02). Our findings showed that 20% broad bean extract cream could potentially reduce axillary hair growth.

Elusive specific variance: A marginal effect on the accuracy of personality judgment

It has become popular to demonstrate that the specific variance can make a substantial contribution to accurate personality judgements. This study challenges the main assumption that transformation of manifest scores into residual scores is capable of separating the specific from the common variance. Based on two large samples (N = 11,086), in which participants and their well-acquainted observers completed either the NEO-PI-3 or the HEXACO-PI-R personality inventory, we demonstrated that the residual scores still contain a substantial amount of the common variance, which inflates correlations with criterion variables. An alternative method using multiple regression showed that different forms of residual scores have a modest incremental improvement of explained variance beyond the effects of the common variance contained in the manifest scores. On average, the specific variance improves the self-other agreement less than 4 % consequently having a marginal effect on accurate personality judgments.

Mass Media with Positive Impact on Personal Behavior and Ethical Judgments

The advent of the internet has prompted more scrutiny of individual conduct and generated many moral appraisals thereof. Nevertheless, the moral assessments have had both beneficial and detrimental effects on society. Hence, the subject matter explored in this article pertains to the influence exerted by mass media via positive attention and assessment on individual behaviour. The research methodology used in this work is outlined as follows: Firstly, this study focuses on the selection of news broadcasts that highlight persons that possess substantial social power in contemporary society. Secondly, a comprehensive behavioural analysis is performed to examine the moral appraisal of these individuals by the general public. Numerous studies have shown that the scrutiny of individual conduct by the public may provide positive outcomes for both the collective and society at large, provided that both journalists and consumers of news engage in appropriate behaviours. This research proposes that individuals, when confronted with individual behaviour, need to impartially assess its morality in accordance with actuality, using a composed and unbiased judgement.

Exclusionary reasons and mental contamination

According to Joseph Raz, authoritative directives are exclusionary reasons, which means that people have normative reasons not to act on their personal assessment of the merit of the case even though this doesn’t imply that they have to surrender their personal judgment. The exclusionary model of authority is contrasted with the weighing model. One reason to accept the exclusionary model of authority over the weighing model is that human beings are fallible and obedience to the law can be a way to protect them from bias. This article questions the ability of the exclusionary model to counteract biases. To do so, it combines three different traditions of empirical studies: a general framework on our inability to intentionally ignore relevant or quasi-relevant information — studies on ‘mental contamination’; Jonathan Haidt's research on the conflict between moral reasoning and moral intuitions; and studies on motivated reasoning. While the overall picture does not doom the exclusionary model, it provides reason to articulate it as implying that surrender of judgment is often important.

THEORETICAL BASIS OF FORMING SCIENTIFIC AWARENESS COMPETENCES IN STUDENTS

The objective characteristics of a person's judgments can be different. In the history of human development, the main points of the worldview are distinguished depending on the content of the worldview and its connection with scientific knowledge and people's life knowledge.In the article, the main ways of forming the competences of scientific awareness among students in modern educational institutions are determined, and the definition of knowledge, views, beliefs and ideals that make up the essence of scientific awareness is given.

Retraction: Do surrounding people's emotions affect judgment of the central person's emotion? Comparing within cultural variation in holistic patterns of emotion perception in the multicultural Canadian society.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.886971.].

Psychiatrists as forensic authorities: evaluation of dangerous habitual offenders in West Germany during the 1960s - the Helmut Hoinka case.

Preventive detention for highly dangerous habitual offenders has been in force in Germany for 90 years. The necessity of this measure is hotly debated from a legal perspective. However, the assignment of preventive detention is largely determined by the opinion of medical experts. This article discusses the role of medical experts and the issues they face in evaluating the dangerousness of habitual offenders using the case of the marriage swindler Helmut Hoinka, prosecuted several times in the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1960s. Helmut Hoinka's case was chosen for analysis because of the rare opportunity to access detailed materials that allowed us to follow in detail the reasoning of the medical experts who evaluated Hoinka: medical reports stored in the Gerd Huber Archive at the University of Ulm, and Hoinka's court case from the State Archive of North Rhine-Westphalia. To examine these sources, we implemented the historical-critical method. The medical experts who evaluated Hoinka were aware of the defendant's criminal record prior to the evaluation, which was a source of bias. In addition, the criteria for classifying the offender as a dangerous habitual offender were open to a wide range of interpretations. Hoinka's high level of intelligence was negatively emphasized. Some test results were considered unreliable because it was assumed that Hoinka had manipulated his answers. Personal value judgments were allowed in assessing Hoinka's personality. Hoinka's criminal behavior was considered a medical symptom of psychopathy because it violated general moral and social norms. The medical reports of both experts showed that the psychiatrists believed in the genetic nature of psychopathy and criminal behavior. Their criminological prognosis was fully supported by the court in imposing the sentence. Challenges to Hoinka's criminological prognosis were the experts' personal biases, their belief in the theory of genetic predisposition to crime, the lack of clear criteria for antisocial personality disorder, and the absence of forensic recommendations for "psychopathic" criminals. The experts' opinion on Hoinka's criminal predisposition was crucial to the imposition of the sentence.

Unveiling the Method of Interpretation by Abdurrahman bin Nasir as-Sa'di in the Book 'Taisir al-Karim al-Rahman fi Tafsir Kalam al-Mannan’

This study aims to describe the methodology of interpretation utilized by Abdurrahman bin Nasir as-Sa'di in his book "Taisir al-Karim al-Rahman fi Tafsir Kalam al-Mannan." It seeks to identify the sources, methods, form, style, and interpretation techniques employed within the book. The research approach employed is library research, utilizing an exegetical approach. The primary data source for this study is the book "Taisir al-Karim al-Rahman fi Tafsir Kalam al-Mannan," with additional supporting data derived from books on ulum al-Qur'an and other interpretations. The data analysis method employed in this study is content analysis. The findings of this study reveal that Abdurrahman bin Nasir as-Sa'di's methodology of interpretation in the Qur'an incorporates various ijmali methods. The forms of interpretation used are bi al-ma'sur (based on transmitted reports) and bi al-ra'yi (based on personal judgment) with a direct approach, while the style of interpretation is Adabi Ijtima'i (literary and collective). The sources of interpretation include the Qur'an, Hadith, statements of the companions, consensus of scholars, ulum al-Qur'an, and Arabic language. The interpretation encompasses textual, linguistic, systemic, logical, sociohistorical, teleological, and Sunni perspectives.

Convolutional Neural Network Model for Facial Feature Extraction in Personality Traits Recognition

Personality computing lies on the effort of designing computational models to recognize personality traits from different sources of input such as visual (image), verbal (text) and vocal (audio). To recognize personality traits from facial images, the recognition model needs to extract facial features such as eyes, mouth, nose, etc. Facial features are relevant for personality judgements where they are providing information about human expression and behaviours. For example, by detecting eye’s movement, dimension and size, machines can describe people’s personality. Basically, people with higher score of conscientiousness have greater fluctuations in their pupil size while people who blink faster are more neurotic. The potential of each facial feature to automatically describe human personality has prompted research in personality recognition using CNN-based techniques. On the other hand, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have proven to be greatly success in the field of image processing including face recognition and detection. Since face detection is a key task in personality recognition using facial features, adoption of CNN model is a reliable choice. This study aimed to explore CNN-based models, which have been used and modified in the personality computing field. In this paper, we review several CNN-based models which have been employed for personality traits recognition, with an emphasis on extraction of facial features. Based on the finding, there are four models (VGGNet, ResNet, FaceNet and OpenFace) which are widely used and frequently adopted by previous studies in personality trait recognition. The adoption of CNN- based models in facial features extraction for personality traits recognition helps in achieving a good accuracy result. Thus, there is a huge potential to enhance and modify CNN-based model to generate more efficient model for facial features extraction tasks. Initially, this paper briefly explains personality computing and facial features extraction for personality recognition task. Next, this paper discusses the characteristics of network layer in CNN-based models for facial features extraction and personality recognition. Finally, this paper concludes that each of these models has its own features strength that are potentially useful for facial features extraction in development of personality traits recognition model.

The Normative Judgment Test of Honesty-Humility: An Implicit Instrument for Organizational Contexts

ABSTRACT As traits, motives, and attitudes may partly operate outside of individuals’ awareness, implicit instruments hold great promise in organizational contexts. One understudied implicit paradigm is the partially-structured attitude measure (PSAM), which assesses individuals’ attributes through their judgments of hypothetical persons described in vignettes. Based on this paradigm, we developed the 18-item Normative Judgment Test to assess the personality trait of Honesty-Humility (the NJT-HH). In four studies, we examined the construct- and criterion-related validity of NJT-HH scores. Across studies, NJT-HH scores were positively related to Honesty-Humility, and not related to the other five HEXACO traits (apart from small exceptions). Scores on the NJT-HH were also positively related to scores on a PSAM of honesty, but not related to scores on PSAMs of dissimilar constructs (Study 2). Furthermore, scores on the NJT-HH were negatively related to counterproductive work behavior and positively related to organizational citizenship behavior and task performance, as measured through self-ratings (Study 3) and supervisor ratings (Study 4). Scores on the NJT-HH also explained unique variance in these outcomes above and beyond Honesty-Humility and the other five HEXACO traits. Altogether, these findings provide initial evidence for the practical value of the NJT-HH in organizational contexts.

Penerapan Casework Dalam Membangun Kesadaran Bahaya Perundungan pada Siswa UPT SMPN 10 Medan

Attitude is the basis of a person's judgment and behavior, the character of the nation that must be upheld, one of which is mutual respect, not only for elders but fellow human beings regardless of genes, age and position. Mutual respect must be built from an early age, before building a generation of accomplished nations, mutual respect must be applied first. the development of the times and technology is none other than the biggest influence in influencing and hindering the building of the national character as expected, this is very much felt when starting kampus mengajar program’s. therefore the purpose of writing this journal is to build an attitude of mutual respect as well as the dangers of bullying among UPT SMPN 10 Medan, Padang Bulan students, with a period of 3 months. With the help of the staged casework method by Zastrow. The stages in the groupwork method include (1) Engagement, Intake, Contract, (2) Assessment, (3) Planning, (4) Intervention, (5) Monitoring, (6) Evaluation, and (7) Termination. This method shows a positive development in the attitude of students at UPT SMPN 10 Medan.

THE NOTIONS OF XIE-SHI («WRITING REALITY»), XIE-YI («WRITING IDEA») AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO REALISM

This article discusses terminological problems in the context of contemporary art practice and theory in China. Contemporary Chinese sculpture criticism has evolved in the context of certain influence of Western theories of art. Against the background of the integration of Western theories and terminology system of sculpture in the present stage, the Chinese sculpture community has perceived and internalized terms such as realism, depiction, figurative, abstract, and so on. This has greatly enriched the theory and practice of Chinese sculpture. At the same time, there are sculptural terms rooted in the Chinese national art practice, such as “xie-shi” and “xie-yi”. Unfortunately, limited by the cultural and linguistic contexts of China and the West, and by the fact that most Chinese sculptors still preserve the creative habit of relying on traditional experience and personal judgment, these terms lead to vagueness and speculation in defining the type of sculptural artwork. This situation can very easily lead to ambiguity and misinterpretation in interlingual translation, which becomes an obstacle to the understanding of Chinese sculptural art in other countries and limits the development of Chinese sculptural criticism. This is an important academic problem that requires long-term research. The author would like to express his gratitude to Prof. Maria Burganova for drawing his attention to this problem. According to the results of the author's search in the Chinese full-text database of periodicals, master's theses and doctoral dissertations CNKI, there are still no papers on Chinese art history specifically dealing with this relevant topic, which remains to be explored.

Day care availability and awareness of gendered economic risks: How they shape work and care norms

Family policies not only provide money, time and infrastructure to families, but also convey normative assumptions about what is considered desirable or acceptable in paid work and family care. This study conceptualises and empirically investigates how priming respondents with brief media report-like information on existing day care policy entitlements and economic consequences of maternal employment interruptions may change personal normative judgements about parental work–care arrangements. Furthermore, we analyse whether these effects differ between groups of respondents assumed to vary in their degree of affectedness by the information as well as previous knowledge. The theoretical framework builds on the concept of normative policy feedback effects combined with social norm theory and human cognition theories. The study is based on a fully randomized survey experiment combined with a vignette experiment in Wave 12 of the German Family Panel (pairfam). It applies linear and ordinal logistic regressions with cluster-robust standard errors to a sample of 5,783 respondents. Our results suggest that priming respondents with information on day care policy and long-term economic risks of maternal employment interruptions increases acceptance of intensive day care use across the full sample and especially for mothers with children below school entry age. It further increases support for longer maternal hours spent in paid work among childless women and mothers with school-aged children. Norms regarding paternal working hours are largely unaffected by the information given in this survey experiment.

Perceiver Effects and Socioeconomic Background: Contrasting Parent-Reports against Teacher-Reports of Elementary School Students’ Personality

Familial socioeconomic background can impact not only academic success, but also the personality of offspring. Yet, there is little evidence on whether it might influence how parents describe their children’s personality. To fill this gap, we used latent multitrait-multimethod (CTCM-1) models to examine familial socioeconomic background as possible predictor of parental perceiver effects regarding their offspring’s personality by contrasting parental assessments against teacher-reports. Study 1 (N = 5,798) investigated reports on elementary school students’ Big Five and Study 2 (N = 3,771) focused on school-related personality facets. Socioeconomic status predicted the parental report in both studies. Participation in high-culture arts incrementally predicted parental report over and above socioeconomic status. Specifically, parents with higher participation in high-culture arts rated their children in a more positive light than class teachers. These background specific perceiver effects might reflect both varying personality judgments or actual differences in behavior.