Peroxide Compounds Research Articles

N-Acetylcysteine Improves Renal Function and Reduces Tissue Malondialdehyde Levels in Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Introduction: The etiology of myoglobinuric acute kidney injury involves oxidative injury brought on by the Fenton reaction and myoglobin redox cycle. Renal tubules may be harmed, and lipid peroxidation compounds with vasoconstrictor characteristics may be produced. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant shown to improve renal microcirculation and have protective effects in various models of renal damage. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the protective impact of NAC in glycerol-induced rats by measuring tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level and renal function test (RFT), and to determine the correlation between the protective effect and NAC dose.Methods: This study measured tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and renal function to examine any protective effect of NAC in a glycerol-induced rat model and to determine whether the effect was dose-related. Five groups of male Wistar rats were used: 1) saline control group, (2) glycerol (50%, 8mL/kg, i.m) plus saline i.v group, 3) glycerol plus NAC (100 mg/kg)-treated group, 4) glycerol plus NAC (200 mg/kg)-treated group, 5) glycerol plus NAC (400 mg/kg)-treated group. At 24 hrs, after glycerol injection, rats were sacrificed, cardiac blood was taken for renal function measurement, and renal tissues were removed for thiobarbituric acid MDA level assessment.Results: Our study revealed that glycerol administration significantly amplified renal tissue MDA, serum creatinine, and BUN (blood urea nitrogen) levels. However, NAC administration dampened the MDA increment and renal function deterioration (p<0.05). Moreover, tissue MDA, BUN, and serum creatinine levels were significantly correlated to NAC dose (r=0.485; r=0.491; rs=0.544, respectively; all p<0.05), indicating that NAC protection declines by dose increments.Conclusion: In this glycerol-induced acute kidney injury rat model, the administration of intravenous NAC 100 mg/kg reduced lipid peroxidation and improved renal function. Nevertheless, the protective effect was diminished in higher doses.

Formation of biosafety and greening of the production environment of food production with application of anolyte

Introduction: Electrochemically activated aqueous solutions are widely used in medical institutions, animal husbandry, as well as in large food processing facilities. This work presents a literature review on the use of electrochemically activated solutions in the food industry. These solutions can be used as a safe means for processing food raw materials, equipment, food containers, and surfaces of foodservice facilities. The question of using activated aqueous solutions in relation to foodservice establishments is not fully explored in the scientific literature.Purpose: The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using electrochemically activated aqueous solutions as safe and environmentally friendly means for treating objects in the production environment to eliminate the risk of contamination by microorganisms.Materials and Methods: Surfaces of the production environment were selected as the objects of study, including a table, scales, a knife, a slicer, and a gastronorm container. Sweet pepper fruits of the "Avangard" variety were chosen as non-heat-treated food products. An electrochemically activated aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide compounds with a concentration of active substances of 0.5 ± 0.05 g/L (Anolyte ANK-SUPER) was chosen as the treatment agent. Microbiological studies were conducted using XLD Agar medium and petrifilms. To assess the effectiveness of treatment, microbiological studies were conducted with the determination of Coliform Bacteria (BGKP) and Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (KMAFAnM). To achieve acceptable microorganism counts for counting purposes, the tenfold dilution method was used. The residual active chlorine concentration was determined using the iodometric method to determine the actual concentrations of working solutions.Results: The use of undiluted disinfectant with a concentration of 0.5 ± 0.05 g/L confirmed the effectiveness of electrochemically activated solutions against Coliform Bacteria (BGKP), with a significant reduction in the content of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (KMAFAnM) compared to control samples. However, the results of the experiments suggest that parameter selection is required, specifically the concentration of the disinfectant and the duration of treatment depending on the object. The data obtained from preliminary experiments characterize the potential use of reduced concentrations of the working solution (no less than 0.05 ± 0.005 g/L of active chlorine), but do not confirm the possibility of full-scale application of the used concentrations due to the lack of quantitative data on the degree of contamination of the initial surfaces. The possibility of using the solutions as a single agent for treating both working surfaces and fruit and vegetable products has been demonstrated.Conclusion: As a result of the conducted research, the effectiveness of disinfectants based on electrochemically activated solutions against Escherichia coli bacteria (BGKP) and the reduction of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (KMAFAnM) has been confirmed. In addition, among the possible prospects for research, determining the minimum concentrations and contact times for achieving stable disinfecting effects can be mentioned. The results obtained showed that the use of electrochemically activated solutions ensured the biological safety of treated production objects and surfaces of thermally untreated food products. An alternative method of using electrochemically activated solutions as a universal environmentally friendly agent has been proposed. Thus, in foodservice establishments, an effective "green" technology based on electrochemically activated solutions can be implemented.

Investigating the microbial properties of sodium alginate/chitosan edible film containing red beetroot anthocyanin extract for smart packaging in chicken fillet as a pH indicator

The current trend in the production of smart films involves the use of pH-responsive color indicators derived from natural sources. In line with this trend, the aim of this research is to produce edible films from sodium alginate (A) and chitosan (Ch) incorporating red beet anthocyanin (Ac) extract, and to assess the properties of these films and their use as coatings for chicken fillets. The study employed a factorial design to evaluate the effects of treatments C (control), A25%-ch75% (films consisting of 25% sodium alginate and 75% chitosan), and A25%-ch75%-Ac (films consisting of 25% sodium alginate, 75% chitosan, and red beet anthocyanin). The findings indicate that the inclusion of red beet anthocyanin extract did not result in any discernible differences in the FTIR spectra of the film samples. Analysis of the XRD results revealed that the addition of the extract led to a reduction in the crystal structure of the film. Moreover, SEM results demonstrated that the extract caused alterations in the polymer chains and an increase in the porosity of the film matrix. With regard to the chicken fillet samples coated with the film, over time, there was an increase in microbial analysis (total microorganism count and Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive) and chemical properties (pH, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, and nitrogen compounds) for all samples. However, this trend was significantly lower in the samples coated with the Ac extract (P < 0.05). Texture analysis results revealed that the hardness parameter of all samples decreased over the storage period, while the samples containing the Ac extract demonstrated a significant increase in this parameter (P < 0.05). Additionally, the color changes of the pH sensor corresponded to the anthocyanin structure. Based on the results, the smart film composed of sodium alginate/chitosan incorporating red beet anthocyanin extract has the potential to enhance the quality, prolong the shelf life, and decrease the microbial load of chicken fillet when used as a coating. Furthermore, red beet anthocyanin can serve as a suitable indicator for spoilage changes in packaged food products.

Controlled ignition of low-carbon gas-engine fuels based on natural gas and hydrogen: process kinetics

The potential wide use of environmentally friendly low-carbon gas fuel based on natural gas, hydrogen, their mixtures, and syngas in power generation and transport requires detailed information about the kinetics of ignition of these gases at temperatures below 1000 K, at which fuel ignition occurs in internal combustion engines (ICEs) and gas turbines. The same temperature range is also important for monitoring the storage and transportation conditions of these fuels. Although there are quite a few studies addressing the ignition of classical gas fuels such as methane or hydrogen, there is an obvious lack of works dealing with real natural gases and gas mixtures. Furthermore, even for methane and hydrogen, data on the ignition at high temperatures (T &gt; 1000 K), which have been mainly gained by the shock-wave method for highly diluted mixtures, are at variance with the kinetic estimations for real conditions of operating with them or their use in ICEs. Considering the ignition characteristics at T &lt; 1000 K is also important for syngas, the largest-scale base product of gas chemistry and the main industrial source of hydrogen. The pronounced discrepancies between the extrapolation of the results obtained for high-temperature ignition to lower temperatures and the results of kinetic modelling of these processes make it necessary to analyze their causes. This review addresses new experimental results on the ignition of methane–alkane and methane–hydrogen mixtures (real gas fuels) and kinetic modelling of these processes, which reveal significant changes in the ignition behaviour at T &lt; 1000 K. These changes in the ignition process upon the variation of the temperature, pressure, and composition of the mixture are related to significant changes in the methane and hydrogen oxidation mechanisms in this temperature range. They are mainly caused by changes in the kinetics and, hence, the role of peroxide compounds and radicals in methane and hydrogen oxidation following temperature and pressure variation. The established features bring about the question of the adequacy of the existing criteria for assessing the knock resistance of gas engine fuels, primarily those containing hydrogen, when they are used in ICEs, and for assessing their explosiveness and measures taken for their safe handling. The review considers the possible methods for improving the knock characteristics of natural and associated gases to meet the requirements of power equipment manufacturers.&lt;br&gt; The bibliography includes 128 references.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Disinfectants against African Swine Fever Virus.

African swine fever (ASF) is an economically important disease due to high morbidity and mortality rates and the ability to affect all ages and breeds of pigs. Biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of the causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), include prescriptive cleaning and disinfection procedures. The aim of this study was to establish the biocidal effects of twenty-four commercially available disinfectants including oxidizing agents, acids, aldehydes, formic acids, phenol, and mixed-class chemistries against ASFV. The products were prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions and a suspension assay was performed with ASFV strain, BA71V using Vero cells (African green monkey cells) to test efficacy in reducing ASFV infection of cells. Generally, disinfectants containing formic acid and phenolic compounds, as well as oxidizing agents reduced viral titers of ASFV by over 4 log10 at temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 20 °C. Hydrogen peroxide, aldehyde, and quaternary ammonium compounds containing disinfectants were cytotoxic, limiting the detection of viral infectivity reductions to less than 4 log10. These preliminary results can be used to target research on disinfectants which contain active ingredients with known efficacy against ASFV under conditions recommended for the country where their use will be applied.

The roles of acidity, peroxide and non-peroxide compounds in antibacterial properties of Malaysian Kelulut, Tualang and Acacia honey

The roles of acidity, peroxide and non-peroxide compounds in antibacterial properties of Malaysian Kelulut, Tualang and Acacia honey

Omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid oxidation ratio as a novel inflammation resolution marker for metabolic complications in obesity

Background and aimsThe oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) leads to bioactive isoprostanoids. The aim was to establish the associations of a complete urinary isoprostanoid profiling in a cohort study of carefully phenotyped obese subjects to determine possible potential differential implications for omega-6 PUFA- and omega-3 PUFA-derived isoprostanoids for obesity, metabolic indicators, and inflammation. Methods and resultsPUFA peroxidation compounds were determined in urine samples from obese human subjects (n = 46) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Increased omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA) oxidation, mainly represented by 5-F2c isoprostane (5-F2c-IsoP) and metabolites of 15-F2t-IsoP, was associated with body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and mean arterial blood pressure. In addition, we identified the omega-3 PUFA-derived urinary metabolites 14-F4t-NeuroP from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 5-F3t-IsoP from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which declined with age. The omega-3 to omega-6 oxidation ratio was a significant predictor of inflammation in obesity. ConclusionThe findings point to full urinary isoprostanoid profiling as a more sensitive measure of PUFA oxidative stress in obesity-induced metabolic complications compared with individual isoprostanoid measures. Furthermore, the results suggest the balance between the omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA oxidation as determinative for the consequences of oxidative stress on inflammation in obesity.

ADSORPTION PURIFICATION OF UNREFINED VEGETABLE OILS WITH BENTONITE CLAY OF ZYRYANSK DEPOSIT

Magnesium ions predominate in the exchange complex of bentonite clay from the Zyryanskoye deposit. The amount of exchange cations varies within 76–95 mmol equivalents. The main rock-forming mineral of Zyryansk bentonite is montmorillonite. The adsorption and desorption isotherm of nitrogen by bentonite clay from the Zyryanskoe deposit has the form of a hysteresis loop, which is typical for bentonite clays from other deposits and corresponds to adsorption in mesoporous solids.&#x0D; The dynamics of the content of free fatty acids ((FFA (acid number (AN)) and peroxide compounds ((PC (peroxide number (PN)) in samples of unrefined vegetable oils: sunflower oil “Sloboda” and linseed oil “Yeleya” was studied. Six months later the AN and the PN in unrefined linseed oil, and the AN in unrefined sunflower oil increased, but the numbers did not exceed the maximum permissible values. The PN in unrefined sunflower oil increased by 6.4 times and exceeded the maximum permissible values.&#x0D; Isotherms of sorption of FFA and PC by native bentonite clay (NG) of the Zyryansk deposit have been obtained. The kinetics of sorption of FFA and PC of sunflower and linseed oil has been studied. The equilibration time is 90–120 min. The optimum operation of sorption of FFA and PC has been determined (static operation with stirring for 2 h at a ratio of m(clay) : V(oil)=1 g : 40 ml.&#x0D; The maximum degree of extraction of FFA from sunflower oil by bentonite clay was 31%; from linseed – 9%. The degree of extraction of PC from sunflower oil by bentonite clay was 48%, from linseed oil – 33%.

Front Cover: Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Stable Arylfluorene‐Based Radical‐Type Mechanophores (Chem. Eur. J. 12/2023)

A human dive into the ocean of α-SOMO levels: Exhaled oxygen bubbles cause peroxidation of radical-type mechanophores (RMs), which generate shallow α-SOMO level radical species; however, RMs that generate deep α-SOMO level radical species did not afford peroxide compounds. One of the C−C RMs was applied to the design of a mechanoresponsive polymer. More information can be found in the Research Article by H. Otsuka, K. Mikami, and co-workers. (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203249).

Вплив параметрів ферментативної обробки на вихід пресової гарбузової олії та її властивості

The influence of parameters of pumpkin seeds pretreatment with enzyme preparations of proteolytic and cellulolytic activity on the yield of press oil, its composition and quality parameters were studied in this work. The enzyme preparation PENICILOPEPSIN (Enzym Biotech, Ukraine) with proteolytic activity and CELLULAD (Enzym Biotech, Ukraine) with cellulolytic, hemicellulase and xylanase activity were used for pretreatment. Enzymatic treatment of seeds was carried out with a mixture of these preparations at a ratio of 7:3 for 2 h at a pH 5.2 and 48—54°C. The following parameters of enzymatic pretreatment were studied: the amount of the enzyme mixture, which varied from 0.3% to 2.4% of the weight of the seeds and the amount of moisture added together with the enzymes — from 15% to 50%. It was established that the rational parameters of the enzymatic treatment of pumpkin seeds are the mass of the enzyme mixture of 0.6% and the amount of moisture added with enzymes — 35% of the seed mass. Under such technological parameters, the yield of press pumpkin oil was 65.6%, which is almost 6% higher than in the control sample. The acid and anisidine value of the control oil sample and the oil extracted after the enzymatic treatment of the seeds did not differ significantly. However, the content of peroxide compounds in the oil extracted after enzymatic treatment of seeds was lower. The total antioxidant activity of the oil, determined by the reaction of the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radicals quenching within 30 min, was higher in the oil samples after seed pretreatment at the maximum tested moisture (50%). The obtained results indicate that the enzymatic pretreatment of pumpkin seeds with proteolytic and cellulolytic enzyme preparations is a promising method of oil yield increasing.

Determination of the activity of some antioxidant enzymes during the germination periods of cereals and legumes

As a result of the exchange of substances in a living organism, “products” “free radicals” and peroxide compounds of organic and inorganic substances are formed. It is known that free radicals damage cells. Enzymes of the body's antioxidant defense system, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidases, and toxic products of lipid peroxide oxidation turn free radicals into harmless substances. In this work, the activity of one of such enzymes - peroxidase, catalase was studied. The activity of catalase enzyme during the germination periods of cereal and leguminous plants is different, the highest activity of the catalase enzyme during the germination periods of cereal plants was determined on the 5th day of the germination period: in wheat – 5,644 mg H2O2/g, in barley – 4,08 mg H2O2/g, in oats – 5,134 mg H2O2/g. In leguminous plants, the highest activity was determined on the 3rd day of the germination period: it was 11,832 mg H2O2/g in soybean, and 8,126 mg H2O2/g in mash. The highest activity of peroxidase enzyme is on the first day of wheat and is 1,158 µmol/min.g mass. In leguminous plants, the highest activity of the peroxidase enzyme is on the 9th day of the soybean germination period, and its activity is 0,687 µmol/min.g. constituted the mass.

REFINING AND ANALYSIS OF COOKING OIL (WASTE COOKING OIL) USING RICE WITH THE BATCH METHOD

The regular use of waste cooking oil, which has a high level of free fatty acids and carbonyl and peroxide compounds, is the background of this study, which is harmful to one's health. Using it indefinitely will harm health, including cancer, heart disease, and possibly death. We, therefore, performed research on the purification and analysis of waste cooking oil using white rice and aking rice with the batch method to detect the free fatty acid levels before and after purification and to establish the effectiveness of white rice and aking rice. Determine the utilized cooking oil's quality following filtration using adsorbent. The findings demonstrated that white rice was more effective than aking rice at reducing fatty acid levels, as shown by the acquisition of FFA levels using white rice of 0.3141% in the merchant oil sample and 0.2410% in the home oil sample. In comparison, purification with the aking rice adsorbent is 0.3474% in the merchant oil sample and 0.1374% in the home oil sample.

Properties of Ternary Blends of Compostable PLA/PBAT/PBS

Compostable plastics such as Poly (lactic acid) (PLA), Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and Poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) (PBAT) have been extensively used in many applications, from commodity to engineering ones. These plastics offer the circularity of the carbon cycle. However, each of them has advantages and disadvantages. The ternary blend of these three are therefore very interesting in terms of phase morphology and their physical properties while offering compostable practices. In this work, the blends of PLA/PBAT/PBS were studied. PLA/PBAT was fixed at 50/50 whereas PBS was varied from 10 to 40 % wt. In order to ensure the compatibility, peroxide and carbodiimide compounds were used. The results show an immiscibility of PLA/PBAT/PBS blend, with continuous surface of PLA and PBAT while PBS is dispersed phase. However, it shows the better interfacial adhesion of PLA/PBAT/PBS when reactive compounds were added. The mechanical properties indicated the modulus of all blends higher than neat PBAT (~52 MPa) and PBS (~377 MPa). However, it insignificantly changed when increased PBS contents, similar to the tensile strength results.

Co-occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria

The occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in poultry poses the public health threat of zoonotic transmission to humans. Hence, this study assessed the occurrence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli in broilers in the largest live bird market in Kwara State, Nigeria in December 2020. Presumptive E. coli isolates were isolated using the European Union Reference Laboratory guideline of 2017 and confirmed via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Broth microdilution was performed on confirmed E. coli isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Five extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were selected for Illumina whole genome sequencing to predict the resistome, phylotype, sequence type, serotype, and diversity of mobile genetic elements in these isolates. Of the 181 broiler caecal samples, 73 E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 67 (82.0%) and 37 (50.6%) were determined as MDR (resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics) and XDR (resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics), respectively. Whole genome sequencing revealed diverse sequence types, phylogroups, and serotypes (ST165/B1 - O80:H19, ST115/A - Unknown: H7, ST901/B1 - O109:H4, ST4087/F - O117:H42, and ST8324/A - O127:H42). The XDR E. coli isolates encoded resistance to fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and cephalosporins, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides. Mutations in the gyrA gene conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were also detected. There was a positive correlation between phenotypic resistance patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes that were detected in the sequenced isolates. The XDR isolates also harbored two disinfectant resistance genes (qacE and sitABCD) that conferred resistance to hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The genome of the XDR isolates harbored several mobile genetic elements and virulence-associated genes, which were conserved in all sequenced XDR isolates. This is the first report of co-carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and disinfectant resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, Nigeria. Our findings suggest that poultry are potential carriers of clonally diverse, pathogenic, MDR/XDR E. coli, which may have detrimental zoonotic potentials on human health.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭКСТРАКТА RUMEX CONFERTUS НА МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В ОРГАНИЗМЕ

Vital physiological and metabolic processes occurring in the human body are associated with free radical oxidation, which affects the structure, permeability and physico-chemical properties of biological membranes. Horse sorrel is used for scurvy, gout, diabetes, jaundice, hypertension, rheumatism, skin diseases – scabies, lichen, eczema, burns, as well as diseases of the digestive and cardiovascular systems. The purpose of the research: to study the technology of obtaining liquid extract of horse sorrel roots and to study its antioxidant activity on the body. Liquid extract of horse sorrel roots and auxiliary substances were used as the object of the study: dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO, ethyl alcohol 96%, quercetin, lecithin. When performing the work, equipment was used: liquid chromatograph "Color Yauza-01-AA", SF-LEKISS 1207UV. The object of the study of the total antioxidant activity were extracts of horse sorrel roots obtained using ethyl alcohol in concentration: 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%. The total content of antioxidants in the studied liquid extracts of horse sorrel roots was determined by two methods: using a liquid chromatograph "Color Yauza-01-AA" with an amperometric detector. The quantitative content of antioxidants was determined according to the calibration schedule. The conversion was carried out for gallic acid and quercetin. Using a model of iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the system of lecithin (phosphotidylcholine) liposomes, the studied liquid extracts were evaluated by reducing the accumulation of peroxide compounds. The study was carried out at a concentration of 200 mcg/ml to 500 mcg/ml of horse sorrel extract and increasing the dose.

Investigation of processes of obtaining cerium dioxide sol with polyvinyl alcohol having bioactive properties

Cerium dioxide sols are widely used in photocatalysis, catalysis, medicine and cosmetics. It is believed that sols with a CeO2 size of up to 10 nm have the most active biological properties. The method of sols preparation affects their functional properties. They are usually obtained through the stage of separating the oxide in the solid phase from the solution, which can lead to particle agglomeration, and then transferring the oxide to a colloidal solution under the action of various stabilizers. In this study, we propose the method of CeO2 sol obtaining without step of solid phase oxide separation. The stabilizer (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) is present at the stage of formation of weakly aggregated CeO2 nanoparticles from cerium(III) salt with an ammonia and hydrogen peroxide solution. Using IR, UV spectroscopy, viscometry and titration it was found that H2O2 eventually oxidizes Ce(III) in solution to Ce(IV) and does not oxidize PVA. The intermediate formed after the addition of ammonia solution to cerium(IV) salt has the composition Ce(ООН)3OН⋅nH2O, which is confirmed by the data of proton magnetic resonance, weight and thermal analyses. The process of CeO2 sol formation stabilized by PVA goes through the stages of Ce(ООН)3ОН dissolution accompanying with an endothermic effect, followed by decomposition. Peroxide compounds in the solid phase are stable in air up to 90–100 °C. The prepared sol has the composition CeO2–PVA–ammonium nitrate, exhibit antioxidant properties, is not a nutrient medium for E. Coli and S. Aureus and is capable to form a calcium-phosphate layer on its surface from a model solution of SBF.

Application of coconut fiber and shell in the bleaching of soybean oil

The bleaching process is an important stage in the edible oil refining operation, and is carried out by using acid-activated bleaching earths. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of coconut fiber ash, shell ash, acid-activated fiber ash and acid-activated shell ash as compared to the commercial bleaching earth in the bleaching of neutralized soybean oil. Bleaching materials were added to neutralized oil at the concentration of 1% (w/v) with agitation under vacuum at 110 °C for 30 minutes. The values for red and yellow colors, carotenoids, chlorophylls, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, free fatty acid contents, copper and iron levels of the bleached samples were determined. The results indicated that all coconut-based adsorbents have been significantly more effective than commercial bleaching earth in reducing color and the greatest reductions in carotenoid (84.25%) and chlorophyll (82.30%) contents were obtained by using acid-activated fiber ash. The peroxide value for all treatments decreased. The amounts of iron and copper as peroxide compounds decreased considerably (44.59% and 23.53%) by using acid-activated fiber ash and acid-activated shell ash, respectively. Therefore, coconut fiber and shell as agricultural wastes which have been ignored in the past might be employed as effective agents to bleach crude oils, particularly soybean oil, in refining operations.

Intensification of the Processes of Extraction of Humic Acids from Biosubstrates under the Action of Electric Discharges

The article deals with the study of factors participating in the extraction of humic acids from plant substrates under the action of electric discharges. Using the example of the electric discharge treat-ment of the peat-water suspension, it was demonstrated that the main factor affecting the intensity of extraction is the degree of the solid phase of the biosubstrate-water suspension grinding, which depends on the pressure amplitude at a distance of the inner radius of the chamber and the number of discharge pulses. Experimental studies have shown that the amount of chemical reagents (alkalis) commonly used in the extraction of humic acids from peat can be significantly reduced due to the appearance of radicals and peroxide compounds in the peat-water suspension during the ac-tion of an electric discharge. The perspectives of a non-thermal electric discharge meth-od for intensifying the extraction of humic acids from biosubstrates are determined.

Quick Release of Hydrogen Peroxide from Carbamide Peroxide Promotes Apoptosis of A549 Lung Cancer Cells

AbstractLung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the leading morbidity and mortality worldwide. H2O2 is an important oxidant, and lethal to tumor cells. The present study aimed to explore new higher‐H2O2‐content and faster‐H2O2‐release rate carbamide peroxide (CP) compounds for treatment of lung cancer. The CP added with benzoic acid termed CP−B was applied in the research. Fenton reaction was used to determine the content and rate of H2O2 release by degrading organic small molecule dyes. The results showed that CP−B could be decolorized 200 mg/L RhB solution within 60 s. The phenotype was analyzed by vitro experiment the effects of the CP compound on A549 lung cancer cell line. The results showed that CP−B had a significant effect on pro‐apoptosis, anti‐proliferation and anti‐migration of A549 cells. Using RNA seq, it was found that CP−B might up‐regulate the INS‐IGF2 gene and it was closely related to the PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway. Finally, in vivo experiments indicated that CP−B has extremely low side effects and potentially tumor treatment capabilities.

Lipids as Early and Minimally Invasive Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Specifically, typical late-onset AD is a sporadic form with a complex etiology that affects over 90% of patients. The current gold standard for AD diagnosis is based on the determination of amyloid status by analyzing cerebrospinal fluid samples or brain positron emission tomography. These procedures can be used widely as they have several disadvantages (expensive, invasive). As an alternative, blood metabolites have recently emerged as promising AD biomarkers. Small molecules that cross the compromised AD blood-brain barrier could be determined in plasma to improve clinical AD diagnosis at early stages through minimally invasive techniques. Specifically, lipids could play an important role in AD since the brain has a high lipid content, and they are present ubiquitously inside amyloid plaques. Therefore, a systematic review was performed with the aim of identifying blood lipid metabolites as potential early AD biomarkers. In conclusion, some lipid families (fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, lipid peroxidation compounds) have shown impaired levels at early AD stages. Ceramide levels were significantly higher in AD subjects, and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were significantly lower in AD. Also, high arachidonic acid levels were found in AD patients in contrast to low sphingomyelin levels. Consequently, these lipid biomarkers could be used for minimally invasive and early AD clinical diagnosis.