Performance Of Solar System Research Articles

Comprehensive evaluation on the performance of a novel solar seawater desalination system

To address the scarcity of freshwater in isolated coastal areas without electricity, a novel solar seawater desalination system consisting of an efficient evacuated U-tube solar collector and hydrophilic modified tubular still is theoretically proposed. Based on the laws of thermodynamics, mathematical expressions for the freshwater yield rate, exergy efficiency and energy efficiency of the solar seawater desalination system are derived and used to predict the performance features. Under a solar irradiation intensity of 1000 W m−2, the freshwater yield rate, exergy efficiency and energy efficiency are, respectively, 2.75 kg m−2 h−1, 5.17 %, and 46.58 %, showing a bright prospect. To further enhance the performance, extensive parametric studies are conducted. Results indicate that increasing the working fluid flow rate, environment temperature, while decreasing the inlet water temperature of evacuated U-tube solar collector, wind velocity, as well as the hydrophilic modified tubular still tubular shell diameter and length, have a positive impact on the performance of solar seawater desalination system. Local sensitivity analyses further reveal that the wind velocity is the most sensitive variable, while the working fluid flow rate is the least sensitive variable. Based on the weather data from Ningbo, China, case studies reveal that, under realistic solar irradiation intensities of 964.25 W m−2 and 248.67 W m−2, the system demonstrates a freshwater yield rate, exergy efficiency, and energy efficiency of 2.62 kg m−2 h−1, 5.06 %, 46.18 %, and 0.45 kg m−2 h−1, 1.72 %, 31.21 %, respectively. Over a 21-year period (2002–2022), case studies demonstrate that the solar seawater desalination system can achieve an average annual freshwater yield rate of 1302.78 kg m−2.

Design of a Novel Chaotic Horse Herd Optimizer and Application to MPPT for Optimal Performance of Stand-Alone Solar PV Water Pumping Systems

A significant part of agricultural farms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are in off-grid sites where there is a lack of sufficient water supply despite its availability from groundwater resources in several regions of the country. Since abundant agricultural production is mainly dependent on water, farmers are forced to pump water using diesel generators. This investigation deals with the increase in the effectiveness of a solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS). It investigated, from a distinct perspective, the nonlinear behavior of photovoltaic modules that affects the induction motor-pump because of the repeated transitions between the current and the voltage. A new chaotic Horse Herd Optimization (CHHO)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking technique (MPPT) is proposed. This algorithm integrates the capabilities of chaotic search methods to solve the model with a boost converter to maximize power harvest while managing the nonlinear and unpredictable dynamical loads. The analytical modeling for the proposed SPVWPS components and the implemented control strategies of the optimal duty cycle of the DC–DC chopper duty cycle and the Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the Induction Motor (IM) has been conducted. Otherwise, the discussions and evaluations of the proposed model performance in guaranteeing the maximum water flow rate and the operation at MPP of the SPVWPS under partial shading conditions (PSC) and changing weather conditions have been carried out. A comparative study with competitive algorithms was conducted, and the proposed control system’s accuracy and its significant appropriateness to improve the tracking ability for SPVWPS application have been proven in steady and dynamic operating climates and PSC conditions.

DEVELOPMENT AND INSTALLATION OF SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM FOR FEDPODAM HOSTEL

This paper presents the result of the Development, Installation and Performance evaluation of a 500 liter capacity hot water storage tank with an additional 500 liter capacity cold water storage tank that was, developed, installed and tested at Maryam Abatcha female hostel in the Federal Polytechnic Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria which is located at latitude 12.290N and Longitude 11.440E using available materials and thermo syphon principle at an average solar radiation of 630W/m2 to investigate the potential of using solar either directly and indirectly for heating water and to compare its cost with electricity. This design utilized a flat plate collector which was chosen because of the simplicity in construction and ease of maintenance. Two collectors of 1m2 each with single glazing were used as a heat exchanger. The surfaces of the collectors were painted with black paint of absorptivity 0.95 and emissivity of 0.09 to improve its absorption capacity. Readings were taken for a period of nine months starting from March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October and November with minimum ambient temperature of 320C. Maximum hot water temperature inside the tank as 82.30C with an average efficiency of 28.06% in June, with clear sunny atmosphere days and November with lower outlet likely due to cold dusty of the period. Test conducted reveal that the system could satisfy the hot /warm water requirements of the hostel. It was also observed that the water temperature is a function of solar radiation while the cloud cover and dust particles were observed to also affect the performance of solar water heating system thereby reducing its efficiency.

Design of a solar air heater for a direct-contact packed-bed humidification–dehumidification desalination system

The performance of solar desalination systems based on a humidification–dehumidification (HDH) approach is significantly enhanced by preheating the air entering the evaporator. To estimate this potential benefit, we present an analysis of integrating a novel solar air heater (SAH) with an HDH system. The combination of both units leads to intriguing applications, such as incorporating these systems into buildings. A model of the solar thermal system is developed, and its predictions are validated with experimental data. The SAH model is combined with a previously validated model of an HDH. This allows us to estimate the performance of a combined SAH/HDH system under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the annual water treatment capacity at various sites around the world. Simulations suggest that a system with a 3.5 m2 solar collector in arid regions (Middle-East, north of Africa, south-west of the USA, East of South America), has the potential to treat 30 tons of water and reduce the CO2 emission by 150 kg annually.

Experimental comparative analysis of solar system productivity and performance in water distillation: Solar stills vs. parabolic dish systems

This study aims to evaluate the practical suitability of two solar technologies, Solar Stills and Solar Parabolic Dishes, in meeting energy demands for various applications, including preparing distilled water and other applications. Through the analysis, solar still systems were found to be the preferred choice for distilled water production due to their ability to yield significant amounts of pure water through simple or advanced designs. Conversely, the results showed that solar parabolic dishes are more suitable for applications requiring higher temperatures, such as cooking, as they concentrate solar radiation into smaller focal points. This study presents essential information for efficient energy management in specific water treatment applications, assisting in the selection of appropriate solar technologies. The results showed that the Parabolic Dish Concentrator (PDC) achieved an impressive temperature of 96.5 °C. Nonetheless, even though these high temperatures were attained, the experiments did not lead to the production of distilled water. Based on the results, the thermal efficiency of the solar still was calculated at 5.6 % without modification and 9.4 % with the implemented modification. Conversely, the solar still's productivity witnessed a notable increase of around 66.6 % with a straightforward modification involving the incorporation of operational fans. Additionally, there was a substantial enhancement in efficiency, registering a remarkable rise of 67.8 %.

Materials in Solar Photovoltaic Technology: Advances, Challenges, and Environmental Considerations

Solar photovoltaic technology has experienced significant growth and development in recent years, making it a significant figure in the field of renewable energy. The basic principle of solar PV technology involves the conversion of sunlight into electricity using semiconductor materials. Silicon has consistently been the predominant material used in solar PV cells, but there is ongoing research and development into alternative materials. The choice of material for solar PV cells is crucial as it directly impacts the efficiency, cost, and environmental impact of the technology. Silicon-based solar cells have achieved high levels of efficiency and reliability, but they can be expensive to produce. On the other hand, emerging materials such as perovskites show great promise in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency, but they still face challenges related to stability and scalability. In addition to the semiconductor material, other components such as conductive metals, transparent conductive oxides, and encapsulation materials also play a crucial role in the performance and longevity of solar PV systems. Understanding the material properties, fabrication processes, and environmental impact of solar PV materials is essential for making informed decisions in the design and implementation of solar PV systems.

Improving the Efficiency of Solar Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion System

Solar energy can be directly or indirectly converted into other types of energy such as heat and electricity. However, several obstacles cause the insignificant use of such energy, including scientific and technical weaknesses in conversion due to lack of knowledge and field experiences, variable energy amount due to atmospheric and seasonal changes and radiation direction, as well as a very wide distribution scale. A comprehensive review of methods to improve the performance of solar thermophotovoltaic energy conversion systems in order to enhance efficiency is one of the most important aspects of innovation in this study. Computer modeling of thermal systems has various benefits, such as adjusting the cost of prototype construction, optimizing system components, estimating the amount of output energy, predicting system temperature changes, and other low-priority cases. This study also presents the results of the execution of the relevant files by engineering equation solver (EES) software ©1992-2003 S.A. Klein offers Commercial Version 6.883-3D (09/01/03). The results are represented in the form of tables and comparative plots. The investigations carried out include thermodynamic, exergetic, and economic parameters.

Performance Evaluation of an Existing Renewable Energy System at Gilutongan Island, Cebu, Philippines

Solar photovoltaics are considered the practical solution to energy access and climate change issues, especially in tropical countries that receive relatively more sunlight throughout the year. However, questions arise on the reliability of these systems in providing sufficient supply to meet the users’ electricity needs. This paper looks at the reliability of a solar project installed on two rooftops on an off-grid island in Cebu, Philippines, that provides increased electricity access to 11 households. PVSyst and HOMER Pro software analyzed solar PV systems performance and techno-economics. The simulations yielded the annual mean values of reference yield, array yield, final yield, array capture loss, system loss, performance ratio, and capacity factor are 5.66 kWh/m2/day, 3.51 kWh/kWp/day, 3.23 kWh/kWp/day, 2.15, 0.278, 57.10%, and 18.96%, respectively. The peak PV resource of 3.30 kWp/day can supply the 1.66 kWp/day of the consumer’s electrical demand. It was concluded that the current installation could supply the electrical load demand of the residents; however, consideration for the potential increase in demand must be in place. While renewable energy sources are relevant in achieving 100% electrification in rural communities, their ability to address the energy demands of the users must be carefully considered in planning and design.

Enhanced performance and stability of a solar pond using an external heat exchanger filled with nano-phase change material

Salinity gradient solar ponds are a promising technology for harnessing/storing solar thermal energy. The energy storage capacity of solar ponds can be enhanced by incorporating phase change materials (PCMs). However, the low thermal conductivity of PCMs can negatively affect energy charging/discharging rates. In this study, an external energy storage system filled with CuO nanoparticle-enhanced PCM was employed to improve the performance and stability of a solar pond. The results were compared with water and pure PCM (paraffin) as control materials. Energy and exergy analysis was used to assess the effects of nanoparticles and their concentration on the overall solar pond performance. According to the results, the upper convective zone temperature remained consistent across all experiments and varied within the same range throughout the day. A slight temperature variation at specific times indicated the stability of the developed solar pond system. The system's exergy (energy) efficiency was increased from 10.72% (51.83%) for water to 14.71% (70.1%), 22.77% (82.13%), and 25.93% (87.58%) for PCM, PCM with 1 wt% nanoparticles, and PCM with 2 wt% nanoparticles, respectively. Incorporating nanoparticle-enhanced PCMs in external heat exchangers can effectively improve the stability and performance of solar pond systems.

Enhancing thermal efficiency of passive solar heating systems through copper chip integration: experimental investigation and analysis

Abstract This study aims to upgrade the thermal performance of a passive solar system, specifically a Trombe wall (TW), by incorporating a metallic absorbent made of copper chips into its absorbent surfaces. The paper compares the thermal performance of a classic TW with that of a copper chip-enhanced TW. An experimental test was set up for classic and copper chip–TW systems, and a full-day experiment was conducted in January 2018 to investigate the thermal performance under the same operating conditions. The experimental data were used to verify a mathematical model based on energy balance. The theoretical study agreed well with the experimental data, with a maximum error of 11% in the absorbent surface temperature valuation. The results revealed that adding copper chips to the TW system boosts its performance by increasing heat gains and improving thermal efficiency. It improves thermal efficiency and enhances the mean room temperature by 12.44% and 14.1%, respectively.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of thermal solar collector systems for DHW in Northern Italy

The aim of this work is to describe a methodology for the in situ experimental evaluation of the performance of Solar Collector systems for Domestic Hot Water production (SCDHW), which are by far the most common use of solar thermal collectors. In situ monitoring of ten SCDHW, including DHW storage and back-up heating system led to an estimate of yearly performance, which has been compared with results from simulations performed using widely spread commercial software and f- chart method. Measurements were carried out for at least 20 days for each plant, with sampling rate of ten minutes. As DHW demand was unknown, it was assumed from SC area. Results show that the solar collector’s area was systematically oversized respect to actual DHW needs, resulting in measured lower efficiency (around 30%) than calculated by commercial software. Reducing DHW needs, measurements and calculations produced closer results.

Sustainable and clean water distillation by parabolic dish collector and different heat absorber and thermal storage materials: An experimental study

In this study, an integrated solar distillation unit with a parabolic dish collector and a spherical solar water distillation unit is designed. The use of parabolic dish collector increases the evaporation rate of the saltwater in the lower chamber (basin) of the spherical distillation unit considerably. The performance of solar water distillation system is investigated for different types of basin material, including copper, zinc, and iron. In the second part, the gravel is used in the copper basin of solar distillation system as the thermal energy storage material. The thermal efficiency, water productivity, exergy efficiency, and freshwater production cost of the integrated solar distillation system with different types of basin materials are studied. The thermal efficiency of the integrated solar distillation system with the copper, zinc, and iron basins was 13.97 %, 10.72 %, and 9.88 %%, respectively. The water productivity of the integrated solar distillation system with copper, zinc, and iron basins was 2.592 kg, 2.27 kg, and 1.825 kg, respectively during 9 h of experiment. The exergy efficiency of the integrated solar distillation system with the copper basin was better than the zinc and iron basins. The gravel can increase the productivity of solar distillation system up to three times in the sunset and night hours.

Tilted 3D evaporator with high-performance salt rejection for seawater desalination

Salt accumulation severely impacts the performance of solar desalination systems and hinders their long-term application in practice. Herein, we report a tilted 3D evaporator with high-performance salt-rejecting feature based on carbon nanodots (CDs)/luffa composite. The tilted 3D evaporator was designed by immersing one edge of CDs/luffa composite in a seawater tank and tilting at an angle to the horizontal plane. Upon solar irradiation, seawater was transferred through CDs/luffa composite at the bottom surface and wicked to the top surface for evaporation. Meanwhile, salt at the top surface was rejected back to the bottom surface and further taken away from the evaporator by the flowing seawater, thus avoiding salt accumulation for long-term solar desalination. Furthermore, the evaporator demonstrated effective thermal localization and absorption of environmental energy, possessing high evaporation rates of 2.05 and 1.50 kg m−2 h−1 when evaporation with water and real seawater, respectively (under one sun irradiation). Our study provides a promising strategy for salt rejection and enhancing the performance of solar desalination in practice.

A strategy for boosting photovoltaic performance based on a two-dimensional ZrSSe/HfSSe van der Waals heterostructure.

Identifying high-efficiency solar photovoltaic systems with two-dimensional (2D) materials is still an urgent challenge to meet modern energy requirements. Very recently, a 2D heterostructure with type-II band alignment has been confirmed to be more favorable for application in photoelectric conversion. However, the staggered band offset of 2D type-II heterostructures cannot always be guaranteed, nor the intrinsic hindrance mechanism of carrier recombination being clear. In this study, taking the emerging ZrSSe/HfSSe van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH) as a generic example, a boosting strategy for improving the photoelectric performances of 2D vdWHs is proposed. Through a series of in-depth systematic research studies based on first-principles, we demonstrate that via applying a vertical strain, an anticipated band alignment transition from type-I to favorable type-II of this ZrSSe/HfSSe vdWH can be induced due to the interfacial charge redistribution, during which a corresponding enlarged photocurrent can be detected from the latter based device compared to the former. Essentially, such enhanced photocurrent at the incident photon energy (Eph) around the band gap is attributed to the suppressed recombination rate of photoexcited carriers. Moreover, when Eph is increased into the visible light region, the photoelectric conversion performances can be further controlled by vertical strain. These generalized findings not only provide an effective manipulation strategy for enhancing the performances of 2D solar photovoltaic systems, but the intrinsic physical mechanism can also be extended to the next practical design and regulation of other 2D photovoltaic devices.

Enhancing Solar PV Performance: Advanced Converters for Efficient Green Energy Conversion and Grid Compatibility

This paper delves into the vital role of converters in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. With the escalating demand for renewable energy sources, solar PV systems emerge as a sustainable solution, necessitating advanced power electronics for optimal performance. The study highlights various DC-DC converters, such as buck, boost, and buck-boost converters, analyzing their functionalities in achieving maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and their implications on system cost, efficiency, and limitations. Further examination of gridconnected PV systems underscores the necessity for sophisticated inverter designs to ensure high efficiency, minimal harmonic distortion, and effective power management. Through MATLAB SIMULINK simulations, the paper evaluates the performance of solar PV systems equipped with different converter and inverter configurations, addressing the challenges posed by power fluctuations and the integration of solar energy into the grid. The research contributes to the ongoing discourse on renewable energy integration, presenting innovative solutions for grid synchronization, voltage regulation, and harmonic distortion reduction in solar PV systems.

Numerical investigation to optimize the modified cavity receiver for enhancement of thermal performance of solar parabolic dish collector system

The concentrated parabolic dish collector (PDC) systems are widely utilized for the purpose of generating high-temperature heat by receiving and converting solar energy efficiently into thermal energy. Cavity receivers including spiral coils have a common use in PDC system for optimal thermal performance. Therefore, to enhance the thermal performance of a PDC system, the present study investigates different cavity receiver configurations, such as cylinder and conical shaped receivers with flat and spherical absorber surface as well as the effect of spiral coil arrangement. To identify the most optimal spirally coiled cavity receiver, the comparison is conducted based on outlet temperature, heat exchange rate, thermal efficiency, effectiveness, and thermal performance capability (TPC). The investigations were conducted using the ANSYS Fluent CFD simulation software package. The SolTrace software package was utilized to compute the maximum heat flux incident on the absorber surface of the receiver, and peak heat flux data was used as input parameter at the absorber surface of the receiver. Furthermore, to select the suitable working fluid in PDC system, different heat transfer fluids, such as Syltherm 800, Xceltherm 600, ParathermHR™ and water, respectively were studied. From the thermal analysis of various proposed receiver geometries, the receiver with conical shape and spherical absorber surface is more efficient over other configurations. It provides 50 % higher heat transfer rate thancylindrical receiver with flat absorber surface. Moreover, receiver's thermal performance could modestly be improved by modifying the spiral coil pitch (variable pitch). In terms of pumping power consumption, readily availability, low viscosity, and high specific heat, water is suggested as working fluid for receiver of PDC system.

Study on the influence of dust accumulation on the optical performance of trough solar concentrator under different rainfall intensities based on alpine areas

Aiming at the typical characteristics of natural rainfall in alpine areas and the structure of the concentrator surface, based on the design scheme of the trough system test platform, the optical performance and cleaning characteristics of the mirror with rainfall intensity and concentrator tilt angle as variables are studied experimentally. The results show that small-scale rainfall has a critical tilt angle of positive and negative cleaning effect on transverse region1. Lower than this tilt angle causes pollution to the mirror surface. Rainfall above medium intensity has a positive cleaning effect on all mirror regions. The cleaning ability is the highest under the rainfall of 60° tilt angle of 38.9 mm. The bottom-up enhanced cleaning law in the transverse region is more significant under high-intensity rainfall, and the concentrator tilt angle is more sensitive to dust desorption than rainfall intensity. The average relative error and average root mean square error of the predicted reflectivity of the global mirror are 3.82% and 0.061 respectively, and the fitting accuracy is high. It provides theoretical guidance for the application of dust removal schemes and prediction of the optical performance of trough solar system in alpine areas.

Analysis of Battery Testing Protocols in the Transition from the Lab to the Field: A Test Case Using Advanced Zn-MnO2 Batteries in Off-Grid Solar Microgrids

Understanding cycling performance of batteries under varying conditions is crucial for continued development of emerging chemistries. Currently much of this work is focused on cycling single cells in well-controlled lab experiments. There are few module cycling studies in the open literature. Studies of full-sized fielded systems are even rarer. As a result of this data gap, there is limited understanding of how single cell cycling can be used to predict performance of fielded systems prior to their deployment.Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) recently deployed an advanced Zn-MnO2 secondary battery energy storage system in an off-grid solar plus storage system. Using this deployment as a test case, we will detail how performance and degradation for batteries can vary between the lab and the field. We will also discuss ways that single cell and module lab cycling can be improved to better predict operation in fielded systems.In preparation for this deployment, SNL conducted single cell cycling experiments in the lab to simulate operation in the field and determine the expected life of the systems. The first test program utilized elements of the IEC 61427-1 standard for photovoltaic off-grid application to simulate the temperature and predicted state of charge (SOC) range the cells will be cycled during field operation. The simulated field cycling targeted SOC ranges of 10 to 40% and 80-100% over 150 cycles with temperature varied between -4 and 35oC to match the ambient conditions in the field during each season. The second type of cycling test was a temperature dependence study to determine how temperature impacted cell degradation. Cells were cycled at C/10 at their full SOC range and at a single temperature until they reached 40% capacity retention. Both cycling studies predicted that low temperature operation would increase the rate of degradation.The system was deployed in May of 2022, and since that time the SNL team has collected a significant amount of performance data to help analyze system level behaviors as compared to observations from cell level testing. These include battery interactions with the solar charge controller, limitations on power inverter settings, and variance between the average system level state of charge and the test protocol. Additionally, the team is analyzing conditions found in the field, with regards to ambient temperature, solar insolation and battery charging rates, and customer usage patterns for comparison with cell-level testing protocol.Observations of the deployed system’s performance indicate there is a need for more nuanced testing protocols for lab testing that can better approximate field conditions. These may include dynamic temperature ranges that vary throughout a charge/discharge cycle, and solar charging assumptions that account for reduced insolation due to cloud cover. This can help further inform the development of charge control algorithms, system hardware and software that can help improve the overall performance of solar microgrid energy storage systems.Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2023-02502A

Leveraging A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach with AHP & TOPSIS Method for the Selection of IoT-Based Inverter Smart Grid System and Smart Meter in Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine Installations at Pelabuhan Ratu CFPP.

The effective selection of inverters plays a critical role in optimising the efficiency and performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine systems. Inverters have a direct impact on overall energy conversion efficiency and system output by influencing their efficiency and reliability. Inverter selection also involves essential criteria such as cost, compatibility with renewable energy sources, and environmental considerations. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic approach is necessary to thoroughly assess and compare various inverter options.
 This study utilises a multi-criteria decision-making methodology to address these challenges. It assesses the identified criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and ranks them to determine the most suitable solution through the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). As a result, the investigation identifies smart grid and smart metre inverters as the optimal solutions, effectively addressing concerns related to power stability, communication and connectivity, security, data management, and cost.
 The proposed methodology yields a substantial total equity portion of USD 9,325.71, along with impressive annual earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortisation (EBITDA) of USD 1,734.09. The estimated payback period is 6.85 years, and the return on investment (ROI) reaches a remarkable 338.07%. Additionally, the nett income significantly reduces the production cost, amounting to USD 40,853.34 in a single period.

Enhancing solar heater performance: A comprehensive study on hybrid nanofluids and angled-rib turbulators for improved heat transfer and reduced irreversibility

This research investigates the performance of hybrid nanofluids in solar heating systems, focusing on heat transfer effectiveness and thermodynamic irreversibility. Solar energy is widely favored for its eco-friendly nature, but traditional operating fluids in solar heaters lack sufficient thermal conductivity. To address this issue, modified fluids called nanofluids have been developed. This study proposes a novel approach that combines nanofluids and turbulators to evaluate solar system performance. ANSYS FLUENT 18.0 solver is employed, utilizing the iterative time advancement technique for solving the set of equations. Entropy generation analysis is employed as a promising methodology. Aluminum-oxide nanoparticles are examined for their impact on heat transfer, pressure drop, and entropy generation in a rib channel at Re= 20,000. To enhance heat transfer, the effects of angled-ribs are assessed using the thermal enhancement factor, which considers heat transfer rate and friction factor. Results indicate that triangular-shaped ribs exhibit superior thermal performance. Furthermore, the study investigates the influence of nanofluid volume fraction and heat flux distribution on Nusselt number, pressure drop, thermal performance factor, and entropy generation. Increasing the nanofluid fraction enhances the Nusselt number, pressure drop, and performance evaluation criterion (PEC). Based on the results of a quantitative analysis, it can be concluded that 4% nanoparticle volume fraction results in an increase of 4.6%, 11.63%, and 18.5% in Nusselt number in triangular and rectangular channels without teeth and with teeth, respectively. Additionally, a positive heat flux gradient improves heat transfer and reduces entropy generation, suggesting that adjusting the boundary condition can enhance energy and exergy efficiency. Overall, this study demonstrates the benefits of entropy generation analysis for assessing thermal systems and implementing hybrid nanofluids with turbulators in solar heating, contributing valuable insights to sustainable energy technologies.