Skill Performance Research Articles

The effect of the use of stretching exercises in the method of neuromuscular facilities for sensory and multimedia receptors in learning some of the basketball defense skills for beginners

The aim of this study was to prepare stretching exercises in the form of neural facilities for sensory and multimedia receptors in learning some defensive skills in basketball and to identify the effect of longitudinal exercises in the facilitation method. The problem of the research was that the methods used in teaching the first stage students did not include the use of modern methods of learning skills (20) students from physical education and sports sciences / Al Mustansiriya University, and were divided into two groups. The researcher used the experimental method and exercises were used. Neural neuromuscular facilities for sensory receptors within the applied part of the main section and used multimedia, films and audio-visual equipment in the presentation of texts about the intended learning as well as photographs of the typical skills and global models of the skillful performance of defense skills in basketball. The researcher hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences in the effect of using lengthening exercises In the method of neuromuscular facilities for the sensory and multimedia reception in learning the defense skills of students and for the post-tests and for the benefit of the experimental group, the researcher concluded that stretching exercises and media The study recommended the adoption of this study in the teaching of basketball skills for the students of the first stage and its adoption of different stages and sports.

Determining standard level of some basic skills in badminton for femal students


 Abstract in EnglishThe research included the importance of the research, which lies in assessing the level of skill performance specified in the basic skills by determining the standard levels of basic skills in badminton, and the aim of the research is to define standard levels of the most important basic skills in badminton for the sample of the research. The two researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method. The College of Physical Education and Sports Science for Girls for the academic year 2019/2020, whose number is 143, has been identified three basic skills for badminton (short low serve, high long serve, and forehand and backhand), and after applying the tests for these skills and building their standard levels, the two researchers reached the most important conclusions:The research sample came with high percentages at the lower average level in all skill tests and small percentages at the intermediate level for all tests. The two researchers recommend that the results of this study should be used in evaluating the level of skill performance.
 

Tension and emotional arousal and their relationship to the performance of some basic skills on the floor movement apparatus in the technical gymnastics for women


 Search goal to:1- To identify the level of tension, emotional arousal, and the performance of some ground motor skills among the students of the second stage in the technical gymnast. 2- To identify the extent of the relationship of tension and emotional arousal with the performance of some ground motor skills among the students of the second stage in the technical gymnast. The descriptive survey method was used to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community consisted of the students of the second stage in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. As for the research sample, they were deliberately chosen from the students of the second stage in the artistic gymnast game, and their number reached (50) students. He also used a set of aids, including a measure of stress and emotional arousal.The most important results reached are:1- There are significant differences for each of the psychological tension and emotional arousal among the artistic gymnast players when the degree of tension and arousal is high among the players.2- There is a correlation between the performance of some motor skills, emotional arousal, and psychological tension, and a statistical significance of the artistic gymnast players. Attic recommended the researcher Ali1- Emphasis on increasing attention to the psychological aspect in general, and arousal and psychological tension in particular, among gymnastik players, in order to achieve a better performance.
 

The effect of dynamic lactic exercises on the development of special endurance and the performance of some defensive skills for handball players


 Achieving the physical and skill requirements of handball for this game, especially at the high levels, must have a significant development in the level of sports training according to special exercises prepared by the coach. Which helps the player to perform a variety and fast, and this requires him to make more effort and speed in performance in line with the speed of the game, Therefore, the research problem was manifested by the existence of a weakness in physical abilities, including special endurance, and this in turn became evident in the performance of defensive skills, so the researchers decided in their attempt to improve the level of performance of defensive skills, through the implementation of exercises in a dynamic lactic style to develop special endurance (endurance of strength, endurance of performance) and some defensive skills. Objectives of the research Preparing dynamic lactic exercises in order to develop special endurance and some defensive skills for handball players and to identify the impact of these exercises in developing special endurance and some defensive skills for handball players. There is a positive effect of dynamic lactic exercises in the development of special endurance and the performance of some defensive skills for handball players. As for the research method, the researchers used the experimental approach with two equal groups, the control and the experimental, with the cardiac and post-test. All members of the community, as the research sample was chosen by the intentional method, and the sample included (18) players, They were divided into two groups, experimental and control, by means of a simple lottery, each group included (9) players, where the experimental group dealt with lactic exercises, and the control group dealt with trainer exercises. Training for two months, at a rate of (3) units per week As the total number of units reached (24) training units, the components of the training load were taken into account and standardized in accordance with the research objectives, as well as the players' physical and skill capabilities. The research The researchers recommended the use of lactic exercises with other variables and for other handball skills.
 

The effect of ballistic resistance training on some biomechanical variables and accuracy For aces in volleyball


 The human body has many physical, functional and mechanical characteristics, which must be taken into consideration when studying any sporting skill or movement, as there is an interrelated work for these characteristics, and the process of caring for and employing them contributes greatly to the development of motor and skill performance for sports in general. And the game of volleyball in particular, as it is known, has many offensive and defensive skills, and among those skills is the crushing serve skill, which is one of the very important skills that, through mastering its performance, can achieve a direct point for the team, The importance of the research lies in knowing the impact of the ballistic resistance exercises on some biomechanical parameters and the accuracy of the crushing serve skill, as this type of training helps the player to perform movements under variable and different conditions so that the player is able to confront the various circumstances and situations that he is exposed to and through the experience of the researcher In the field of the game, I noticed that there is a weakness in the performance of the player who sends this type of transmissionThrough their actual performance in tournaments, and this may be the result of weakness factors represented by the strength of determination or the angles of rise and flight and the angles of the joints of the different body in the stages of skillful performance. It is built according to mechanical foundations close in its motor path and its requirements to the path and requirements of skill performanceTherefore, the researcher decided to study this problem through biomechanical analysis of the special performance stages of the crushing serve. She developed several exercises in the style of throwing resistances, and they were built according to mechanical foundations close to her motor path and her requirements of the path and requirements of skill performance. These exercises were applied after conducting reconnaissance experiments and pretests for skill and photography. The full performance of each individual player from Al-Sulaikh Youth Sports ClubThe exercises included 12 weeks, with 3 units per week. The overlap took place in the main section of the training unit (48-66) d. After completion, post-tests were conducted under the same conditions and capabilities available in the pre-tests. Several conclusions were reached, including that the ballistic resistance exercises helped in developing the variables. The biomechanics of the crushing serve skill significantly Which was then reflected on the accuracy of the performance of this skill, and the researcher recommended the necessity of adopting such exercises for different age levels, for both sexes, and for different individual and team sports.
 

The motor response and its relationship to the accuracy of the performance of the high preparation skill in volleyball for juniors


 Introduction and the importance of the research: The development of the player's motor response represents the main goal that the coach seeks to achieve in the physical preparation period The Plane . Research problem: In view of the lack of scientific studies that are concerned with studying the skill of high numbers in volleyball and as a result of the use of traditional educational methods that did not take into account the development of the player's ability to respond to the movement leading to the development of the level of accuracy in skillful performance. Research objectives : To identify the correlation between the motor response and the accuracy of performing the high preparation skill in volleyball for juniors. Research hypotheses: There is a significant correlation between the motor response and the accuracy of the high numbers of junior volleyball players. The human field: the juniors of the Maysan volleyball team (2022). The researcher used the descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature and objectives of the research. The research community and sample are the well-trained players of the Maysan youth national team.. Presenting and analyzing the results of the pre and post tests of the two research groups and discussing them. Discussing the results of the post-test for the two groups under discussion in the tests of the accuracy of the high preparation of junior volleyball. Conclusions and Recommendations: Conclusions: The experimental group achieved better results in the physical and skill tests than the control group under study. Recommendations: The researcher recommends the need to adopt the special educational approach in developing the motor response by volleyball coaches. The researcher recommends the need to adopt the special educational curriculum in developing the motor response by volleyball coaches.
 

Some basic handball skills according to the levels of positive thinking among students of the second stage in handball


 One of the most important factors in a person’s life is thinking, as it helps him to overcome many difficulties and obstacles facing him, as well as helps him to control and control many matters and facilitate them in his favor. Mental and psychological processes, and the inability to do without it in the process of acquiring knowledge as well as solving the problem facing man. Positive thinking "positive thinking represents the most prominent aspects of human power. It is undoubtedly the most effective tool in dealing with life's problems and challenges. Obstacles, difficulties, constraints, and negatives of all kinds are practically not solved except through positive thinking, which alone provides exits and explores the possibilities of solutions. Positive thinking is therefore It is not just a systematic approach, but rather an approach that mobilizes energies and extracts the apparent from it as well as the hidden in order to solve problems.” (1:100) And one of the most prominent features of positive thinking is its belief that there is no impossible, and that it is able to exploit any situation to achieve the maximum benefit, and for this, learning some basic skills The game of handball requires thinking, movement, activity, concentration and accuracy in learning to perform, hence the importance of research to know the relationship between basic handball skills and its relationship to the levels of positive thinking among students of the second stage in handball. As for the research problem, it focused on answering the question, is whether the basic handball skills are related to positive thinking or not. The main objective of the research is to find out the relationship between the basic skills of handball and the levels of positive thinking among the students of the second stage. As for the imposition of the research, there is no difference in handball skills according to the levels of positive thinking. The researcher used the descriptive method in the survey method and the correlational relationships for its suitability to the research problem. It included a research sample of (140) male and female students who were chosen randomly from a deliberately selected community. The positive thinking scale was built and its scientific transactions extracted. The discriminatory ability of the scale was also extracted, and then it was distributed to experts and specialists to express their opinions. And the validity of the test, and the skillful performance was also evaluated by making a special form for that and distributing it to the experts and making sure of its validity as well. The researcher presented the results in the form of tables, numbering (2) tables, and each of these tables was presented. The results were discussed for each of the variables of the study, which are positive thinking, as well as evaluating skillful performance. Through the presented results, the researcher concluded the following: Positive thinking has greatly affected the process of learning basic skills among the research sample.
 

The effect of rebound exercises on the development of some physical abilities of tennis players on wheelchairs


 Muscular strength is an essential element in skillful performance in training and competitions, with a difference in the degree of reliance on it in sports, including the game of tennis. Specialists in the field of sports training agree on the importance of both explosive power and the power distinguished by speed, as the player who possesses explosive power in the serve stroke as well The serve repulsed the ball from the opponent, "as the strength distinguished by speed plays an important role as one of the basic characteristics of the physical preparation components that characterize sports activities such as serving, serving blocking, agility, and changingIn the light of the study conducted by the researchers and the following recommendations:1-Applying the proposed approach to its effectiveness and positive impact on wheelchair tennis players in the special preparation stage2-.Focusing on reflexive exercises when developing experimental curricula, because of their positive impact on physical capabilities.3-Paying attention to performing flexibility and stretching exercises before and after each training unit.
 

The impact of random workout on the skilful performance and on the speed of learning the skills of receiving the serve and court defense in volleyball for beginners

The world, nowadays, is witnessing great development that can't be comprised within the learning systems. This requires teaching methods of styles that enable the learner to master the skills of sports games..Volleyball is considered as one of the group sports game and it is characterized by the variety of its skills and plans. It also has fast rhythm, this can't be done unless there is good learning of its skills. The significance of the study lies in adopting the random workout and recognizing its impact on the skilful performance and the speed of learning the skills of receiving the serve and court defense skill in volleyball for beginners. Throughout the following up of the researchers, it is found that the problem of the study lies in the existence of clear weakness for the playersof the training center of beginners, the branch federation of Diyala province, aging from (15-17) in the two skills of receiving the serve and court defense . The researchers studied the problem in a way that certifies learning the studied skills. The study aims at recognizing the impact of random workout on the skilful performance and the speed of learning the skills of receiving the serve and court defense in volleyball for beginners. In addition to recognizing the priority of of the two groups in the skilful performance and the speed of learning the skills of receiving the serve and court defense in volleyball for beginners .The experimental method of two equal groups ( controlling and experimental) , randomly selected . There are pre and post tests on a sample of (24) beginner player, representing the branch federation of Diyala province, aging from (15-17), for the season of 2017 .Through the statistical treatments, the researchers reached at the most important conclusion , which is the impact of the random workout on the performance and the speed of learning the skills of receiving the serve and court defense in volleyball. The researchers made some recommendations, the most important of which, is the necessity of applying the style of random workout in learning the skills of volleyball.

The Social Intellect and its relationship with some Technical Skills in Football Young Players

The relationship between the mental side and skillful performance is one of the important concept in team sport games such as football. Social intellect is considered important and one of the technical requirements in the players' personality because it is connected with the player's ability to deal with others and build good social relations among the team so that they will be a coherent group for doing the sport achievement. Therefore, the importance of conducting this research lies in knowing the relationship between the social intellect and the performance of some technical skills by football young players. It must be taken into consideration that the psychological and social sides are not paid sufficient attention by the coaches and specialists in Iraqi football affairs. Also, there is a rarity of studies conducted on the players' social intellect in Iraqi sport teams. This research aims at knowing the nature of the relationship between social intellect and the performance of some technical skills by the football young players. The researcher used the descriptive approach in surveying manner. The sample consisted of some league youth clubs of premier level. Also, he used social intellect measurement for players and consequently he concluded that there is significant correlation between the players' social intellect and the performance of some technical in the young players.

Correlation between scapular dyskinesia and core deficities in a group of competitive swimmers: an observational study

Background: The core and the shoulder are the focal points of the sporting gesture in swimming and their close connection allows the swimmer to express all his performance skills. For this reason, when one of these two components in dysfunctional, it can also compromise the other. Over the years, both the core and the shoulder have only been studied separately, so understanding their possible correlation is essential in order to improve not only the evaluation but also the treatment of these athletes. The aim of this study is to evaluate and analyze the presence of the correlation between scapular dyskinesia and core inefficiency in a group of swimmers. Methods: The athletes were evaluated through the use of test batteries developed through the analysis of scientific literature and through validated evaluation scales. The tests used concerned: the analysis of the scapular pattern, specific tests for scapular dyskinesia, differential evaluation tests with shoulder restrictions and impingement and core evaluation tests. Results: The athletes evaluated had a mean age of 16.93 at the time of data collection, with a range from 16 to 18 years. Ten athletes showed a type I scapular pattern; in fifteen they showed the presence of scapular dyskinesia while for the evaluation of the core in the majority they showed an inefficiency with chronometric times that are positioned below the average. No athlete showed positive differential tests for shoulder restraints and impingement. Conclusions: Data analysis showed that, in the group examined, there is indeed the presence of scapular dyskinesia and core inefficiency. The limit of this study concerns a possible generalization of the parameters sought, for this reason it would be useful in future research to investigate this correlation also in different swimming realities in order to be able to overcome this limitation and increase knowledge to improve both the functional evaluation and the subsequent treatment.

Counteracting mental fatigue for athletes: a systematic review of the interventions

The deleterious effects of mental fatigue (MF) on athletes have been carefully studied in various sports, such as soccer, badminton, and swimming. Even though many researchers have sought ways to ameliorate the negative impact of MF, there is still a lack of studies that review the interventions used to counteract MF among athletes. This review aims to report the current evidence exploring the effects of interventions on MF and sport-specific performance, including sport-specific motor performance and perceptual-cognitive skills. Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and SPORTDicus (EBSCOhost) were combed through to find relevant publications. Additionally, the references and Google Scholar were searched for any grey literature. For the current review, we included only randomized controlled trials that involved athletes, a primary task to induce MF, interventions to counter MF with comparable protocols, and the outcomes of sport-specific motor performance and perceptual-cognitive skill. The selection criteria resulted in the inclusion of 10 articles. The manipulations of autonomous self-control exertion, person-fit, nature exposure, mindfulness, and transactional direct current stimulation showed that positive interventions counteract MF and improve sport-specific performance in different domains, including strength, speed, skill, stamina, and perceptual-cognitive skills. The selected interventions could significantly counteract MF and improve subsequent sport-specific performance. Moreover, self-regulation and attention resources showed the importance of the potential mechanisms behind the relevant interventions.

Optimalisasi Sumber Daya Manusia terhadap Pengolahan: Studi Kasus Industri Pengolahan Bahan Baku Rotan

Rattan is a non-wood raw material originating from Indonesia which has become the main source of income for community forests and local governments. Rattan processing has challenges in obtaining raw materials and skilled processing techniques by workers or human resources in order to produce quality output which of course can also advance the company. The use of machines and human resources in the rattan production process can increase production speed and accuracy. This research was conducted to determine the performance of human resources which influences the quality of the rattan products produced. The research method used in this research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive approach and has an exploratory nature. The data collection technique in the research was carried out by creating an inductive scheme to make it easier for researchers to carry out research analysis and based on existing case studies. Observations were carried out by researchers regarding activities that occurred in the company during the researcher's internship period. The research object of rattan processing and human resources is information from the UD company. Alam Sultra's work. The research results show that the company UD. Karya Alam Sultra carries out empowerment by providing skills and training to its workers to improve the quality of employee performance in processing rattan so that it can become good quality rattan. This proves that there is empowerment in the processing of rattan raw materials, enabling the performance skills of human resources to increase efficiency and innovation in the processing of rattan products and produce quality rattan.

Physical fitness and motor ability parameters as predictors for skateboarding performance: A logistic regression modelling analysis.

The identification and prediction of athletic talent are pivotal in the development of successful sporting careers. Traditional subjective assessment methods have proven unreliable due to their inherent subjectivity, prompting the rise of data-driven techniques favoured for their objectivity. This evolution in statistical analysis facilitates the extraction of pertinent athlete information, enabling the recognition of their potential for excellence in their respective sporting careers. In the current study, we applied a logistic regression-based machine learning pipeline (LR) to identify potential skateboarding athletes from a combination of fitness and motor skills performance variables. Forty-five skateboarders recruited from a variety of skateboarding parks were evaluated on various skateboarding tricks while their fitness and motor skills abilities that consist of stork stance test, dynamic balance, sit ups, plank test, standing broad jump, as well as vertical jump, were evaluated. The performances of the skateboarders were clustered and the LR model was developed to classify the classes of the skateboarders. The cluster analysis identified two groups of skateboarders: high and low potential skateboarders. The LR model achieved 90% of mean accuracy specifying excellent prediction of the skateboarder classes. Further sensitivity analysis revealed that static and dynamic balance, lower body strength, and endurance were the most important factors that contributed to the model's performance. These factors are therefore essential for successful performance in skateboarding. The application of machine learning in talent prediction can greatly assist coaches and other relevant stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding athlete performance.

A comparison of rapid cycle deliberate practice and traditional reflective debriefing on interprofessional team performance

BackgroundIn simulation-based education, debriefing is necessary to promote knowledge acquisition and skill application. Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice (RCDP) and Traditional Reflective Debriefing (TRD) are based in learning theories of deliberate practice and reflective learning, respectively. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of TRD versus RCDP on acquisition of conceptual knowledge and teamwork skills among interdisciplinary learners in the pediatric emergency department.MethodsOne hundred sixty-four learners including emergency department attending physicians, fellows, nurses, medical technicians, paramedics, and respiratory therapists, participated in 28 in-situ simulation workshops over 2 months. Groups were quasi-randomized to receive RCDP or TRD debriefing. Learners completed a multiple-choice test to assess teamwork knowledge. The TEAM Assessment Tool assessed team performance before and after debriefing. Primary outcomes were teamwork knowledge and team performance.ResultsAverage pre-intervention baseline knowledge assessment scores were high in both groups (TRD mean 90.5 (SD 12.7), RCDP mean 88.7 (SD 15.5). Post-test scores showed small improvements in both groups (TRD mean 93.2 (SD 12.2), RCDP mean 89.9 (SD 13.8), as indicated by effect sizes (ES = 0.21 and 0.09, for TRD and RCDP, respectively). Assessment of team performance demonstrated a significant improvement in mean scores from pre-assessment to post-assessment for all TEAM Assessment skills in both TRD and RCDP arms, based on p-values (all p < 0.01) and effect sizes (all ES > 0.8). While pre-post improvements in TEAM scores were generally higher in the RCDP group based on effect sizes, analysis did not indicate either debriefing approach as meaningfully improved over the other.ConclusionsOur study did not demonstrate that either TRD versus RCDP was meaningfully better in teamwork knowledge acquisition or improving skill application and performance. As such, we propose Reflective Deliberate Practice as a framework for future study to allow learners to reflect on learning and practice in action.

Serious Complications of the Percutaneous A1 Pulley Release: Case Reports and Literature Review.

Percutaneous first annular pulley (A1 pulley) release, which has been increasingly used to treat trigger fingers, has been widely established as a safe and simple procedure. Multiple studies have reported positive results of percutaneous A1 pulley release. In this study, however, we report cases of patients who developed complications after undergoing percutaneous A1 pulley release at local clinics. A total of six patients visited our hospital for infectious complications after percutaneous A1 pulley release. Various sequelae such as damage to normal structures, insufficient procedure, and tissue necrosis were observed during the exploration. A retrospective study was conducted to identify the cause and trend of the observed complications by instruments (HAKI knife or needle). In the HAKI knife group, there was a tendency for damage to normal structures, while in the needle group, an insufficient release or serious soft tissue necrosis was observed. Based on these cases, our findings confirm the existence and characteristics of infectious complications following the percutaneous A1 pulley release. We further identify that the type of instrument used predicts the nature of complications. Thus, reliable and skilled performance of the procedure by experts is essential for safe treatment.

Next steps for workplace-based assessments of entrustable professional activities.

Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine (FIU-HWCOM) participated in the AAMC Core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) implementation pilot. Entrustment decision processes based on data from workplace-based assessments (WBAs) were piloted. Outcomes illustrated challenges including variability across EPAs with regards to learner level alignment and feasibility of data collection in the form of WBAs. In addition, students reported discomfort requesting WBA completion by preceptors and dissatisfaction with associated feedback. To guide future directions, we conducted a survey of third-year students to better understand their experience with and perceptions of WBAs used to evaluate EPAs at FIU-HWCOM. Survey response was 96% (n= 107/112). Most (84%) reported that WBAs were not valuable to their development and that preceptors often did not complete WBAs in a timely fashion. Many (47%) reported not receiving verbal feedback. Most students (78%) used language in written responses demonstrating confusion between the EPAs and the WBAs used to assess them. The use of WBAs to assess EPAs did not have its intended impact at FIU-HWCOM. For future classes, WBA forms will consist of paper cards with questions directly assessing performance of skills aligned with EPAs 1, 5 and 6 only. To continue to promote feedback, students will be required to collect WBAs on all clerkships, but the number of required WBAs will be less than prior and no entrustment decisions will be made.

The influence of deliberate practice on skill performance in therapeutic practice: A systematic review of early studies

Objective Deliberate practice (DP) is recommended as a new approach to facilitate the acquisition of discrete therapeutic skills, however, its implementation and effectiveness in psychotherapy remains unclear. Method A systematic search on DP for therapeutic skills among psychotherapy trainees and psychotherapists yielded eleven studies for inclusion. Nine were randomized controlled studies (RCTs), including seven unique RCTs, and two were within-group studies. Results Risk of bias was assessed as “high” for one RCT, “some concerns” for the remaining RCTs, and “serious” for within-group studies. All RCTs found the DP group performed better than the control group. All studies involved efforts to improve performance based on learning objectives and iterative practice but varied in the source of expert guidance and feedback. The included studies provide limited insight into best practice for delivering DP. Conclusion The results highlight the paucity of research in this field; however they offer insight into current applications of DP and provide preliminary empirical support DP for as a model for promoting the development of discrete therapeutic skills. Given the rapid dissemination of DP publications and manuals in psychotherapy, future research is strongly encouraged.

Video Modeling and Scenario-Based Learning on Interpersonal Skills and Work Readiness for Transition Age Students with Disabilities: An Interdisciplinary Approach

ABSTRACT This pretest/posttest study investigated the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary program in which occupational therapists and speech-language pathologists used a combination of video modeling, scenario-based learning, guided discussion, and reflection on the development of interpersonal skills and work readiness among students with disabilities. This study examined 20 high school and postgraduate transitional students enrolled full-time in Life Skills Support classrooms in two rural high schools. Participants completed 21 dynamic and interactive group sessions which included video modeling, scenario-based learning, guided discussion, and reflection. Sessions were completed once a week, for one hour, and focused on enhancing interpersonal skills, cognitive skills, work habits, and performance skills. Sessions were delivered via an interdisciplinary model with participants’ primary occupational therapist and speech-language pathologist. Results of the paired-samples t-test found a statistically significant increase in the Becker Work Adjustment Profile-2 scores in three categories: Cognitive Skills, Work Performance, and Broad Work Adjustment. All students showed growth on Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) T-scores; 18 of the 20 students achieved GAS T-scores greater than threshold performance.

The changing face of surgical education: transfer of surgical and endovascular knowledge to young surgeons.

The goal of vascular surgery education is to provide the best possible training to vascular residents and fellows and to assure the highest standards of care for patients with vascular disease. In the USA, the currently used Vascular Surgery Milestones Program includes milestones as set targets at five levels, from novice to expertise, to assess the trainees' performance in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other attributes of competencies. Competencies are broad and foundational domains of ability, the most important being the care of the patient. The soon to be introduced Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA) Project, a competency-based assessment, appears to be the best way to evaluate that trainees are ready to practice independently. Transferring surgical and endovascular skills to trainees has been, however, a challenge, because of the decreased number of open surgical procedures, the increasing number of the endovascular interventions, the decreased work hours for residents and that learning on patients in the operating room is no longer acceptable. Simulation laboratories, using 3D reconstructions of real patient's aneurysms has been most helpful to teach even complex endovascular procedures. In open or endovascular simulation laboratories, deliberate practice with focused attention and specific goals of improving performance should be combined with expert feedback. Greatness is not coded into our DNA but comes from deliberate practice, dedication and perseverance.