Russia In Period Research Articles

Трансформация идентичности и реабилитация идеологии в условиях нарастания мирового кризиса

The article is devoted to the problems of identity and “narratives of self-determi­nation” in the modern intellectual field. According to the author of the article, modern identity politics generates new and actualizes old narratives of cultural, civilizational, national and confessional self-determination. The article states the crisis of Euro-identity, which is developing under the influence of posthu­manism and aggressive transatlanticism, as well as the general crisis of Western values responsible for ensuring “social interactions” in Durkheim’s sense of this term. This may indicate a change in the development model and norms of self-identification in the Western world in the next decade. The author also points to the crisis of post-Soviet identity, which is gradually being overcome through the cultural synthesis of pre-Soviet and Soviet, “white” and “red” models of self-identification. It is stated that a society that does not develop its historical iden­tity has to accept the globalist quasi-identity imposed on it, as evidenced by the post-Soviet period in Russia. The author explains the struggle between differ­ent norms for describing identity through the rivalry of socio-political groups in the course of the restoration of the basic Russian identity. The article points to the connection of the external, superficial semantics of identity with the influ­ence of political ideologies, and emphasizes the difference between optimal ideo­logies and doctrinal super-ideologies, such as Marxist-Leninist and neoliberal. In contrast to the stable core of identity, ideology often changes under the influ­ence of new historical conditions.. At the same time, the core of identity (“who we are”) and the “zone” of ideology (“what we are striving for”) refer to each other and explain each other, because without an understanding of its long-term goals, it would be problematic for society to develop a complete self-characteri­zation.

The Role of Journalism in The Formation of Video Game Culture in Russia

The article is devoted to game journalism and its role in the formation of video game culture in Russia. The historical material reveals the problem of incompleteness of information on this topic. We propose our own version of the definition and description of the stages of development of game periodicals in Russia from the 1970s to the present day. The immediate prospects of this development are outlined. The influence of game journalism on game culture is considered.

Artels in post-reform period in Russia

Artels in post-reform period in Russia

Ключевые научные концепции управления и организации труда советской школы менеджмента в условиях социально-экономических преобразований 20-х годов XX века

The article discusses the main provisions of new directions in the system of scientific organization of labor and management principles in general, personalities, prerequisites for the emergence, both scientific and historical, as well as the importance and contribution to the development of not only domestic management science, but also in the system of foreign management schools. The conducted research proves that in this historical period (the 20s of the XX century), Soviet researchers continue the traditions of management laid down by F. Taylor, but they develop the ideas formulated by him and bring their own new, innovative approach to management principles, especially valuable for these theoretical and applied developments are approaches to working with personnel in new economic conditions. The formation of new economic conditions and principles of the organization of production in the post-revolutionary period in Russia becomes possible thanks to the scientifically grounded directions of the organization of labor activity, personnel policy, transformation of the production environment and the building of a new vertical of power in the economic space at the state level. Consideration and study of management concepts in Russia in the 20s of the XX century is currently relevant and allows us to determine the evolutionary principles of management development, give a comprehensive assessment of the current stage of development of management science and respond to the challenges of modernity in the development of socio-economic systems.

Ключевые научные концепции управления и организации труда советской школы менеджмента в условиях социально-экономических преобразований 20-х годов XX века

The article discusses the main provisions of new directions in the system of scientific organization of labor and management principles in general, personalities, prerequisites for the emergence, both scientific and historical, as well as the importance and contribution to the development of not only domestic management science, but also in the system of foreign management schools. The conducted research proves that in this historical period (the 20s of the XX century), Soviet researchers continue the traditions of management laid down by F. Taylor, but they develop the ideas formulated by him and bring their own new, innovative approach to management principles, especially valuable for these theoretical and applied developments are approaches to working with personnel in new economic conditions. The formation of new economic conditions and principles of the organization of production in the post-revolutionary period in Russia becomes possible thanks to the scientifically grounded directions of the organization of labor activity, personnel policy, transformation of the production environment and the building of a new vertical of power in the economic space at the state level. Consideration and study of management concepts in Russia in the 20s of the XX century is currently relevant and allows us to determine the evolutionary principles of management development, give a comprehensive assessment of the current stage of development of management science and respond to the challenges of modernity in the development of socio-economic systems.

Exploring a Forced Migration Movement in the Period of the Cold War from the (Former) U.S.S.R. to Abroad

The paper studied extremely important categories in the (former) U.S.S.R. such as dissidents, forced (exiled) emigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and ‘non-returnees’ to their country of origin because of the political persecution in the 20th century, as well as, in the 21st century the category of ‘Foreign Agents’ in contemporary Russia in the period of Russia’s full invasion of Ukraine for the political persecution too, when this successor country of the U.S.S.R. found enemies and agents again among its citizens, who tell the truth about Russia’s war 2014-2022- in Ukraine. All the categories of ‘enemies’ and ‘agents’ of the 20-21st century have been characterized and analyzed in the paper. Also, the movement of refugees and asylum seekers from 1975 to 1990, from the U.S.S.R. to the U.S.A. has been summarized and analyzed in the paper.

Konstantin Leontiev against the Background of Byzantism and “the Eastern Confederation”

The article is devoted to the biography and socio-political views of K. N. Leontiev, the great Russian notionalist and publicist of the second half of the nineteenth century. The article discusses the evolution of Leontiev’s views. The emphasis is put on Leontiev’s ideas about byzantism as the foundation of Russia’s potential historical “longevity” and about “the Eastern Union” — a confederation, which, from his point of view, should include Orthodox and Slavic peoples, as well as many peoples of the Asian continent. The methodology of this review paper is based on the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The research was based on the methods of comparative historical analysis, immersion into the ideological atmosphere of the time in which K. N. Leontiev had lived, and biographical analysis with elements of psychological research, which allowed to understand and reveal some fundamental aspects of his socio-political views. The article reviews and analyzes the literary heritage of the notionalist, including his journalism, fi ction and letters. K. N. Leontiev was one of “the pioneers” who had introduced the concept of byzantism into the socio-political discourse of postreform Russia. He nurtured great hopes that the Byzantine principles would allow Russia to outlast Western Europe by a long time — ultimately for a whole cultural and state epoch, i.e. for 1000–1200 years. The notionalist had generated these hopes in the fi rst half of the 1870s. However, K. N. Leontiev stopped counting on such a long period of Russia’s historical longevity towards the end of his earthly journey. An appeal to the biography and views of this notionalist, to his ideas about byzantism, “the Eastern Confederation”, Orthodoxy and the problem of the Church allows us to signifi cantly more accurately, sharper and deeper assess the catastrophic results of the 20th century for our country, the civilizational, spiritual, metaphysical, historical essence and the signifi cance of revolutions that befell it, as well as the period of the communist rule, and to outline potential ways for Russia to get out of the diff icult situation in which it has found itself in the current post-Soviet years.

Foreign investments and tariff protection revisited: correcting the trade balance of the Russian Empire, 1880–1913

Abstract This article examines the accuracy of Russian foreign trade statistics between 1880 and 1913 and provides empirical evidence that prior to the introduction of the gold standard in 1897, Russia’s trade surplus was systematically understated. My novel trade data suggest a higher degree of protectionism with an increase of an ad valorem equivalent tariff up to 4 percentage points. Moreover, my corrections of the current account balance reduce the annual average deficit of the balance for 1885–1897 by 67 percent, supporting the idea that there was a substantial increase of foreign investments in the post-gold standard period in Russia.

The artistic image of the ukrainian folk costume in the genre portrait of ukrainian artists (Russian-ukrainian war of 2022)

Purpose of Research. The purpose of the research is to determine the reasons and nature of the evolution of the female portrait in Ukrainian painting during the period of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine. Methodology. The work is based on a general scientific complex approach, which combined the methods of art history, cultural, philosophical and aesthetical. The methods of pictorial-stylistic, comparative and compositional-artistic analysis of the works were used. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the work is the first attempt to analyse the artistic image of the Ukrainian folk costume as a fundamental component of the image of a «beregyna» woman in Ukrainian painting during the war of 2022. It is proven that female images in Ukrainian folk dress has become the leading motif of patriotic painting. Conclusions. The research examines the characteristic features of the use of the artistic image of the Ukrainian national costume in female portrait painting during the period of military operations of Russia against Ukraine in 2022. It is highlighted that the complex of Ukrainian traditional clothing and its elements in artistic works is a symbol of the indomitability of the Ukrainian nation, its connection with the past and respect for folk culture. The works contain the «breathing» of the real world with its tragic events, the reflection of the psycho-emotional state of the society through female images, the combination of ancient and modern folklore, and an emphasis on national identity. A modern Ukrainian woman, dealt with the emotional direction of the work and the use of one or another element of the constume, appears as a Young Girl, Beregynya, Madonna, Warrior. So, we can state that the artistic image of the Ukrainian national costume in genre female portrait painting occupies a special place in the period of the psychological cataclysms in the Ukrainian society in 2022 and it is an effective tool to unite the Ukrainian nation and encourage the preservation of the territorial, spiritual, historical and cultural integrity of Ukraine . Keywords: female symbol, art of war, female portrait.

Economic Problems of Russia on the Eve of the Events of February 1917 on the Pages of the Newspaper “Rech”

Introduction. The history of periodicals in Russia has a rather long period – from the beginning of the 18th century. This story had its good and bad periods, but the demand for newspapers and magazines has always been high. Through publications in the press, one can trace the issues and problems that were discussed in society in society on a particular day and year. It is not without reason that the famous philosopher A. Schopenhauer noted: “Newspapers are the second hands of history”. 1917 is the cornerstone of the history of the Russian state, which divided it into “before” and “after”. Among the reasons that led to the February Revolution of 1917 are the economic problems that existed in the state before entering the First World War and aggravated and supplemented after August 1914: an archaic tax system, monopolization of the economy, a reduction in the number of workers in the countryside and the city, shortage of goods. These issues could not be covered in the periodical press. The materials on the situation in the economic sphere published in the liberal newspaper “Rech” arose the interest. Besides the newspaper was a kind of mouthpiece for the Cadet Party. The purpose of the article is to analyze the published material on the problems of the Russian economy on the eve of the February Revolution in order to clarify the understanding of the situation in the country by the Cadets. Materials and Methods. Certain goals were solved using general scientific, idiographic (description of the history of the issue), problem-analytical (consideration of the situation in Russia on the eve of February 1917 through the problems of the economy), synchronous (allowing to establish links between various phenomena in the economic sphere). Results. The economic issues discussed in the daily printed publication were varied: from possible personnel changes and military loans to reforms of taxation and the economic situation in the country. Discussion and Conclusion. Considering the various problems of the country, including economic ones, the staff of the liberal newspaper “Rech” did not see signs of cardinal changes in the country and the impending revolution. These events were not reflected in the materials of the newspaper.

Мировоззренческие контексты развития русской приключенческой прозы первой трети ХХ века

The study aims to identify the specifics of the development of Russian adventure prose in the first third of the XX century, to determine the impact that historical and social factors had on the worldview of Russian writers and the themes of their works. Scientific novelty is accounted for by a comprehensive nature of the study, the demonstration of the attitude to mass literature during the transition period in Russia, i.e. from 1901 to 1933. As a result, it has been shown that a whole body of original fiction texts of a high artistic quality found itself on the periphery of the Russian literary process due to the absence of a major figure tantamount to the leading Western adventure writers and an alternative Russian school of adventure prose tantamount to the “red Pinkerton”.

“Imperial Habit”: Russia’s Attempt to Gain a Foothold on the Eastern Coast of the Caspian Sea in the Era of Peter the Great

The article displays one of the directions of Russia’s foreign policy during the reign of Peter the Great, namely, an attempt to gain a foothold on the Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea for further advancement through the Central Asian states to India in order to establish direct trade relations. The paper analyzes the goals and objectives set up by Peter the Great to Prince A. Bekovich-Cherkassky to initiate a new trade route to India from the Caspian Sea basin. Russia’s steps aimed at creating a foothold on the Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea are being considered. The adopted scientific ideas about the number of strongholds in the Caspian region founded by Russia in 1716 are analyzed. The Russian-Turkmen relations are described during the period of Russia’s activity in the Caspian region and after the failure of the Khiva expedition of 1717. The fate of Russian fortress-cities in the eastern Caspian region is traced. The assessment of the actions of Prince A. Bekovich‑Cherkassky on the implementation of Russia’s policy in the Caspian region is given in the context of Peter the Great’s plans.

НАРАТИВИ «НЕКОНВЕНЦІЙНОЇ» ВІЙНИ СУЧАСНОЇ МОСКОВІЇ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

The article deals with the key narratives of modern moscovy in the war against Ukraine. The longterm stay of Ukraine under the close control and leadership of the kremlin does not allow the latter to come to terms with the choice of Ukrainians – to build their own independent state.The state-building process in Ukraine began with the declaration of independence on August 24, 1991. In the 1990s, Yeltsin's russia was "choosing" its legal succession. The process of property redistribution of the USSR was underway. In 2000, a change of political leadership took place in Russia. The president of the russian federation is putin. With his arrival, a new type of political regime began to take shape in the state - putinism.A new period of russia - Ukraine relations is beginning. It was during this period that modern moscovites began to feel the chauvinistic sentiments of the Great Empire. Already during this period, russia is actively preparing for an "unconventional" war with Ukraine.In a "hybrid" war, not only military means of warfare are used, but also non-military ones: informational, economic, energy, diplomatic.First of all, russia is starting to use the information space.The aggressor country resorts to disinformation and forming the image of Ukraine as an artificially created state, and Ukrainians as a non-existent nation.In addition, in the domestic information space, Ukraine is positioned as an "external enemy" backed by the West, the USA, and NATO. And actually, according to Russian propaganda, they contribute to the functioning of the "Kyiv fascist regime" ("juntas"). Narrative of russia in the war with Ukraine is manifested in blackmailing the world community with nuclear weapons, which causes society to actively react with sanctions.Energy blackmail and the destruction of Ukraine's energy system led to the search for new sources of energy.russia's exit from the "grain agreement" is a demonstration of the real "interest" of its leadership in solving global problems.

Actual areas of improvement of Ukrainian legislation in the field of prevention of gender-based violence

The article analyzes current directions of improvement of the legislative institute in the field of prevention of gender-based violence in Ukraine. Information about a positive trend in regulatory changes to the Criminal Code of Ukraine and the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses was studied. t was found that the term «gender-based violence» includes not only women and girls, but also other population groups, as well as different situations in which such a manifestation of violence is possible. The opinion is proved that the legislation itself or the appropriate changes made to it will not be able to fully provide a mechanism for combating gender-based violence. The importance of the interaction of regulatory provisions and practical actions of relevant state authorities, local self-government bodies, public organizations, and medical services in the mechanism of combating gender-based violence is highlighted. At the same time, it was found that the National Police of Ukraine plays a significant role in ensuring an effective response system to violence. The problem of repeated perpetration of such violence, impunity for the offender, and generally «healthy» social relations directly depends on the effectiveness of the response of the authorized units of the National Police of Ukraine to the facts of violence and counteraction to it. Attention is paid to the issue of a particular aggravation of gender-based violence during the period of Russia's armed aggression. The «weakness» of the norms of international law regarding the prosecution of perpetrators of violent acts was determined. Conclusions were made that the adoption of a number of legal acts on the regulation of gender relations led to the formation of a mechanism for realizing gender equality, reducing cases of discrimination, ensuring equal rights of women and men in all spheres of society's life.

Цифровой фольклор в эпоху пандемии (на материале коллекции социальной карикатуры Центра социально-политической истории Государственной публичной исторической библиотеки)

The article offers a systematic analysis of “quarantines”—small comic works dedicated to the pandemic and lockdown, which are transmitted in the Internet in digital form. The analysis is conducted on 3082 social cartoons collected by the Center for Social and Political History of the State Public Historical Library (CSPH of the SPHL) during the lockdown in March-June 2020. The quarantines are typologized into three categories: images (collages, original and doctored photos), aphorisms, and creolized texts (caricatures, comic strips, posters, and memes). A quantitative analysis of the collection allows to conclude that the vast majority of quarantines are creolized texts—a visual unity of image and caption. By analyzing the frequencies of the main themes represented by the quarantines (with the help of hashtags), a rating of thematic groups is compiled, where the topics “Lockdown” and “Masks” take the leading place. In all thematic groups, there are motifs both critical and loyal to the social norms of the pandemic, as well as plots and images of varying degrees of metaphoricity. Based on the analysis of quarantines collected by the Center for Social and Political History, as well as a critical review of modern studies devoted to digital folklore of the pandemic period in Russia and abroad, the main socio-cultural functions of a quarantine are singled out: overcoming social stress, adaptation to the new conditions of physical and social existence; interiorization of social norms of the pandemic. The conclusion is that quarantines have become a special, artistic method of selfhelp for society in a situation of social extreme.

Аналіз прихованих тем пропаганди Кремля в Україні

Propaganda is one of the defining components of Russia’s security policy. In order to understand the intentions and specific goals of propaganda, it is important to identify the thematic structure of propaganda messages. The study is devoted to the analysis of the thematic structure of analytical reports on the website of the RF network of information channels RT in a certain period of Russia’s hybrid warfare against Ukraine (namely, from September 2018 to April 2020). Thematic modeling based on STM model makes the research methodological basis. The results of the study have made it possible to identify at least 12 hidden topics that do not intersect in content and are easy to be interpreted unambiguously and clearly. For each of them the list of the most probable topics outlining words is defined. The range of topics covers both exclusively domestic issues, problems, and Ukraine’s relations with Russia and its western neighbors. The most frequently used methods of presenting thematic material have been singled out, specifically, the use of "long-playing record", "linking" topics to specific events or the context of individual messages / set of messages, updating old messages in a new context, etc. The analysis has enabled to identify a thematic network of topics that appear in one document, or documents close in time, thus increasing the overall impact on the audience. The same effect is achieved through the alternate use of mono-topic and multi-topic documents. The analysis of propaganda messages in the time-thematic dimension is also important. It is shown that in the researched period in terms of content and goals of propaganda two periods are clearly distinguished, i.e., the period of P. Poroshenko’s Presidency and the period of V. Zelensky’s Presidency, each can also be divided into two subperiods with their characteristic messages. However, despite their differences, the thematic constant remains, that is the discrediting of politicians, experts, the country’s Armed Forces, and the imposition of a one-sided pro-Russian worldview on the target audience.

Об особенностях трудовой деятельности персонала в исправительных приютах для несовершеннолетних женского пола в царской России

The article indicates that since the second half of the XIX century in Russia there are special educational and correctional institutions for juvenile delinquents, vagabonds, begging children and juvenile delinquents. The law «On Correctional shelters and Colonies for Minors» (1866) did not disclose staffing issues about the number of staff, their educational training. The purpose of the functioning of the shelters was defined by law as the moral correction of minors. The formation of the profession of educator for educational and correctional institutions in Russia has historically been difficult: from understanding its necessity, rejecting training institutions, to recognizing it as an independent work activity. In the pre-revolutionary period in Russia, the requirements for this profession were formed: a candidate for the position of a teacher must have a pedagogical education (special training was also planned), have positive moral qualities, and have a penchant for this profession (love working with children). Many years of experience in the work of educational and correctional institutions facilitated to the differentiation of personnel by positions and the consolidation of functional duties. If initially educators performed the functions of supervision, training and education, then gradually the latter became the main one in their activities. In terms of discussions, the question was raised about the specifics of the work of a teacher in educational and correctional shelters for girls on the example of the work of teachers in the only specialized for girls Bolshevsky (Yakovlevsky) educational and correctional shelter.

Practical requirements and institutional changes in the action of the judiciary during the transition period in Russia

. After the collapse of the USSR, Russia entered a new social transition period, and reform in the fi eld of state structures, including the legal system, began. The judicial power plays an important role in the process of legal reform, and is manifested at several levels of the state, society and the individual. Based on the gradual completion of the theoretical and institutional construction of the mechanism of action of the judicial power of the Russian Federation at the beginning of the transition period, the judicial power is gradually being put into practice, but as society develops, the mechanism of action of the judicial power dynamically develops in accordance with practical requirements, including changes in the system of judicial authorities, changes in the mechanism of judicial proceedings, improvement of the mechanism of control and ensuring the mechanism of judicial power, as well as separation of the power of execution of a sentence from the judicial power.In particular, in the system of judicial authorities, due to excessive pressure on the consideration of cases, the institution of justices of the peace, established during the judicial reform of 1864, was restored in order to ease the burden of the federal court and at the same time achieve a quick resolution of disputes between residents; The complete consolidation of the constitutional judicial system led to the gradual establishment of constitutional (statutory) courts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which would allow improving the foundations of the constitutional judicial system and the constitutional judiciary in Russia; To address the review of judicial practice in cases related to the resolution of disputes on the protection of intellectual rights, the Intellectual Property Rights Court was established, which expanded the requirements of the judiciary in specialized areas; In order to eliminate various differences between the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation in the interpretation of many laws, the functions of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation were included in the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.As for the reform of the mechanisms of judicial proceedings, the institution of juries was restored during the judicial reform of 1864 in order to get rid of the institutional abuses associated with the institution of people’s assessors in the USSR; During the period of general social transition and judicial reform in Russia, the change in legal concepts and the requirement of judicial practice led to Russia reviewing and evaluating the institution of judicial precentors and; The principle underlying human rights in the Constitution has brought the role of the judiciary in the fi eld of ensuring and protecting civil rights to a signifi cant one, and the mechanism of administrative action has gradually changed with the adoption and application of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation. In the fi eld of improving the mechanism of control and ensuring the mechanism of judicial power, the judicial power, after judicial reform and institutional construction, achieved a situation of developing independence, a control mechanism was created by a subject consisting of the constitutional court of the Russian Federation, the parliament, the prosecutor’s offi ce, an autonomous body of judges, at the same time, the judicial department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation provided for the actions of the judiciary in the transitional period of the Russian Federation.The execution of decisions is the fi nal point of the judicial power, so the issue of the execution of decisions becomes an integral part of the exercise of judicial power in judicial reform, as well as concentrated in civil areas, while a specifi c way of reform is the separation of the power of execution of a sentence from the judicial power. The above will be a manifestation of the institutional transformations of the mechanisms of action of the judiciary to adapt to social development in the transition period. In a special and long process of transition, the judicial power of Russia could achieve useful action, as well as the renewal and transformation of institutions that are formed in practical processes, contributed to the continuous development of the judicial power, while the mechanism of action of the judicial power is continuously being improved.

The dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and formation of the postcovid period in Russia

The pandemic of the newly coronavirus infection COVID-19 was the test primarily for scientists, experts in epidemiology, infectiology and other fields of medicine participating in addressing the issues of organization and delivery of care, forming up the whole ideology of public health in new conditions. The lecture presents the complex analysis of development of the epidemiologic process, concerning a review of last epidemics, regional features, forecast and modelling approaches, the observers will be able to evaluate demographic, social and medical aspects of evolution. The emphasis is made on the consequences of the transferred infection that directly affect human health, a brief analysis of the clinical manifestations of post-covid syndrome and its expected impact on people, the functioning of all levels of health care, including rehabilitation. The key role of vaccination as the main method of population immunity, prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the development of severe and complicated forms of the disease, as well as domestic manufacturers and manufacturers of several safe and highly effective vaccines has been determined. The article is intended for a wide range of medical professionals, healthcare organizers, government officials and other interested parties.

Феномен «перегиба» в российской истории

This article analyzes the phenomenon of ‘overkill’, which usually accompanies human life as an example of non-constructive behavior. In this article, the author considers the ‘overkill’ phenomenon in the late Imperial and Soviet period in Russia, when overkill was de facto constituted and became one of the ways to manage society. The author proves that with the development of society, the government begins to need overkill as a means of effective management policy, which allows testing public opinion while achieving the goals set by the government. Taking on the task of implementing global and rapid violent changes, the government faces resistance from people. The author shows that overkill transitions from a household phenomenon to the one used by the state, gains a special quality. The overkill that occurs when the message of power is conveyed to the population is the simplest and most effective way to compensate for the lack of feedback mechanisms between the government and society. This phenomenon has proven necessary for the authoritarian and especially totalitarian authorities – they use it to legitimize themselves, explain mistakes, and declare people guilty. In the Communist system, overkill played an important role as a stimulator and regulator in political, socio-economic, and cultural life. Mobilization campaigns, so popular in the USSR, used this ‘overkill’ method as a prerequisite for success. Thus, ‘overkill’ has become an important and integral way of interaction between a dictatorial state and society.