War Period Research Articles

Influence of Foreign Media Bias in Shaping Perceptions of the Sudan Armed Forces- Rapid Support Forces Conflict in Khartoum, Sudan

Intra-state conflicts in Africa in the post-Cold War period have been complex with far reaching consequences. The civil conflicts have at the same time influenced and shaped global and regional dynamics. In April 2019 the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) jointly overthrew the regime of Sudan President Omar al-Bashir. In January 2023 a power struggle ensued over control of the Sudan State between the SAF and the RSF leading to a military confrontation.The foreign media was at the forefront in reporting the civil conflict to the international audience. Foreign media reporting is a powerful agent in shaping conflict perceptions through framing, agenda-setting and the dissemination of information. This study examined the influence of foreign media bias in shaping perceptions of the SAF-RSF conflict in Khartoum, Sudan. Two theories namely; framing and agenda setting theories informed this study. The framing theory explained how foreign media framed the SAF-RSF conflict, how these frames were received and the influence in shaping perceptions of the conflict. The Agenda-setting theory on the other hand offered a valuable framework for analyzing media influence on the perception of the SAF-RSF conflict. This study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The study target population consisted of individuals who were exposed to foreign media reporting and had the potential to form perceptions about African conflicts. The research targeted the general population or residents residing within four cities in Kenya (Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, and Nakuru). Using the Cochran formula, the total sample size was 384 respondents. The study also targeted international media houses located in or operating from Kenya. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Secondary data was gathered from a range of sources including scholarly articles, books, reports, and online resources. The data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics to outline and interpret the main features. The findings revealed that framing and agenda-setting and bias in foreign media reporting significantly influenced and shaped perceptions of the conflict between the SAF and RSF.

Sustaining Tourism during War: A Case of Russia and Ukraine

This study investigates the underlying motivation for visiting Russia and Ukraine based on which policymakers can frame policies and campaigns around tourism in these war-ravaged countries. Finding ways to promote and sustain tourism in such destinations can immensely contribute to the economy of these nations. The study was conducted by collecting both primary and secondary data. For secondary data, online news sources and Google Trends were employed; for primary data, responses were collected from 207 Indian subjects through an online questionnaire for eliciting responses from a diverse set of subjects a broader reach. The results indicated a clear impact on rising interest of tourists in these countries despite the popular assumption that war might deter tourists from entering such destinations. The subjects admitted that the war ignited their curiosity in Ukraine's people, culture and destinations. This research is the first of its kind, which explores the motivation of tourists to travel to Russia and Ukraine while they are still at war and the ways in which countries can sustain tourism during the period of war.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN APPLYING INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR BUSINESS REVITALIZATION IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD IN UKRAINE

This article explores international experience in applying innovative financial management strategies for business revitalization in the post-war period in Ukraine. Special attention is given to the destruction of industrial and infrastructural objects, as well as the tactics employed by the russian military aggression aimed at undermining the country's economic potential and creating a humanitarian disaster. The article also analyzes the issue of financing the post-crisis development of enterprises in Ukraine and discusses various sources of funding such as development funds, grants, subsidies, and other financial instruments. However, further research is needed to propose an effective strategic model for revitalizing enterprises in the liberated territories, particularly in the southern part of Ukraine. The findings of this study will contribute to understanding and applying innovative financial strategies for business recovery in Ukraine after the war period, as well as developing effective approaches to support enterprises in the post-crisis period. This article sheds light on international experiences in employing innovative financial management strategies to revitalize businesses in post-war Ukraine. The insights gained from this research will contribute to understanding and implementing effective financial approaches for business recovery in the aftermath of war, as well as supporting the activation of entrepreneurship during the post-crisis period.

Heritage conservation in war and post-war conditions during the 1990s

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to describe the activities undertaken by Dubrovnik Libraries during and after the Croatian War of Independence to preserve their heritage collections. The intention is also to present plans for possible future challenges as well as to compare the conditions, resources and equipment available in the 1990s and in the present. Approach/methodology. The paper shows the degree of damage to the Library collections through an in situ case study, the basic data on how evacuation was approached, the organisation of work in crisis conditions, the storage of collections during the war period and then the relocation to the new building. The paper was based on primary sources, including first-hand accounts by the former Library Director Mrs Urban and interviews with older or retired librarians, and secondary sources such as the official report by a paper conservationist who conducted the inspection of damaged library materials in situ, newspaper articles, books, periodicals, doctoral thesis, emergency plan and measures etc. The research for this paper also enabled cooperation between librarians and conservators, as well as finding,scanning and archiving valuable historic library documents, which will be, as a result, available to any future researchers and for posterity. Findings. The paper presents a valuable experience of how endangered cultural heritage was protected in the past and offers contemporary insights into improving the methods of storing, preventive protection and transporting books and archive materials. To avoid previous mistakes, Dubrovnik Libraries developed the crisis response plan with emergency measures in 2020, while in the previous years numerous new resources and equipment had been put into place. Value. The paper gives an overview of a thirty-year long process of caring for heritage collections and it presents perspectives from both librarians and conservators. It outlines the way new resources – human, financial and technological – were used after the war to repair the damage and prevent anything similar from occurring in the future. Hopefully, this paper will raise awareness among cultural institutions and serve as a valuable aid in the practice of crisis management as well as preventive care.

PSYCHOSOMATIC MANIFESTATIONS OF MILITARY PSYCHOTRAUMA

Introduction. War is a super-powerful extreme event that causes adaptive capacity to decline. The need for a clearer understanding of the specifics of war psychotrauma and its clinical consequences for all components of human health determines the relevance of the topic of this study.
 The aim of the work is to study the peculiarities of psychosomatic relationships in persons with the consequences of war psychotrauma.
 Materials and methods. The experimental study group consisted of 32 patients from the number of temporarily displaced persons, the control group – 34 patients who did not change their place of residence during the entire period of the full-scale war. The diagnosis was aimed at identifying neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders, according to the rubric (F40-F48) of the ICD-10. Assessment of the somatic condition was carried out on the basis of analysis of anamnestic data, clinical examination of the patient and indicators of laboratory tests. Psychodiagnostic methods were used to assess the mental states of patients (Clinical Questionnaire for the Detection and Assessment of Neurotic States; Methodology for the express diagnosis of neurosis by K. Heck and H. Hess; Questionnaire SAN (Mood, Activity, Mood); Methodology for the diagnosis of Taylor's anxiety level; Self-assessment of mental states according to Eysenck; Ch. Spibleger's Reactive and Personal Anxiety Assessment Scale in the modification of Y. Hanin. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out in the Microsoft Excel program and with the help of the Social Science Statistics online calculator.
 Results. As a result of the analysis of anamnestic data, clinical examination and analysis of laboratory tests, psychosomatic disorders were found in patients of both research groups: in 29 (90.63%) patients of the experimental group and in 26 (74.47%) patients of the control group.
 Conclusions. It has been confirmed that a prolonged stressful extreme situation of a full-scale war causes the formation of negative mental states accompanied by psychosomatic manifestations, the formation of a closed vicious circle of a pathological psychosomatic process. A high close direct correlation was found between the level of reactive anxiety, autonomic disorders, well-being, activity, mood of patients and psychosomatic symptoms. The absence of a statistically significant difference in the risk of developing psychosomatic disorders as a result of war psychotrauma in temporarily displaced persons and those who did not change their place of residence was revealed.

Напрямки удосконалення взаємодії органів місцевого самоврядування з інститутами громадянського суспільства публічної влади в умовах війни в Україні

The need to establish effective interaction between civil society institutions and state authorities became urgent in martial law conditions. The article analyzes the main problems in interacting with local self-government and executive power bodies with the region’s public. The main directions for improving dialogue at the regional level to establish partnership relations in local self-government bodies and executive power bodies with the public have been determined. The work determined that recognizing the relationship between law and justice is part of the European legal tradition. A fundamental element of civil society is its independent, self-governing institutions, which, interacting with state institutions, perform an essential legitimating function within and in interaction with state institutions. It has been argued that civil society organizations guarantee the inviolability of citizens’ rights, give citizens confidence in their strength, and support citizens and government agencies that can stand up to the enemy. They act in their way and turn on a self-governing basis within the limits of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Especially relevant is civil society’s role in the period of full-scale war in Ukraine. In such a difficult period of our independence, every Ukrainian took an active part in public life, joining the joint victory over the enemy. The activity becomes an essential support for foreign volunteers. That is why the role of civil society is invaluable. In the context of determining effective mechanisms of formation and maintaining an appropriate level of security environment is emphasized the implementation of analytical activities to determine the strategic orientations of foreign and internal policy of the state, timely detection of military threats, including potential, raising the standard of living of the population and the legal culture of society. One of the priority tasks of the interaction of the mentioned subjects is the formation and implementation of compatible measures to maintain national security by forming an appropriate level of security environment in the state and effective implementation of law enforcement activities. Keywords: civil society institutions, state, public authorities, armed aggression, public organizations.

Schimbarea ordinii globale post-Război Rece: noi centre de putere sunt în curs de dezvoltare – trecerea la o perioadă multipolară

The post-Cold War period, which began in the early 1990s and was generally considered a unipolar stage, with the United States as the only superpower, has passed into a new phase, largely, due to the global consequences of Russia and China’s actions, marked by the events generated by Russia from 2006 until 2014 and in particular by the triggering, on 24 February 2022, of a new unprovoked war against Ukraine, a country invaded for the first time in 2014 and partially occupied for almost nine years but also by China’s actions in the South and East China Sea. The last decade and, in particular, the recent period is characterised by a global strategic competition between the US, China, and the Russian Federation and the alliances they belong to, accelerated by the Ukraine war and the tensions in the Indo-Pacific region, with consequences, among others, on the aspects regarding international order and defence-related aspects to the global strategy. BRICS has firmly committed to promoting the interests of the Global South, to creating a new more inclusive international order, forcing major structural changes to global and regional security architectures. Thus, a conflict of interests emerges between the actions and the role of the US, as a superpower, in the world arena and the actions of China and the Russian Federation, mainly to create a highly multipolar global situation and to evolve as a regional and global hegemon.

Turkish Exhibitionism in the Cold War Period: Social and Cultural Aspects of Kenan Özbel Exhibitions

Soğuk Savaş’ın etkilerini Türkiye’de ve dünyada yaşamın her alanında gözlemlemek mümkündür. Sürecin, sergicilik faaliyetlerini dahi derinden etkilediği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, başlarda resim sergilerinde yer alıp II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından ise etnografik eserlerden bir araya getirdiği koleksiyonunu Türkiye’ye ve dünyaya tanıtan Kenan Özbel’ in sergilerine odaklanılmıştır. Özbel’ in 1947-1989 yıllarında sanatseverlerle buluşan parçaları, Türkiye’de Vakko, özel galeriler, banka galerileri ve üniversite sergilerinde; Avrupa’da ise Paris, Roma, Strazburg gibi güzide sanat şehirlerinde sergilenmiştir. Demokrat Parti döneminde Amerikalılarla yakın ilişki içinde olan Kenan Özbel, çeşitli Amerikan derneklerinde de sergiler açmıştır. Dünyaca ünlü Steuben Cam Şirketinin 490 bin kişinin beğenisine sunulan “Asian Artists in Crystal” sergisine de eser katkısı yapan Özbel evrensel bir isim haline gelmiştir. Özbel’in bütün bu sergileri ve Soğuk Savaş kültürel politikasının sanatı nasıl kuşattığını gözler önüne seren Steuben Glass Sergisi’nin Türkiye’deki yansımaları bu araştırmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Yurtiçi ve yurtdışı sergilerinin sanayi, ekonomi, diplomasi ve küçük el sanatlarıyla ilişkisi konu edilirken aynı zamanda Türkiye’deki sergicilik faaliyetlerinin tarihsel süreçlerle ne denli ilişkili biçimde yürüdüğü retrospektif bir bakış açısıyla ortaya konmuştur.

Complexitate, viziune și posibile evoluții în contextul securitar din Zona Extinsă a Mării Negre

The present article is based on the hypothesis that Russian destructiveness is not only manifested through military aggression and does not have effects only on the imbalance zones created by the Russian Federation, in order to fulfil the strategic objectives in the Wider Black Sea Area. Being the most contested by the great global powers, since the Cold War period, when the space was divided between the military blocs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact, the Wider Black Sea Area currently has a role of strategic importance regarding the reconfiguration of power poles at global level, being the point of intersection of the geopolitical and economic interests of South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia and the Caucasus, a space with considerable natural resources and an energy transit area with a major impact on European countries.

The Changing of Post-Cold War Global Order: New Centers of Power Are Emerging – The Shift Towards a Multipolar Period

The post-Cold War period, which began in the early 1990s and was generally considered a unipolar stage, with the United States as the only superpower, has passed into a new phase, largely, due to the global consequences of Russia and China’s actions, marked by the events generated by Russia from 2006 until 2014 and in particular by the triggering, on 24 February 2022, of a new unprovoked war against Ukraine, a country invaded for the first time in 2014 and partially occupied for almost nine years but also by China’s actions in the South and East China Sea. The last decade and, in particular, the recent period is characterised by a global strategic competition between the US, China, and the Russian Federation and the alliances they belong to, accelerated by the Ukraine war and the tensions in the Indo-Pacific region, with consequences, among others, on the aspects regarding international order and defence-related aspects to the global strategy. BRICS has firmly committed to promoting the interests of the Global South, to creating a new more inclusive international order, forcing major structural changes to global and regional security architectures. Thus, a conflict of interests emerges between the actions and the role of the US, as a superpower, in the world arena and the actions of China and the Russian Federation, mainly to create a highly multipolar global situation and to evolve as a regional and global hegemon.

Contemporary India – Sri Lanka Relations in Post-COVID Pandemic Period

India’s foreign policy under the Narendra Modi government has been focused on rebuilding cooperation in South Asia. The Indian foreign policy has been restructured as ‘Neighborhood First,’ which primarily plans to strengthen relations with its South Asian neighbours. In this context, India -Sri Lanka relations have been considered by scholars in South Asian politics in recent times. Relations between both countries during the immediate post-civil war period deteriorated with some better experiences. However, relations have been progressing since 2015 in the context of changing new governments in both countries. This paper examines the contemporary relations between India and Sri Lanka in the post-COVID pandemic era. The research paper is based on secondary data from books and journal articles in the relevant disciplines. Further, recent data was collected from printed and electronic media reports. The collected data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. The economic crisis in Sri Lanka faced many adversities in the country. In this context, India offered her cooperation to rebuild the collapsed economy in Sri Lanka. India extended her financial and humanitarian assistance to the government of Sri Lanka. In addition, India signed some bilateral cooperation pacts in investment projects on energy, economic, development, and cultural relations by enhancing the relations between the two countries and the people-to-people of both countries. In addition, official visits of the two premiers during times of crisis in Sri Lanka initiated mutual relations again. It was proved that India was keen to initiate her policy of ‘Neighborhood First” towards her immediate maritime neighbour.

Advancing Sustainable Development, Responsibility and Civic Engagement in Greece: Analyzing the Interplay of Education, Employment, and Political Involvement within the European Policy Framework for Youth

Democracy, social welfare and environmental modernization are issues in EU political agenda that deal with the future generations, therefore this paper will elaborate the political will for European Youth in EU and Greece by 2030. More specifically, this paper will analyze the social challenges that youth faced in EU since 2020 from Covid-19 to the war period and the future via Sustainable Development Agenda. The social challenges will be analyzed first towards the Sustainable Development Goals (4, 8) in EU and Greece, whilst it is necessary these challenges to be associated with the sense of political belonging in EU for youth. EU has launched a strategy for youth that is mainly based on 11 Goals under public discussion and consultation “The Euro-pean Youth Goals 2019-2027”. During crisis periods (financial, Covid-19, war), the negative socioeconomic outcomes were an uncertain risk for youth regarding their SD potentials, while political engagement and the sence of political belonging in EU pub-lic affairs seems to be associated with goals 9 and 11 in Youth Strategy. Although EU and its member states (including Greece) have a significant institutional tradition in social welfare and considered as one of the best place to live, political steps need to be taken in order to ensure youth capability to meet their own needs. These values are strongly associated with SD and its definition 36 years after Brundtland report and the significant institutional tradition in social welfare, which is considered very im-portant in order future generation to ensure youth capability to meet their own needs in Europe and Greece towards democracy, social welfare, environmental moderniza-tion and economic competitiveness.

The Significance of Modern Agreements Between Greece and Egypt as Secondary Readings: the echoes of Herodotus and Thucydides

Greece and Egypt, developed individually in two continents Europe and Africa, respectively, have maintained long beneficial relations since pre-historic times. The earliest evidence of Greek-Egyptian relations was uncovered from Minoan excavations that date back to 3000 BCE. Considering the literary sources available to examine the nature of contacts between Greece and Egypt, the Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides from the 5th century BCE reveal evidently reliable information on the bilateral agreements that prevailed between the two nations. Historians relate stories on how these two nations significantly relied on times of need during the 5th century BCE war periods. While Egypt was the grain supplier for Greek city-states, specifically Athens, Athenians repaid Egypt by extending their military power to Egypt. Further, as history reveals, both nations maintained strong trade links. Fast-forwarding to modern diplomatic relations, Greece and Egypt have continued their relations with each other up to the 21st century, irrespective of the fact that the cultures of both nations have evolved with many developments and advances. This research paper explores the contemporary importance of the bilateral agreements between Greece and Egypt, drawing parallels with the historical narratives of Herodotus and Thucydides. The paper follows a historical method in analysing the narrative of history and an analytical approach in reading the modern agreements taken under discussion. The paper intends to analyse how modern agreements between these two nations reflect and reminiscence the historical interactions, emphasizing the political, economic, and cultural significance between these powerful nations in the Mediterranean basin. By examining the historical context, the paper aims to shed light on the enduring diplomatic and cultural ties between Greece and Egypt, offering valuable knowledge for international relations in the present and future.

Complexity, Vision and Possible Developments in the Wider Black Sea Area Security Environment

The present article is based on the hypothesis that Russian destructiveness is not only manifested through military aggression and does not have effects only on the imbalance zones created by the Russian Federation, in order to fulfil the strategic objectives in the Wider Black Sea Area. Being the most contested by the great global powers, since the Cold War period, when the space was divided between the military blocs of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact, the Wider Black Sea Area currently has a role of strategic importance regarding the reconfiguration of power poles at global level, being the point of intersection of the geopolitical and economic interests of South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia and the Caucasus, a space with considerable natural resources and an energy transit area with a major impact on European countries.

Digital Services as Tools for Implementing the ‘Public Participation 2.0’ Concept in Post-War Recovery in Ukraine

The article presents an attempt to solve the complex problem of the formation and implementation of the state policy of digitization in the post-war and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine by highlighting the practical aspects and risks of using digital services as tools for the implementation of the concept of “public participation 2.0”. It was found that an effective tool for solving the problems of post-war and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is a target plan aimed at: compensation for the losses caused by the war; acceleration of socio-economic recovery and growth; improving the quality of life. The strategic goals of the recovery plan of Ukraine in the direction of digitalization include the following: formation of a developed digital economy / IT industry; restoration and development of digital infrastructure; citizens and businesses have access to high-quality, affordable and convenient public services, digital solutions and electronic identification; strengthening cyber security and resilience of digital infrastructure; involvement of a public initiative with the support of international technical assistance, as well as business projects using web technologies. Among the key problems and associated risks of the implementation of the concept of “Public Participation 2.0” and the implementation of technological solutions based on Web 2.0 in the processes and projects of reconstruction in the war and post-war period, the emphasis should be focused on the problems of duplicating the functionality of various institutions and information content. Authors stressed on inconsistency of interaction with the final beneficiaries, which leads to excessive regulation, untimeliness of operational decision-making and response to requests, as well as to the irrational use of resources aimed at the post-war restoration of facilities and infrastructure with using modern digital technologies. It has been proven that digital technologies, in particular, Web 2.0 technologies, should become the driver of post-war modernization of Ukraine, and a special role in this process belongs to public authorities, territorial communities and proactive public structures, as direct subjects of reconstruction processes in the war and post-war period. They are tasked with creating comprehensive recovery plans for their territories; their executive bodies create various advisory bodies, commissions and advisory councils, which adopt, or contribute to, transparent, impartial and professional decision-making on compensation for destroyed real estate objects, since reconstruction projects that are already being implemented are usually supported by budgets communities. A clear understanding is offered regarding the further capabilities of using the “Public Participation 2.0” model and Web 2.0-based solutions in projects of in the wartime and post-war recovery in Ukraine, which consists in optimizing and increasing efficiency of digital services and applying more productive communications with communities

Hill Women in the Time of Tribal Wars: A Reading of Folk Tales from Northeast India

What we know about women in traditional tribal societies in Northeast India is based on what oral traditions tell us about them. Although they were more resourceful and respected than the women of the plains societies, their disadvantages in a world teeming with tribal feuds were considerable. Ruthless enemies destroyed villages and killed everyone, but sometimes they spared the lives of women. When two hostile villages agreed to a truce, the women enjoyed freedom of movement, but only within the village. Kidnappings were frequent, and it was unsafe for women to leave the village unaccompanied by men. Their vulnerability prompted tribes to adopt measures such as face tattooing and the practice of tribe or village endogamy. Based on the evidence in oral traditions, mostly folk tales, this paper reconstructs the position of women in the tribal societies of Northeast India during the period of inter-tribal wars.

Mining of non-metallic mineral deposits in the context of Ukraine’s reconstruction in the war and post-war periods

Purpose. The research purpose is to study the conditions for mining deposits of metamorphic and igneous origin to produce crushed stone products in conditions of limited electricity supply. Methods. The research uses an integrated approach, including data analysis on quarry field spatial dimensions and the overburden rock thickness, which provides the basis for identifying deposits into basic groups. For the identified groups of deposits, taking into account the hydrological characteristics of non-metallic deposits and their parameters, patterns have been determined that characterize the change in the normative atmospheric precipitation inflow, based on the quarry field area and the change in the specific costs for water drainage depending on the studied quarry field type. Based on data on technical characteristics of mobile and semi-stationary units and aggregates, the parameters of physical-mechanical properties of granites and diorites, technical-technological solutions for the formation of complexes for processing raw materials for the production of crushed stone products are proposed. Findings. Problems arising during mining operations under conditions of limited electricity supply, which is caused by mass attacks on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, have been revealed. A systematization of deposits of igneous and metamorphic origin for mining of rock building materials, which are the basis for the production of crushed stone products, has been developed. The rates of water inflow into the mined-out space depending on the quarry field spatial parameters and the depth of mining operations have been studied. Technological schemes of the apparatuses of a complex for processing raw materials for production of crushed stone products and the apparatuses of a complex for processing siftings are proposed. Originality. Dependences of possible water inflow into the mined-out space of the quarry and change in energy consumption for water drainage have been determined, taking into account the accepted classification criteria, namely the quarry field spatial dimensions, the overburden rock thickness and the quarry depth. Practical implications. The obtained data on the possible water inflow into the mined-out space of the quarry and change in energy consumption for water drainage make it possible to assess the efficiency of pumping units. The proposed technical-technological solutions on formation of complexes for processing raw materials to produce crushed stone products have been developed in accordance with the fundamental provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On approval of the National program for the development of the mineral resource base of Ukraine for the period up to 2030”.

Specifics of Interaction Between Authorities And Community in the Conditions of Digitalization of a Public Administration System

The article was prepared within the framework of the implementation of the grant project No. 2022.01/0144 „Implementation of the concept of „Public participation 2.0” for the reconstruction of the city of Kharkiv in the war and post-war periods”, financed by the National Research Fund of Ukraine. Digitization of society has a significant impact on all spheres of life, including the public administration system. The introduction of digital tools and platforms transforms the ways in which the government and the community interact, making them more open, transparent, interactive and accountable. This article explores the specific features of the interaction between the government and the community in the context of the digitalization of the public administration system. The article develops a typology of models of interaction between the government and the community in the digital environment. It identifies and substantiates the advantages and challenges associated with the digitalization of government-to-community interaction. The article also develops practical recommendations for improving government-to-community interaction in the context of digitalization. The research results can be used to improve the public administration system, increase the level of citizen participation in decision-making, increase transparency and accountability of the government, and develop e-democracy.

Prospects of the Bug mining district as an agglomeration of ore and non-ore mineral deposits for the reconstruction of the national economy of Ukraine in the post-war period

The role and capabilities of Ukrainian geological science, production and investment capital in the reconstruction of the national economy of Ukraine during the war and post-war period are considered here using the example of the Bug mining district (BMD) of the Ukrainian Shield (USh).
 BMD is characterized by an extremely wide range of deposits and ore of minerals relatively close to the surface, among which the most important ones are graphite, iron ore and iron-manganese, nickel-chromium-cobalt deposits, deposits and ore occurrences of gold discovered by geologists and geophysicists for many years. Numerous deposits of building materials and kaolin are also known here. There are prospects for obtaining local agrochemical raw materials based on the development of apatite-containing ores and calcifers.
 The article lists and shows the location of mineral deposits and ore occurrences which arethe most well-prepared for industrial development and investments. The composition of ores and the content of useful substances are given for some of them.
 Two powerful industrial enterprises are located on the BMD square, i.e., the Zavallye graphite factory and the Bug ferronickel plant (currently repurposed for other products). They can be used to process the above-mentioned ore raw materials, with some improvement of technological processes. In this regard, the possibility and practicality of creating two centers (clusters) of integrated mining and industrial development of these useful resources were considered. One of them can be created on the basis of nickel-cobalt and iron ore deposits of BMD with an orientation towards the Bug ferronickel plant. The second center can be created based on the enrichment of iron-manganese oxide ores using the technical capabilities of the Zavallye graphite plant.
 In case of realization of the entire economic potential of the industrial development of graphite ores of the region, Ukraine could become a world leader in this field and receive significant funds to reconstruct the industry disrupted by the war.
 The BMD also meets all the geological and economic prerequisites to become the first region on the Ukrainian Shield for industrial gold mining.

Lebanese-Turkish Relations after the 2000s and the Neo-Ottomanist Discourse in Lebanon

Lebanon, had non-visible relationships with Turkey after its independence and the post-civil war period. Although it lost the balance of political stability at times, the political affinity that emerged with the participation of Lebanon in the close relations, which Turkey sought to establish with Arab countries in the 2000s, continued with mutual negotiations at the point of cooperation. After the Lebanon-Israel war in 2006, which caused political and economic destruction in the country, Turkey increased its support for Lebanon. Accordingly, the crises appeared after the Arab Spring in the region led Turkey to follow the sensitive policy over the sectarian groups in the country. However, some reactions arose in Lebanon’s political arena against Turkey’s increasing regional activism, bringing several ideological questions on Turkey’s approach towards Lebanon. Regarding the relationship between Turkey and Lebanon, “Does Turkey desire to establish a new Ottoman administration in the Middle East?” was one of the questions asked. Moreover, a negative environment was created and used occasionally as a trump card against Turkey’s approach toward Lebanon, saying that even the Ottoman Empire did not play an active role in the Lebanon region. This study examines whether there are traces of Neo-Ottomanism and sectarianism in the political roadmap followed by the Turkish Government in its Lebanon policy. It discusses, the diplomatic response of Turkey to the anti-Ottoman rhetoric in Lebanese politics and its effect on bilateral relations. Accordingly, the study analyzes Turkey’s effort to maintain the balance against sectarian discourse that shapes Lebanon’s policy.