Motor Performance Research Articles

Markers of Biological Brain Aging Mediate Effects of Vascular Risk Factors on Cognitive and Motor Functions: A Multivariate Imaging Analysis of 40,579 Individuals.

The increasing global life expectancy brings forth challenges associated with age-related cognitive and motor declines. To better understand underlying mechanisms, we investigated the connection between markers of biological brain aging based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cognitive and motor performance, as well as modifiable vascular risk factors, using a large-scale neuroimaging analysis in 40,579 individuals of the population-based UK Biobank and Hamburg City Health Study. Employing partial least squares correlation analysis (PLS), we investigated multivariate associative effects between three imaging markers of biological brain aging - relative brain age, white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin, and peak-width of skeletonized mean diffusivity - and multi-domain cognitive test performances and motor test results. The PLS identified a latent dimension linking higher markers of biological brain aging to poorer cognitive and motor performances, accounting for 94.7% of shared variance. Furthermore, a mediation analysis revealed that biological brain aging mediated the relationship of vascular risk factors - including hypertension, glucose, obesity, and smoking - to cognitive and motor function. These results were replicable in both cohorts. By integrating multi-domain data with a comprehensive methodological approach, our study contributes evidence of a direct association between vascular health, biological brain aging, and functional cognitive as well as motor performance, emphasizing the need for early and targeted preventive strategies to maintain cognitive and motor independence in aging populations.

Clinical and physiological risk factors contributing to the restricted mobility in older adults: a longitudinal analysis

BackgroundMobility limitations (e.g., using wheelchair) have been closely linked to diminished functional independence and quality of life in older adults. The regulation of mobility is pertaining to multiple neurophysiologic and sociodemographic factors. We here aimed to characterize the relationships of these factors to the risk of restricted mobility in older adults.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, 668 older adults with intact mobility at baseline completed the baseline assessments of clinical characteristics, cognitive function, sleep quality, activities of daily living (ADL), walking performance, beat-to-beat blood pressure, and structural MRI of the brain. Then 506 of them (mean age = 70.7 ± 7.5 years) responded to the follow-up interview on the mobility limitation (as defined by if using wheelchair, cane, or walkers, or being disabled and lying on the bed) after 18 ± 3.5 months. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between the baseline characteristics and the follow-up mobility restriction.ResultsAt baseline, compared to intact-mobility group (n = 475), restricted-mobility group (n = 31) were older, with lower score of ADL and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), greater score of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), poorer cardio- and cerebral vascular function, and slower walking speeds (ps < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that participants who were with history of falls, uncontrolled-hypertension, and/or greater Fazekas scale (odds ratios (ORs):1.3 ~ 13.9, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.1 ~ 328.2), walked slower, and/or with lower ADL score (ORs: 0.0026 ~ 0.9; 95%CI: 0.0001 ~ 0.99) at baseline, would have significantly greater risk of restricted mobility (p < 0.05; VIFs = 1.2 ~ 1.9).ConclusionsThese findings provide novel profile of potential risk factors, including vascular characteristics, psycho-cognitive and motor performance, for the development of restricted mobility in near future in older adults, ultimately helping the design of appropriate clinical and rehabilitative programs for mobility in this population.

Optimized Deep Belief Network for Efficient Fault Detection in Induction Motor

Numerous industrial applications depend heavily on induction motors and their malfunction causes considerable financial losses. Induction motors in industrial processes have recently expanded dramatically in size, and complexity of defect identification and diagnostics for such systems has increased as well. As a result, research has concentrated on developing novel methods for the quick and accurate identification of induction motor problems.In response to these needs, this paper provides an optimised algorithm for analysing the performance of an induction motor. To analyse the operation of induction motors, an enhanced methodology on Deep Belief Networks (DBN) is introduced for recovering properties from the sensor identified vibration signals. Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is stacked utilizing multiple units of DBN model, which is then trained adopting Ant colony algorithm.An innovative method of feature extraction for autonomous fault analysis in manufacturing is provided by experimental investigations utilising vibration signals and overall accuracy of 99.8% is obtained, which therefore confirms the efficiency of DBN architecture for features extraction.

Upper Limb Robots for Recovery of Motor Arm Function in Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Robot technology to support upper limb (UL) rehabilitation poststroke has rapidly developed over the past 3 decades. We aimed to assess the effects of UL-robots (UL-RTs) on recovery of UL motor functioning and capacity poststroke when compared with any non-UL-RT and to identify variables that are associated with the found effect sizes (ESs). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing UL-RTs with any other intervention on patients with UL limitations poststroke were identified in electronic searches from PubMed, Wiley/Cochrane Libraries, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, SportDISCUS, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and Google Scholar from inception until August 1, 2022. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Meta-analyses were performed for measures of UL-muscle synergism, muscle power, muscle tone, capacity, self-reported motor performance, and basic activities of daily living (ADLs). Subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were applied to identify factors potentially associated with found ESs. Analyses were performed using Review Manager version 5.4 or IBM SPSS statistics version 27. Ninety RCTs (N = 4,311) were included (median PEDro score 6 [6-7]). Meta-analyses of 86 trials (N = 4,240) showed small significant improvements in UL-muscle synergism (Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the UL [FM-UL]) (mean difference 2.23 [1.11-3.35]), muscle power (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.39 [0.16-0.61]), motor performance (SMD 0.11 [0.00-0.21]), and basic ADLs (SMD 0.28 [0.10-0.45]). No overall effects were found for muscle tone (SMD -0.1 [-0.26 to 0.07]) or UL-capacity (SMD 0.04 [-0.10 to 0.18]), except with exoskeletons (SMD 0.27 [0.10-0.43]). Meta-regressions showed a significant positive association between baseline mean FM-UL and ESs for UL-capacity (r = 0.339; p = 0.03), in particular in the acute and early-subacute phases poststroke (r = 0.65; p = 0.01). No further significant subgroup differences or associations were found in our analyses. The small significant effects found at the level of motor impairment do not show generalization to clinically meaningful effects at the level of UL-capacity. Meta-regressions suggest that selected participants with some potential of UL-recovery may benefit most from UL-RT, especially earlier poststroke. The robustness and consistency of our findings suggest that the development of the next generation of UL-RT needs to be guided by a better mechanistic understanding about assumed underlying interaction effects between motor learning and motor recovery poststroke. A prospectively registered study protocol is available in the PROSPERO database under ID CRD42020197450.

Evaluasi Penggerak Mesin Pengolahan Tandan Kosong (EFB) dengan Menggunakan Motor Induksi di PT. Suryabumi Argo Langgeng Sumatra Selatan

The research issues include the performance of three-phase induction motors and the impact of load on three-phase induction motors. This study aims to develop a driving system for empty fruit bunches (EFB) processing machines using induction motors at PT. Suryabumi Agro Langgeng, South Sumatra. The research was conducted at PT. Suryabumi Agro Langgeng in South Sumatra, from May to June 2024. Primary data in this research were obtained through observation and interviews, while secondary data were gathered from document analysis. In the context of this research on three-phase induction motors, document analysis techniques can be used to analyze various documents such as scientific literature, technical specifications, maintenance reports, production records, or other documents related to induction motors. The research methods include system requirements analysis, system design and implementation of the driving system, and performance testing of the developed system. The results show that the use of induction motors can provide better operational efficiency in EFB processing. This research is expected to contribute positively to improving the efficiency and productivity of PT. Suryabumi Agro Langgeng's operations.

Load torque observation and compensation for permanent magnet synchronous motor based on sliding mode observer

Background Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are widely used in various industries. However, in practical applications, the time-varying nature of load torque may lead to speed fluctuations, negatively impacting the motor's control performance and stability. To mitigate these issues, this paper proposes a load torque observation method for PMSMs based on a sliding mode observer. Methods The sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the load torque and convert it into a current, which is fed back as a feedforward compensation to the q-axis current in the current closed-loop control system. The observer's dynamic performance is optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) between the observer and the actual system state. Experimental tests are conducted on a motor torque testing platform. After stabilizing the motor at 800rpm, a sudden torque of 0.5Nm is applied. Results Compared to the situation without load torque compensation, the motor speed fluctuations are reduced by approximately 60% after adding load torque compensation. Conclusions This enhancement improves the system's speed control performance during torque variations and increases the system's robustness and disturbance rejection capability.

Exploring the Real-Time Variability and Complexity of Sitting Patterns in Office Workers with Non-Specific Chronic Spinal Pain and Pain-Free Individuals.

Chronic spinal pain (CSP) is a prevalent condition, and prolonged sitting at work can contribute to it. Ergonomic factors like this can cause changes in motor variability. Variability analysis is a useful method to measure changes in motor performance over time. When performing the same task multiple times, different performance patterns can be observed. This variability is intrinsic to all biological systems and is noticeable in human movement. This study aims to examine whether changes in movement variability and complexity during real-time office work are influenced by CSP. The hypothesis is that individuals with and without pain will have different responses to office work tasks. Six office workers without pain and ten with CSP participated in this study. Participant's trunk movements were recorded during work for an entire week. Linear and nonlinear measures of trunk kinematic displacement were used to assess movement variability and complexity. A mixed ANOVA was utilized to compare changes in movement variability and complexity between the two groups. The effects indicate that pain-free participants showed more complex and less predictable trunk movements with a lower degree of structure and variability when compared to the participants suffering from CSP. The differences were particularly noticeable in fine movements.

Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease with Bilateral Dorsal Striatum Lesion with 6-Hydroxydopamine Exhibits Cognitive Apathy-like Behavior.

Among the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), apathy comprises a set of behavioral, affective, and cognitive features that can be classified into several subtypes. However, the pathophysiology and brain regions that are involved in these different apathy subtypes are still poorly characterized. We examined which subtype of apathy is elicited in a mouse model of PD with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions and the behavioral symptoms that are exhibited. Male C57/BL6J mice were allocated to sham (n = 8) and 6-OHDA (n = 13) groups and locally injected with saline or 4 µg 6-OHDA bilaterally in the dorsal striatum. We then conducted motor performance tests and apathy-related behavioral experiments. We then pathologically evaluated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. The 6-OHDA group exhibited significant impairments in motor function. In the behavioral tests of apathy, significant differences were observed between the sham and 6-OHDA groups in the hole-board test and novelty-suppressed feeding test. The 6-OHDA group exhibited impairments in inanimate novel object preference, whereas social preference was maintained in the three-chamber test. The number of TH+ pixels in the caudate putamen and substantia nigra compacta was significantly reduced in the 6-OHDA group. The present mouse model of PD predominantly showed dorsal striatum dopaminergic neuronal loss and a decrease in novelty seeking as a symptom that is related to the cognitive apathy component.

The role of different acoustic environmental stimuli on manual dexterity.

Music has been reported to facilitate motor performance. However, there is no data on the effects of different acoustic environmental stimuli on manual dexterity. The present observational study aimed at investigating the effects of background music and noise on a manual dexterity task in young, middle-aged and elderly subjects. Sixty healthy, right-handed subjects aged between 18 and 80 years were enrolled. Twenty young (mean age: 22±2 years), 20 middle-aged (mean age: 55±8 years) and 20 elderly (mean age: 72±5 years) subjects performed the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) in four different acoustic environments: silence (noise < 20dBA), classical music at 60dBA, rock music at 70 dBA, and a noise stimulus at 80dBA. Performance was recorded using an optical motion capture system and retro-reflective markers (SMART DX, 400, BTS). Outcome measures included the total test time and peg-grasp, peg-transfer, peg-in-hole, hand-return, and removing phases times. Normalized jerk, mean and peak of velocity during transfer and return phases were also computed. No differences were found for NHPT phases and total times, normalized jerk, peak of velocity and mean velocity between four acoustic conditions (p>0.05). Between-group differences were found for NHPT total time, where young subjects revealed better performance than elderly (p˂0.001) and middle-aged (p˂0.001) groups. Music and noise stimuli in the considered range of intensity had no influence on the execution of a manual dexterity task in young, middle-aged and elderly subjects. These findings may have implications for working, sportive and rehabilitative activities.

Switching Current Predictive Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on the Exponential Moving Average Algorithm

To improve the dynamic and steady-state control performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors under the three-vector model predictive current control method, this study proposes a switching current predictive control method based on the exponential moving average algorithm, which evaluates the magnitude of the change of the q-axis current slope in real time to discriminate the motor’s operating conditions and selects the optimal control method for different operating conditions. Meanwhile, the traditional three-vector model predictive current control method is improved by introducing a comparison mechanism for the q-axis current slope to select the second effective voltage vector, avoiding the secondary optimization calculation of the value function and reducing the computational complexity of the traditional method. By comparing the proposed method with the traditional three-vector model predictive current control method, the experimental results prove that the proposed method improves the system’s dynamic response and steady-state performance.

Optimized Discrete Nonlinear Control of Alternating Current Three-Phase Motors via an Industrial Variable Frequency Drive

This article presents a suboptimal nonlinear control strategy to improve the dynamics of a three-phase alternating current (AC) motor. Using dynamic programming, the calculation of the Bellman function is avoided by determining a suboptimal control sequence that locally minimizes a quadratic performance index at each step. The motor’s fixed-frame nonlinear mathematical model controls the stator currents, rotor magnetic fluxes, and rotor angular speed by applying voltages to the stator. Experimental tests are conducted using a Delta VFD007EL11A variable frequency drive (VFD), demonstrating improved motor state behavior and performance compared to an optimal proportional integral (PI) control and a fixed reference input in the VFD. The experiments include set point changes and a comparative analysis of the energy consumption between both controllers considering two cases: free and with load on the motor shaft.

Effects of Specific Dual Task Training on Change of Direction Ability, Cognitive Flexibility, and Inhibition in Young Soccer Players.

In the current study we aimed to investigate the effect of specific dual task training (SDTT) compared to conventional soccer training (CST) on motor and cognitive performances in U13 elite soccer players. Twenty-four young soccer players (all males) participated in this study. We measured their change of direction ability (CODA) and cognitive performances (cognitive flexibility and inhibition) before and after four weeks in either the SDTT group or the CST group. We administered the Trail-Making Test (TMT) to evaluate cognitive flexibility and the Stroop test to evaluate cognitive inhibition. We assessed CODA using the t test (TT). After training, CODA (p < .001), cognitive flexibility (p < .001), and inhibition (p < .001) were improved only in the SDTT group. These results suggest that SDTT seems more suitable than CST to optimally improve both CODA and cognitive performances in U13 elite soccer players.

Evaluating EEG neurofeedback in sport psychology: a systematic review of RCT studies for insights into mechanisms and performance improvement.

Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback Training (EEG NFT) aims to improve sport performance by teaching athletes to control their mental states, leading to better cognitive, emotional, and physical outcomes. The psychomotor efficiency hypothesis suggests that optimizing brain function could enhance athletic ability, indicating the potential of EEG NFT. However, evidence for EEG-NFT's ability to alter critical brain activity patterns, such as sensorimotor rhythm and frontal midline theta-key for concentration and relaxation-is not fully established. Current research lacks standardized methods and comprehensive studies. This shortfall is due to inconsistent EEG target selection and insufficient focus on coherence in training. This review aims to provide empirical support for EEG target selection, conduct detailed control analyses, and examine the specificity of electrodes and frequencies to relation to the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis. Following the PRISMA method, 2,869 empirical studies were identified from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and PsycINFO. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria: (i) proficient skill levels; (ii) use of EEG; (iii) neurofeedback training (NFT); (iv) motor performance metrics (reaction time, precision, dexterity, balance); (v) control group for NFT comparison; (vi) peer-reviewed English-language publication; and (vii) randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Studies indicate that NFT can enhance sports performance, including improvements in shooting accuracy, golf putting, and overall motor skills, as supported by the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis. EEG NFT demonstrates potential in enhancing sports performance by optimizing performers' mental states and psychomotor efficiency. However, the current body of research is hampered by inconsistent methodologies and a lack of standardized EEG target selection. To strengthen the empirical evidence supporting EEG NFT, future studies need to focus on standardizing target selection, employing rigorous control analyses, and investigating underexplored EEG markers. These steps are vital to bolster the evidence for EEG NFT and enhance its effectiveness in boosting sport performance.

Pre-movement muscle co-contraction associated with motor performance deterioration under high reward conditions

Reward usually enhances task performance, but exceptionally large rewards can impede performance due to psychological pressure. In this study, we investigated motor activity changes in high-reward situations and identified indicators for performance decline. Fourteen healthy adults practiced a velocity-dependent right-hand motor task for three days, followed by a test day with varying monetary reward for each trial. Participants were divided into low performers (LPs) and high performers (HPs) according to whether success rate decreased or increased, respectively, on the highest reward trials compared to lower reward trials. Both LPs and HPs demonstrated increased hand velocity during higher reward trials, but only LPs exhibited a significant increase in velocity variance. There was also a negative correlation between the pre-movement co-contraction index (CCI) of the biceps and triceps muscles and success rate on the highest reward trials. This correlation was confirmed in a second experiment with 12 newly recruited participants, suggesting that pre-movement CCI is a marker for performance decline caused by high reward. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce pre-movement CCI such as biofeedback training could be useful for preventing the paradoxical decline in motor performance associated with high rewards.

Complex decongestive therapy improves finger tapping score in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) impairs upper limb function and cognitive performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fifteen sessions of complex decongestive therapy (CDT) on fine motor performance and information processing speed in women with BCRL. Thirty-eight women with BCRL (54.97 ± 10.78years) were recruited in the study. Participants either received five times weekly CDT consisting of manual lymphatic drainage, skin care, compression bandaging, and remedial exercises (n = 19) or served as a wait-list control group (n = 19). We used the Finger Tapping Task to assess fine motor performance and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test to assess information processing speed. ANCOVA was performed to analyze the effect of CDT on the dependent variables, adjusting for covariates and baseline values. CDT significantly improved finger tapping score (p < 0.001) compared to the wait-list to the control group, whereas information processing speed did not significantly change (p = 0.673). The findings suggest that CDT is an effective conservative therapeutic approach to improve upper extremity fine motor function in women with BCRL. Future studies are needed to investigate the effect of CDT on different cognitive domains.

Genus Sambucus: Exploring Its Potential as a Functional Food Ingredient with Neuroprotective Properties Mediated by Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms.

The genus Sambucus, mainly Sambucus nigra, has emerged as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential neuroprotective properties. This review explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroregenerative effects of Sambucus-derived compounds and their implications for brain health and cognitive function. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of Sambucus extracts to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. In vivo studies using animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, have shown that Sambucus compounds can improve cognitive function, motor performance, and neuronal survival while attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. The neuroprotective effects of Sambucus are primarily attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert their benefits through multiple mechanisms, including the modulation of signaling pathways involved in inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the potential of Sambucus as a functional food ingredient is discussed, highlighting its application in various food products and the challenges associated with the stability and bioavailability of its bioactive compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the neuroprotective potential of Sambucus and its derivatives, offering valuable insights for the development of dietary strategies to promote brain health and prevent age-related cognitive decline.

Relationship between somatosensory and visuo-perceptual impairments and motor functions in adults with hemiparetic cerebral palsy.

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) exhibit a variety of sensory impairments that can interfere with motor performance, but how these impairments persist into adulthood needs further investigation. The objective of this study was to describe the sensory impairments in adults having CP and how they relate to motor impairments. Nineteen adults having CP performed a set of robotic and clinical assessments. These assessments were targeting different sensory functions and motor functions (bilateral and unilateral tasks). Frequency of each type of impairments was determined by comparing individual results to normative data. Association between the sensory and motor impairments was assessed with Spearman correlation coefficient. Impairment in stereognosis was the most frequent, affecting 57.9% of participants. Although less frequently impaired (26.3%), tactile discrimination was associated with all the motor tasks (unilateral and bilateral, either robotic or clinical). Performance in robotic motor assessments was more frequently associated with sensory impairments than with clinical assessments. Finally, sensory impairments were not more closely associated with bilateral tasks than with unilateral tasks. Somatosensory and visuo-perceptual impairments are frequent among adults with CP, with 84.2% showing impairments in at least one sensory function. These sensory impairments show a moderate association with motor impairments.

Daytime Sleep Problems Are Related to Fine Motor Function in Persons with Down Syndrome

ABSTRACT Given the high prevalence of sleep problems and fine motor deficits that have been reported in persons with Down syndrome (DS), this study was to investigate the effect of sleep-related problems occurring during the day on fine motor function (i.e. manual dexterity and handgrip strength) in persons with DS. We also tested the moderating role of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in the link between sleep-related problems occurring during the day and fine motor function. It was hypothesised that subtle sleep-related problems occurring during the day would significantly predict fine motor performance. Fifty-two persons with DS, aged 13–54, participated and caregivers completed a sleep questionnaire for their children with DS. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated a greater frequency of sleep-related problems occurring during the day significantly predicted greater manual dexterity deficits. Results also suggested that OSA was the moderator for the association between sleep-related problems occurring during the day and manual dexterity. This study has highlighted the importance of exploring sleep problems that might impair fine motor performance for the DS population in their everyday lives. Additional studies are needed to develop effective interventions to promote sleep hygiene and fine motor development in this population.

Heuristic power management of hybrid source electric vehicle based on PV-battery-PEMFC

Renewable energy sources are now being focused on for usage in electric vehicles. Although majority of electric vehicles run solely on batteries, they have eliminated local emissions but not pollution. To tackle this issue, this research looks into the performance and power management aspects of an electric vehicle's hybrid power system, with a particular emphasis on the interactions between fuel cells, batteries, and photovoltaic (PV) cells. Stable operation is ensured via a bi-directional buck-boost converter, which maintains the voltage from all sources around reference 430 V. Initially, the fuel cell supplies electricity under low light conditions. The PV system and battery take over when the irradiance surpasses 100 W/m2, with the battery first draining and then charging in tandem with the increase in irradiance. 1750 RPM is the constant motor speed that is reached after making the required torque adjustments. A model full electric vehicle with multiple sources has been proposed with an efficient power management algorithm. When the battery is in stationary mode and the state of charge (SOC) is less than 100%, extra solar power is used to charge the battery. The model also takes into consideration using the car for entertainment or gadget charging when the ignition is off. The biogas output can be regulated using an inferential control technique using artificial neural network (ANN) based on the fuel demand or consumption. The system also includes anaerobic digestion of organic waste to provide hydrogen for the fuel cell sustainably from biogas. Power, current, SOC profiles, motor performance graphs, and other validations show that the extensive simulations exhibit efficient power management and a strong model for hybrid electric car power systems. The model has been simulated in the MATLAB Simulink environment and has been tested under realistic conditions.

Modeling and Study of Different Magnet Topologies in Rotor of Low Rating IPMSMs

A study and performance analysis of magnet positions in different topology on the surface of rotor in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) based on finite element method is observed here. A 3-phase interior PMSM is numerically simulated with ANSYS Maxwell 2018.1. Differently positioned permanent magnets improve the performance of PMSMs. Apart from handling nonlinear equations, FEM is used for simulation. ANSYS is used to analyze PMSM performance under variable conditions. This proposal examines a three-phase, 0.55 kW PMSM at 220 V, 50 Hz. Here rotor topologies of five types, namely, (i) spoke/tangential, (ii) saturable bridge / u-shape, (iii) V-shape, (iv) radial, and (v) segmented bridge permanent magnet rotor are taken for observation. The motive of this study is to analyze the performance of PMSMs in different rotor designs with different magnet positions. All topologies have been modeled and simulated with ANSYS. Each topology is compared in terms of electromagnetic and mechanical parameters. The 2D model is used to model the distribution of magnetic fields and the performance of operating parameters under transient and steady-state conditions. Magnetic flux, and efficiency are heavily influenced by the rotor shape with the volume of magnet. A study of radial force distribution and mechanical stress across rotor surface is also discussed. Motor performance is affected by the design of PMs.