Periodic Bursts Research Articles

Hidden dynamics in a fractional-order memristive Hindmarsh–Rose model

By showing that there is no any memristor in the integer-order Hindmarsh–Rose (H–R) model, the slow ion channel is remodeled by a fractional-order memristor, where the fractional-order derivative is related to the memory effect and the decay rate of the ion current. Then a fractional-order memristive (FOM) H–R model without equilibrium is proposed. Due to a small parameter, the FOM H–R model is a fast–slow system which can be taken as the small perturbation system of the fast subsystem. By Lyapunov direct method, the boundedness of the fast subsystem is proved. With the help of the boundedness and stability of the fast system, the hidden dynamics of the FOM H–R model is discussed. As the small parameter is fixed, it is shown that the membrane potential of the FOM H–R model limits to a quiescent state as the fractional order is less than 0.5 and limits to a periodic spiking as the fractional order is greater than 0.5 less than 1. Without the constraint of the small parameter, the periodic and chaotic bursting appears in the FOM H–R model, which implies the small parameter makes the membrane potential activity simpler. It can be drawn a conclusion that the ion current with the slow decay rate can inhibit the neurons.

Bifurcation analyses and hardware experiments for bursting dynamics in non-autonomous memristive FitzHugh-Nagumo circuit

In this paper, a non-autonomous memristive FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) circuit is constructed using a second-order memristive diode bridge with LC network. For convenience of circuit implementation, an AC voltage source is adopted to substitute the original AC current stimulus. Stimulated by the slowly varying AC voltage source, the number, locations and stabilities of the equilibrium points slowly evolve with the time, which are thus indicated as the AC equilibrium points. Different sequences of fold and/or Hopf bifurcations are encountered in a full period of time series evolutions, leading to various kinds of chaotic or periodic bursting activities. To figure out the related bifurcation mechanisms, the fold and Hopf bifurcation sets are mathematically formulated to locate the critical bifurcation points. On this basis, the transitions between the resting and repetitive spiking states are clearly illustrated by the time series of the AC equilibrium points and state variables, from which Hopf/subHopf, Hopf/Hopf, and Hopf/fold bursting oscillations are identified in the specified parameter regions. Finally, based on a fabricated hardware circuit, the experimental measurements are executed. The results verify that the presented memristive FHN circuit indeed exhibits complex bursting activities, which enriches the family of memristor-based FHN circuits with bursting dynamics.

Both sexes produce sounds in vocal fish species: testing the hypothesis in the pygmy gourami (labyrinth fishes).

In vocal fish species, males possess larger sound-generating organs and signal acoustically with pronounced sex-specific differences. Sound production is known in two out of three species of croaking gouramis (Trichopsis vittata and T. schalleri). The present study investigates sex-specific differences in sonic organs, vocalizing behaviour and sounds emitted in the third species, the pygmy gourami, T. pumila, in order to test the hypothesis that females are able to vocalize despite their less-developed sonic organs, and despite contradictory reports. Croaking gouramis stretch and pluck two enhanced (sonic) pectoral fin tendons during alternate fin beating, resulting in a series of double-pulsed bursts, termed croaking sound. We measured the diameter of the first and second sonic tendon and showed that male tendons were twice as large as in similar-sized females. We also determined the duration of dyadic contests, visual displays, number of sounds and buttings. Sexes differ in all sound characteristics but in no behavioural variable. Male sounds consisted of twice as many bursts, a higher percentage of double-pulsed bursts and a higher burst period. Additionally, male sounds had a lower dominant frequency and a higher sound level. In summary, female pygmy gouramis possessed sonic organs and vocalized in most dyadic contests. The sexual dimorphism in sonic tendons is clearly reflected in sex-specific differences in sound characteristics, but not in agonistic behaviour, supporting the hypothesis that females are vocal.

EMTİA PİYASALARINDA RASYONEL BALONLAR VE VOLATİLİTE YAYILIMLARININ ARAŞTIRILMASI: DEĞERLİ METALLERDEN KANITLAR

Price bubbles which can be expressed as the deviation of the price of an asset from its fundamental value, have significant impacts on markets. The effects of the financial crisis that started with the burst of the housing bubbles in the USA in 2008 have spread all over the world and turned into a global crisis. In this study, the price bubbles of gold, silver, platinum and palladium in the commodity markets for the period between 01.01.2010-19.02.2019 were investigated. RtADF, SADF and GSADF methods were used to determine the formation and burst periods of price bubbles. As a result of the analysis, price bubbles were found in gold, silver and platinum, whereas no bubbles were found in palladium prices. Due to the close formation dates of these bubbles, whether there was any return or volatility spillover between gold, silver and platinum markets was investigated with VAR-EGARCH method. As a result of the study, it was found that there was a multiple spillover between the gold, silver and platinum returns. Thus, it was concluded that the price bubbles formed in precious metals triggered each other. Findings regarding the presence of price bubbles in the precious metal markets are crucial for traders in terms of trading timing. However, the findings related to the volatility spillover among precious metals are also important in terms of considering the effect of this spillover for the investors who provide hedging by precious metals.

Low-Rate DoS Attacks Detection Based on MAF-ADM.

Low-rate denial of service (LDoS) attacks reduce the quality of network service by sending periodical packet bursts to the bottleneck routers. It is difficult to detect by counter-DoS mechanisms due to its stealthy and low average attack traffic behavior. In this paper, we propose an anomaly detection method based on adaptive fusion of multiple features (MAF-ADM) for LDoS attacks. This study is based on the fact that the time-frequency joint distribution of the legitimate transmission control protocol (TCP) traffic would be changed under LDoS attacks. Several statistical metrics of the time-frequency joint distribution are chosen to generate isolation trees, which can simultaneously reflect the anomalies in time domain and frequency domain. Then we calculate anomaly score by fusing the results of all isolation trees according to their ability to isolate samples containing LDoS attacks. Finally, the anomaly score is smoothed by weighted moving average algorithm to avoid errors caused by noise in the network. Experimental results of Network Simulator 2 (NS2), testbed, and public datasets (WIDE2018 and LBNL) demonstrate that this method does detect LDoS attacks effectively with lower false negative rate.

Unsupervised clustering reveals spatially varying single neuronal firing patterns in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease

IntroductionSubthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to reduce the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is important to identify firing patterns within the structure for a better understanding of the electro-pathophysiology of the disease. Using recently established metrics, our study aims to autonomously identify the discharge patterns of individual cells and examine their spatial distribution within the STN. MethodsWe recorded single unit activity (SUA) from 12 awake PD patients undergoing a standard clinical DBS surgery. Three extracted features from raw SUA (local variation, bursting index and prominence of peak) were used with k-means clustering to achieve the aforementioned unsupervised grouping of firing patterns. Results279 neurons were isolated and four distinct firing patterns were identified across patients: tonic (11%), irregular (55%), periodic (9%) and non-periodic bursts (25%). The mean firing rates for irregular discharges were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the rest. Tonic firings were significantly ventral (p < 0.05) while periodic (p < 0.05) and non-periodic (p < 0.01) bursts were dorsal. The percentage of periodically bursting neurons in dorsal region and entire STN were significantly correlated with off state UPDRS tremor scores (r = 0.51, p = 0.04) and improvement in bradykinesia and rigidity (r = 0.57, p = 0.02) respectively. ConclusionStrengthening the application of unsupervised clustering for firing patterns of individual cells, this study shows a unique spatial affinity of tonic activity towards the ventral and bursting activity towards the dorsal region of STN in PD patients. This spatial preference, together with the correlation of clinical scores, can provide a clue towards understanding Parkinsonian symptom generation.

A Soft Housing Needle Ultrasonic Transducer for Focal Stimulation to Small Animal Brain.

Conventional acoustic brain stimulators that transmit low frequency (< 1MHz) bursts in a pulse repetition frequency with large-sized transducers are barely compatible with small animal models because of broad beam width, possible stimulation of auditory pathways, and blocking of field-of-view for in vivo imaging of brain hemodynamics and neuronal activities. A miniaturized ultrasound stimulator with higher stimulation frequencies will enhance spatial specificity and enable simultaneous eliciting and monitoring brain activities. Moreover, the use of non-periodic pulse sequences may reduce unintended stimulations on auditory cortex, which might be caused by transmitting periodic bursting patterns. A platform for ultrasound brain stimulations for small animal models, including a soft housing 10MHz needle transducer with a beam size of 680μm, random transmission sequences, and optical imaging systems, was developed. The platform can deliver focal stimulations to the visual and barrel cortex of mice and monitor subsequent brain activities. The stimulated sites in both the visual and primary somatosensory cortices (S1) showed approximately two to three times higher neuronal calcium signal levels than those in peripheral regions. Activities in the auditory cortex were elicited by periodic sequence stimulation, while it was reduced by 67 and 35% for barrel and visual cortex stimulation with the random sequence, respectively.

Initial-induced coexisting and synchronous firing activities in memristor synapse-coupled Morris–Lecar bi-neuron network

A memristor synapse with threshold memductance is employed to couple two neurons for representation of the electromagnetic induction effect triggered by their membrane potential difference. This paper presents a memristor synapse-coupled bi-neuron network by bidirectionally coupling two three-dimensional heterogeneous or homogeneous Morris–Lecar neurons with such a memristor synapse. The memristive bi-neuron network possesses a line equilibrium set with its stability related to the induction coefficient and memristor initial value. Coexisting firing activities in the heterogeneous memristive bi-neuron network are explored using bifurcation plots, phase plots, and time sequences, upon which the initial-induced infinitely many firing patterns including hyperchaotic, chaotic, and periodic bursting and tonic-spiking patterns are disclosed, indicating the emergence of the initial-induced extreme multistability. Furthermore, synchronous firing activities in homogeneous memristive bi-neuron network are investigated using the time sequences, synchronization transition states, and mean synchronized errors. The results demonstrate that the synchronous firing activities are associated with the induction coefficient and specially associated with the initial values of memristor synapse and coupling neurons. Finally, an FPGA-based electronic bi-neuron network is designed to experimentally confirm the memristor initial-induced coexisting firing activities.

Bifurcation mechanism of periodic bursting in a simple three-element-based memristive circuit with fast-slow effect

Abstract The design and analysis of simple autonomous memristive circuits are of great significance in theoretical research and practical application of complex dynamics. This paper designs a simple autonomous three-element-based memristive circuit with fast-slow effect, which is constructed by parallel connecting an active second-order memristive diode bridge with a parallel LC filter. The corresponding mathematical model is established, upon which stability analysis of the equilibrium point is performed by Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Theoretical derivation results indicate that the presented memristive circuit is always unstable, and then complex dynamical behaviors of period, chaos, quasi-period, and periodic bursting oscillation are numerically revealed through phase plane orbit, time-domain sequence, Lyapunov exponent spectrum and bifurcation diagram. In addition, bifurcation mechanisms of the periodic bursting behavior are further explored by fast-slow dynamics analysis, from which it can be found that the periodic bursting oscillation of the presented memristive circuit is a type of symmetric fold/Hopf cycle-cycle bursting oscillation. Especially, two types of dynamical behaviors of quasi-periodic oscillation and periodic bursting oscillation with a symmetric fold/Hopf cycle-cycle burster simultaneously appear in such a simple autonomous memristive circuit is amusing, which has never been reported in the previous literatures.

Cystometric Measurements in Rats with an Experimentally Induced Traumatic Brain Injury and Voiding Dysfunction: A Time-Course Study.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a serious public health issue worldwide with increased mortality as well as severe disabilities and injuries caused by falls and road accidents. Unfortunately, there is no approved therapy for TBIs, and bladder dysfunction is a striking symptom. Accordingly, we attempted to analyze bladder dysfunction and voiding efficiency in rats with a TBI at different time-course intervals. Time-dependent analyses were scheduled from the next day until four weeks after a TBI. Experimental animals were grouped and analyzed under the above conditions. Cystometric measurements were used for this analysis and were further elaborated as external urethral sphincter electromyographic (EUS-EMG) activity and cystometrogram (CMG) measurements. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were conducted to investigate secondary injury progression in TBI rats, and results were compared to normal control (NC) rats. Results of EUS-EMG revealed that the burst period, active period, and silent period in TBI rats were drastically reduced compared to NC rats, but they increased later and reached a stagnant phase. Likewise, in CMG measurements, bladder function, the voided volume, and voiding efficiency decreased immediately after the TBI, and other parameters like the volume threshold, inter-contraction interval, and residual volume drastically increased. Later, those levels changed, and all observed results were compared to NC rats. MRI results revealed the prevalence of cerebral edema and the progression of secondary injury. All of the above-stated results of the experiments were extensively substantiated. Thus, these innovative findings of our study model will surely pave the way for new therapeutic interventions for TBI treatment and prominently highlight their applications in the field of neuroscience in the future.

Predicting slow and fast neuronal dynamics with machine learning.

In this work, we employ reservoir computing, a recently developed machine learning technique, to predict the time evolution of neuronal activity produced by the Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal model. Our results show accurate short- and long-term predictions for periodic (tonic and bursting) neuronal behaviors, but only short-term accurate predictions for chaotic neuronal states. However, after the accuracy of the short-term predictability deteriorates in the chaotic regime, the predicted output continues to display similarities with the actual neuronal behavior. This is reinforced by a striking resemblance between the bifurcation diagrams of the actual and of the predicted outputs. Error analyses of the reservoir's performance are consistent with standard results previously obtained.

The local repolarization heterogeneity in the murine pulmonary veins myocardium contributes to the spatial distribution of the adrenergically induced ectopic foci.

An atrial tachyarrhythmias is predominantly triggered by a proarrhythmic activity originate from the pulmonary veins (PV) myocardial sleeves; sympathetic or adrenergic stimulation facilitates PV proarrhythmia. In the present study the electrophysiological inhomogeneity, spatiotemporal characteristics of the adrenergically induced ectopic firing and sympathetic nerves distribution have been investigated in a murine PV myocardium to clarify mechanisms of adrenergic PV ectopy. Electrically paced murine PV demonstrate atrial-like pattern of conduction and atrial-like action potentials (AP) with longest duration in the mouth of PV. The application of norepinephrine (NE), agonists of α- and β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) or intracardiac nerves stimulation induced spontaneous AP in a form of periodical bursts or continuous firing. NE- or ARs agonists-induced SAP originated from unifocal ectopic foci with predominant localization in the region surrounding PV mouth, but not in the distal portions of a murine PV myocardium. A higher level of catecholamine content and catecholamine fiber network density was revealed in the PV myocardial sleeves relative to LA appendage. However, no significant local variation of catecholamine content and fiber density was observed in the murine PV. In conclusion, PV mouth region appear to be a most susceptible to adrenergic proarrhythmia in mice. Intrinsic spatial heterogeneity of AP duration can be considered as a factor influencing localization of the ectopic foci in PV.

Isolation and Genome Sequencing of a Novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phage PA-YS35.

Phage PA-YS35 is a novel lytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage belonging to the Myoviridae family and was isolated from the sewage of the First Hospital of Jilin University. The biological properties testing indicated that phage PA-YS35 is stable between -20 and 60°C and pH 4-9. The one-step growth curve shows that the latent period of PA-YS35 was 9 min, and the burst period was about 21 min by the size of approximately 380 progeny phages per host cell. The genome of phage PA-YS35 is linear double-stranded DNA with a size of 93,296 bp and a GC content of 49.35%. The results from RAST gene annotation analysis showed that the PA-YS35 genome contains 172 open reading frames (ORFs); the function of 41 ORFs can be predicted, whereas the product of remaining 131 ORFs are hypothetical proteins. According to phylogenetic tree of RNA ligase encoding sequence, phage PA-YS35 has a close evolutionary relationship with Pseudomonas phage PAK P1 because both of them are located on the same branch. The study of phage PA-YS35 genome will provide useful information for further research on the interaction between phages and their hosts.

Interference mitigation techniques for a dense heterogeneous area network in machine‐to‐machine communications

AbstractWith the advent of machine‐to‐machine communications, various networking consumer industrial, and autonomous systems exchange messages in the real world in order to achieve their objectives. Parts of these systems are comprised of short‐range wireless networks in the form of clusters that collectively cover a large geographical area. In these clusters, the nodes that represent the cluster heads need to deal with two types of communications, ie, one is within the cluster and the other is from the cluster to the sink node. As the number of clusters increases, it takes multiple hops for the cluster head to forward data to the sink node, thus resulting in a low packet delivery rate (PDR) and throughput. To solve this problem, we propose a heterogeneous area network in which the cluster head is equipped with two types of radios, ie, the IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11 radios. The former is for the devices within the cluster to communicate, whereas the latter is for the cluster heads to communicate to the sink node. Although the IEEE 802.11 links increase the link capacity, the IEEE 802.11 radio and the IEEE 802.15.4 radio might share the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, thus giving rise to the internetwork collisions or interference. To tackle this problem and to maintain decent quality of service for the network, we subsequently present two interference mitigation techniques, in which a blank burst period is proposed so that the IEEE 802.15.4 radios can be suspended while the IEEE 802.11 radios are active. Simulation results show the proposed two methods can effectively mitigate the internetwork collisions and are superior to the existing technique, which uses an adaptive aggregation technique to mitigate the internetwork collisions.

Electric Tree Characteristics of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Insulation Composites with Different Contents

Electric tree aging due to the action of long-term partial discharge stress of epoxy resin casting insulation is a major problem in electrical engineering. On the discharge experimental platform, initiation and culture experiments of the electric trees were carried out at a power frequency voltage of 20 kV. The mass fractions of the spherical glass fibers were 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 %. The results showed that the electrical dendritic process of epoxy resin experienced initiation, growth, lag and burst periods, the phase maps of the corresponding partial discharges in the four periods were all “mountain-like”. The electric tree of pure epoxy resin showed a typical dendritic structure, after the glass fiber was properly added, the electric tree became lighter in color with a more complicated shape, the damage also became more serious, however, the growth of the electric branch was suppressed. The electric tree aging channel of the epoxy resin appeared black and under microscopy the micro-branched channel wall appeared white. When the amount of glass fiber was 2 %, the initiation time of the electric trees was prolonged, the growth rate of the electric trees decreased and suppressing development of the electric tree branches was optimal.

Hydrogel-Mediated DOX⋅HCl/PTX Delivery System for Breast Cancer Therapy.

We used a hydrogel-mediated dual drug delivery approach, based on an injectable glycol chitosan (GC) hydrogel, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX⋅HCl), and a complex of beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and paclitaxel (PTX) (GDCP) for breast cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo. The hydrogel was swollen over 3 days and remained so thereafter. After an initial burst period of 7 hours, the two drugs were released in a sustained manner for 7 days. The in vitro cell viability test showed that GDCP had a better anticancer effect than well plate and DOX⋅HCl/PTX (DP). In addition, the in vivo tests, which evaluated the anticancer effect, systemic toxicity, and histology, proved the feasibility of GDCP as a clinical therapy for breast cancer.

Clinico-demographic, Investigation and Outcomes Profiles of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Patients at A Referral Neurology Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: SSPE is a late complication of measles and is fatal in most cases.&#x0D; Objectives: The purpose of the study was to observe the clinico-demographic, investigation and outcome profiles of SSPE patients.&#x0D; Methodology: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Neurophysiology at National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September 2014 to August 2017. Patients of SSPE who were diagnosed by Dyken's Criteria were selected as study population. Details socio-demographic, clinical profiles, investigations and outcome were recorded. The outcome was assessed from the time of first onset of the symptoms till closing of the study.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the study population was 14.3±4.209 years with the male predominance (73.5%). Majority were from rural area (70.6%) and were of low socio-economic condition (52.9%). The mean age of onset of disease was 13.6±4.30 years. History of previous measles infection was reported in 13(38.2%) cases among which 12(92.3%) cases were vaccinated. The mean age of measles infection was 17.0±15.44 months. The time of first symptom of SSPE from primary measles infection was 11.50±4.80 years. Recurrent fall (47.1%) and myoclonic jerks (17.6%) were the most frequent initial symptoms of the patient. Cognitive decline was observed in 28(82.4%) cases. EEG background was slow in 23(67.6%) patients and periodic burst was observed in all (100.0%) cases. Anti-measles antibody in CSF was positive in all cases. MRI was abnormal in 7(25.9%) cases out of 27 cases. Twelve (35.3%) patients died, 18(52.9%) were alive and 4(11.8%) were lost to follow up when the study was closed.&#x0D; Conclusion: Early aged male from lower socioeconomic condition are found to be suffering from SSPE. Recurrent fall is the commonest initial presentation. Spontaneous recovery can occur in very few patients.&#x0D; Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2019;5(2): 97-100

Different transitions of bursting and mixed-mode oscillations in Liénard system

In this paper, we present the emergence of bursting oscillations, mixed-mode oscillations and transient chaos in the forced Liénard system. The system exhibits intriguing dynamical transitions such as from chaotic bursting oscillations to spiking trains via periodic bursting oscillations, period doubling mixed-mode oscillations route to chaos, and intermittent mixed-mode oscillations on variation of the nonlinear damping coefficient as the control parameter. In addition, the system transits from spiking trains to chaotic bursting oscillations through successive period adding sequences of bursting oscillations upon variation of the strength of nonlinearity. Besides the system exhibits transient chaos also. We believe that it is for the first time that these multiplicity of dynamical behaviors and transitions are reported in a single model. We validate our numerical investigations with the help of experimental observations using a simple nonlinear electronic circuit implementation of the model.

Fast–Slow Dynamics and Bifurcation Mechanism in a Novel Chaotic System

This paper proposes a novel three-dimensional chaotic system with multiple coexisting attractors, where different values of a constant control parameter may drive the chaotic behaviors to evolve from single-scroll to double-scroll attractors. When the controlling term is replaced by a periodic harmonic excitation where the exciting frequency is far less than the natural frequency, chaotic movement may disappear, while periodic bursting oscillations will take place. Based on the fact that during a period defined by the natural frequency, the exciting term keeps almost a constant, the whole exciting term can be regarded as a slow-varying parameter resulting in a generalized autonomous system, its equilibrium branches as well as the related bifurcations occurring with the variation of the slow-varying parameter are derived. With the increase of the exciting amplitude, asymmetric and symmetric bursting attractors can be observed, for which the mechanism can be analyzed by the overlap of the equilibrium branches and the transformed phase portraits. With different values of the exciting amplitude corresponding to the change region of the slow-varying parameter, different bifurcations such as fold and Hopf bifurcations may involve the bursting structures, leading to different types of bursting oscillations. Furthermore, the phase space can be divided into two regions by a line boundary because of the symmetry of the vector field. When the trajectory from one region returning to the region arrives at the boundary, two asymmetric bursting attractors located in different regions coexist, which are symmetric to each other. However, when the trajectory passes across the boundary, an enlarged symmetric bursting attractor can be observed, whose trajectory connects the two original asymmetric attractors. Furthermore, it is found that when the trajectory runs along a stable equilibrium branch to the bifurcation point, it may move almost strictly along an unstable equilibrium branch of the fast subsystem because of the delay influence of the bifurcation.

Chaotic Bursting Dynamics and Coexisting Multistable Firing Patterns in 3D Autonomous Morris–Lecar Model and Microcontroller-Based Validations

A three-dimensional (3D) autonomous Morris–Lecar (simplified as M–L) neuron model with fast and slow structures was proposed to generate periodic bursting behaviors. However, chaotic bursting dynamics and coexisting multistable firing patterns have been rarely discussed in such a 3D M–L neuron model. For some specified model parameters, MATLAB numerical plots are executed by bifurcation plots, time sequences, phase plane plots, and 0–1 tests, from which diverse forms of chaotic bursting, chaotic tonic-spiking, and periodic bursting behaviors are uncovered in the 3D M–L neuron model. Furthermore, based on the theoretically constructing fold/Hopf bifurcation sets of the fast subsystem, the bifurcation mechanism for the chaotic bursting behaviors is thereby expounded qualitatively. Particularly, through numerically plotting the attraction basins related to the initial states under two sets of specific parameters, coexisting multistable firing patterns are demonstrated in the 3D M–L neuron model also. Finally, a digitally circuit-implemented electronic neuron is generated based on a low-power microcontroller and its experimentally captured results faultlessly validate the numerical plots.