Perfectionism Questionnaire Research Articles

The clinical perfectionism questionnaire: psychometric properties of the Italian version in patients with eating disorders.

Problematic perfectionism has been traditionally conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, and specific instruments have been developed to capture its various dimensions. However, the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) was recently designed to measure a unidimensional construct called "clinical perfectionism", but the questionnaire has not yet been validated in Italian. This study aimed to propose the Italian version of the CPQ and examine its psychometric properties. The CPQ was translated into Italian using translation and back-translation procedures. Then, it was administered to 188 Italian-speaking patients with eating disorders and 126 non-eating disorder group (excluded if the Italian version of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 was ≥ 20). The clinical group also completed the Italian versions of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit for the bifactor structure of the 10-item version. Internal consistency was high for the general clinical perfectionism factor, and test-retest reliability was good. Convergent validity was acceptable for the general clinical perfectionism and 'overvaluation of striving' group factors. The CPQ showed significantly higher scores in patients with eating disorders than in the non-eating disorder group. Overall, the study demonstrated the good psychometric properties of the Italian version of the CPQ, and validated its use in Italian-speaking patients with eating disorders. Although further research is required, the CPQ has promising evidence as a reliable and valid measure of clinical perfectionism in its Italian version. Level V, Descriptive study.

Assessing cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa using eye tracking: A registered report.

Cognitive flexibility research in anorexia nervosa (AN) has primarily focused on group differences between clinical and control participants, but research in the general population utilizing the mixed pro- anti-saccade flexibility task has demonstrated individual differences in trait anxiety are a determinant of switching performance, and switching impairments are more pronounced for keypress than saccadic (eye-movement) responses. The aim of the current research is to explore trait anxiety and differences in saccadic and keypress responding as potential determinants of performance on flexibility tasks in AN. We will compare performance on the mixed pro- anti-saccade paradigm between female adult participants with a current diagnosis of AN and matched control participants, observing both saccadic and keypress responses while controlling for trait anxiety (State - Trait Anxiety Inventory) and spatial working memory (Corsi Block Tapping Test). Associations with eating disorder-related symptoms (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire), flexibility in everyday life (Eating Disorder Flexibility Index), and the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire will also be assessed. Data which controls for individual differences in trait anxiety and assesses flexibility at both the task- and response-set level may be used to more accurately understand differences in performance on cognitive flexibility tasks by participants with AN. Clarifying the effects of trait anxiety on flexibility, and differences between task- and response-set switching may advance our understanding of how cognitive flexibility relates to flexibility in everyday life and improve translation to therapeutic approaches. This research will compare performance on a flexibility task between participants with anorexia nervosa (AN) and controls while observing their eye-movements to examine whether trait anxiety and type of response (eye-movement and keypress) are associated with performance. This data may improve our understanding of why participants with AN perform more poorly on cognitive flexibility tasks, and how poor cognitive flexibility relates to eating disorder-related issues with flexibility in everyday life.

Greater self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism in severe alcohol use disorder.

Perfectionistic individuals present exaggerated performance standards, generating a constant search for flawlessness and a high tendency to self-criticize. Dominant models distinguish three dimensions of perfectionism: namely, self-oriented, socially prescribed and other-oriented. Perfectionism constitutes a vulnerability factor for psychopathological disorders, but its role in severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) remains unexplored. Sixty-five recently detoxified patients with SAUD and 65 matched controls completed a perfectionism questionnaire (the Hewitt Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale), together with measures of psychopathology. SAUD was associated with greater self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism, with no group differences on other-oriented perfectionism. This differential pattern persisted when controlling for depression and anxiety levels, and there was no correlation with alcohol consumption. This specific perfectionistic profile is consistent with those of previous studies showing lower self-evaluation (e.g., higher self-blame and reduced self-esteem) and impaired social cognition (e.g., unrealistic social standards and greater social isolation) in SAUD. In view of its potential role in the development and maintenance of SAUD, perfectionism may constitute a valuable treatment target in patients with this disorder.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire after rewording negatively keyed items

The present study aims to verify the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire after rewording negatively keyed items into positive (CPQ+). It was used a convenience sample of 168 Brazilian university students (M=25.37, SD=7.40), being 76.8% women. After rewording the negatively keyed items into positive, the CPQ+ was applied. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales – Short Form (DASS-21) were also applied. The Corrected Item-Total Correlation values of CPQ+ items were close to or higher than the cutoff point. After exclusion of item 8, due to crossloading, and correlation between errors of items 3 and 10, the correlated two-factor model presented the best fit of latent structure to CPQ+, through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The Perfectionistic Concerns dimension of CPQ+ was greater related to global score of DASS-21 in comparison to the Perfectionistic Striving dimension, indicating good validity regarding other variables. In summary, results recommend the use of CPQ+ presented in this study, it is, a version with 11 positive items.

A Structural Equation Modeling to Explain Marital Burnout: Pornography Consumption and Perfectionism With the Mediating Role of Sexual Self-concept

Objective: With the development of technology and easy access to various contents in the Internet, pornography consumption, along with individual characteristics, can be one of the factors affecting couples’ relationships. This study aimed to assess the role of pornography consumption and sexual perfectionism with the mediating role of sexual self-concept on marital burnout among university students in Iran. Methods: The research was a cross-sectional and correlational study. The study population consisted of married students of Islamic Azad University, of which 210 answered online to Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI), the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ), multidimensional sexual perfectionism questionnaire (MSPQ), and couple burnout measure. The PCI and MSSCQ questionnaires were translated into Persian for the first time and used after confirming their validity and reliability. Correlation coefficients (using SPSS software v. 26) and path analysis (using LISREL statistical software) were used to investigate the variables of the couple burnout prediction model. Results: Based on the study results, positive sexual self-concept was not related to marital burnout. However, negative self-concept was positively related to marital burnout. There was no direct relationship between pornography and marital burnout, but there is a positive relationship with the mediating role of negative sexual self-concept. Sexual perfectionism was positively associated with marital burnout. Negative sexual self-concept also mediates between sexual perfectionism and marital burnout. Conclusion: The results indicated that high sexual perfectionism was associated with higher marital burnout and individual with negative sexual self-concept under the influence of pornography and high sexual perfectionism were more prone to marital burnout.

Adaptação Transcultural do Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) para brasileiros

Abstract The goals of this paper are the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties evaluation of the Brazilian version of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), a scale that measures the tendency of a person to pursue self-demanding standards and the subjective consequences provided by achieving them or not. The original instrument was translated to Portuguese and back-translated to English. The preliminary version was judged by one of the authors of the instrument and by Brazilian specialists, producing content validity indicators. The final version was applied to a sample of 250 Brazilian undergraduate students, aged from 18 to 60 years old (M=24.9, SD=8.63), mostly female (76%). In the Exploratory Factor Analysis, data have revealed a bidimensional structure, and the other psychometric properties, such as internal consistency and validity regarding other variables, have shown adequate to the instrument. Additional analyses of unidimensional congruence reinforced the multidimensionality of the measure.

Perfectionism and affect as determinants of self-perceived motor competence in primary school children

The aim of this study was to analyze the primary school students’ perception of their motor competence in the area of Physical Education, with respect to the affective domain and improvement. The sample consisted of 428 primary school students aged between 8 and 12 years (M=10.43; SD=0.837) (Castilla La Mancha, Spain). Perceived motor competence (PMC) was measured by the Perception of Competence Questionnaire (POC); perfectionism was measured by the three subscales of the Child Perfectionism Questionnaire, and, finally, affectivity was assessed by the PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) questionnaire. Positive correlations were obtained between all the dimensions of the PMC and self-improvement (p<.05). Significant gender differences were found in the PMC dimension Peers and Self-Experience, with higher scores in males (p<.05). Differences were also found in the PMC dimension Peers as a function of weight status, being lower in the overweight group (p<.05). Age was related to self-experience being higher the older one was (p<.05). A model was generated that explained 23.7% of PMC with the total dimension of self-improvement and weight status. Three distinct profiles, called high, medium and low self-improvement, were detected. These groups in turn showed an analogy in perceived motor competence, high, medium and low, the result also obtained in the regression analysis (p<.05). These results extend the relationship between perceived motor competence and self-improvement in primary school children and are potentially of interest to the fields of education and psychology.

The Effect of Sports Exercises on Students' Differentiation and Perfectionism

This study aimed to determine the effect of sports exercises on students' differentiation and perfectionism. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and terms of the method used; it was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population includes; female students of the first year of high school who were studied using peer matching between the ages of 13-15. Due to the quasi-experimental nature of the research through G-Power software, 32 students in the experimental group and 15 students in the control group were studied. Data collection was based on Azimkhani, Hejazi & Aminzadeh’s training protocol (2019), as well as the Perfectionism Questionnaire (Hill, Huelsman, Furr, Kibler, Vicente, & Kennedy, 2004) and the Differentiation Questionnaire (Drake, Murdock, Marszalek, & Barber, 2015). Based on the findings; Can be observed through dependent t-test and analysis of covariance; In the experimental group in the pre-test and post-test in the variable components of differentiation and perfectionism, the significant levels of the dependent t-test are less than 0.05. Therefore, it can be said; significant changes have been made in the variables of differentiation and perfectionism in pre-test and post-test. Conclusion; According to the findings, to increase the psychological and physical factors and the effect of the sports coach, all other factors; Including educational support, the quality of the halls, and educational environments, can be a serious help for students. On the other hand, the type of training along with professional trainers can be a great help for all students, even elite athletes.

A Self-Report Measure of Perfectionism: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Swedish Version of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire.

Perfectionism is often defined as the strive for achievement and high standards, but can also lead to negative consequences. In addition to affecting performance and interpersonal relationships, perfectionism can result in mental distress. A number of different self-report measures have been put forward to assess perfectionism. Specifically intended for clinical practice and research, the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) was developed and is presently available in English and Persian. To promote its use in additional contexts, the current study has translated and investigated the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CPQ. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to examine the best fit with data, using a priori-models and a sample of treatment-seeking participants screened for eligibility to receive Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (n = 223). The results indicated a lack of fit with data. A two-factor structure without the two reversed items (2 and 8) exhibited the best fit, perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, but still had poor structural validity. Correlations with self-report measures of perfectionism, depression, anxiety, dysfunctional beliefs, self-criticism, quality of life, and self-compassion were all in the expected directions. Eight-week test-retest correlation was Pearson r = .62, 95% Confidence Interval [.45, .74], using data from 72 participants in the wait-list control, and the internal consistency for the CPQ, once removing the reversely scored items, was Cronbach's α = .72. The CPQ can be used as a self-report measure in Swedish, but further research on its structural validity is needed.

Measurement Invariance of Perfectionism Measures in Students with and without a History of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.

Perfectionism is a transdiagnostic process which may be implicated in the onset and maintenance of non-suicidal self-injury. No study has evaluated whether reported differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury represent genuine group differences or measurement artefacts. The present study reports an investigation of the measurement invariance of two common scales of perfectionism, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Brief (FMPS-Brief) and the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ), among university students (Mage = 20.48, SDage = 2.22, 75.3% female, 22.8% male) with and without a history of self-injury (total n = 711). Results revealed full residual error invariance for the two-factor model of FMPS-Brief, while the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief and the two-factor model of the CPQ demonstrated partial metric invariance. Accounting for partial metric invariance, the bifactor model of the FMPS-Brief also demonstrated partial residual error invariance. The current findings suggest that observed differences using the FMPS-Brief reflect genuine differences in perfectionism between individuals with and without a history of self-injury. Further, while researchers using the bi-factor model can have confidence that the general factor can adequately assess group differences, differential item functioning should be considered if using the strivings and concerns factors. Finally, in the current data, the CPQ did not perform as expected in baseline model fit and future research should replicate assessments of measurement invariance in this measure.

The Validity and Reliability Study of The Turkish Version of The Multidimensional Parenting Perfectionism Questionnaire

This study aims to adapt the Multidimensional Parenting Perfectionism Scale-B Form (MPPS) to Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties . The sample of the study consisted of 290 parents with one or more children. Of the 290 participant parents, 203 were female and 87 were male. In the current study, along with MPPS B form, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was used to determine convergent validity. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the construct validity of the scale, and in order to confirm the results of the analysis Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted. Based on the factor analysis, the factors in the scale were grouped as “Partner’s Parenting Expectations and Criticism”, “Doubts about Parenting Capacity”, “Parenting Organization”, and “Personal Parenting Standards”. The Cronbach alpha values obtained in the analysis ranged between .83 and .93. The results of the analysis suggest that the Turkish version of the MPPS is a psychometrically powerful scale. Keywords: Perfectionism, Parenting Perfectionism, Multidimensional Parenting Perfectionism Scale

Участие в фитнес-блогах как новая социальная практика и ее последствия для психического здоровья молодых женщин

Fitness blogging and fitness marathons are becoming a popular social practice, especially among young women. Although these practices are claimed to provide health benefits, in reality they pose serious risks to the participants’ mental wellbeing. The paper focuses on a study aimed at the analysis of the level and factors of mental distress in female fitness blog subscribers, and the dynamics of their emotional wellbeing in the course of fitness marathons. A total of 112 women aged 18 to 35 years old, with a mean age of 23.5 (SD=4.7), participated in the study. All the respondents were Instagram fitness blog subscribers. The following methods were used in the study: Physical perfectionism scale [8]; Situational Inventory of Body-Im- age Dysphoria [14]; Perceived sociocultural pressure scale [3]; Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale [9]; Beck’s Depression Inventory [17]; N.G. Garanyan and A.B. Kholmogorova’s Three-Factor Perfectionism Questionnaire [1]. Received data testify that young women who spent on Instagram over 60 minutes a day differed from those who spent maximum 30 minutes online by significantly higher levels of excessive body standards and body dissatisfaction, and a greater severity of emotional maladjustment symptoms, including suicidal tendencies. The regression analysis showed that physical and general perfectionism as well as social anxiety and depression symptoms had the most significant effect on an increase in body dissatisfaction levels. After completion of a fitness marathon, women had significant increases in body dissatisfaction and emotional problems. Further research is needed to identify targets that would help to prevent the emotional maladjustment which occur as a result of young women’s engagement in fitness blogging.

Evaluation of the Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire: The CPQ-D.

The aim was to create a German version of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ-D) and to test its factor structure, reliability, and validity in a non-clinical population. We recruited N = 432 participants via an online panel. The factor structure of CPQ-D was examined. The convergent, discriminative, and incremental validity was assessed in relation to the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Exploratory factor analysis resulted in two factors. Factor 1 represented the over evaluation of striving and Factor 2 was associated to concern over mistakes. Internal consistency was acceptable with ω = .81 for the total score, ω = .77 for Factor 1, and ω = .73 for Factor 2. Convergent, discriminative, and incremental validity was demonstrated. Important to note, Item 12 should be used with caution since it showed low communality and a low item-total correlation and should therefore be further evaluated in future research. The results indicate that the German translated version of the CPQ has acceptable internal consistency, convergent, discriminative and incremental validity. Future research should test the CPQ-D scale further in clinical and non-clinical populations and assess a broader variety of scales to determine validity of the scale.

The Relationship between Perfectionism and Goal Orientation Types on Sports Continuation

Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study is, to determine the effect of perfectionism levels and goal orientation types on the individuals who played licensed basketball in the past, to continue their basketball life at a professional/amateur level or dropped out basketball. Methods: The sample of the study consists of a licensed basketball history, a total of 150 participants who continue at the amateur level (50), professional level (50), and dropped out basketball/continue as a hobby (50). Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire developed by Duda et al. (1992) to determine types of goal orientation and Multidimensional Perfectionism Questionnaire (Frost et al., 1990) to predict perfectionism levels were used to collect data. The data analyzed with SPSS 25.0 program with one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analyses. Results: As a result of analyses, there were no significant differences between task and ego orientation and perfectionism and sport continuation types of participants. It was also found that according to correlation analysis conducted to determine the relationship between task and ego orientation among the styles of continuing sports; a statistically significant positive moderate relationship between task and ego orientation score of participants who dropped out basketball and continue at an amateur level; on the other hand, a high positive correlation was found between goal orientation and ego orientation of those who continue at professional level. Conclusion: Results provide a richer understanding of the effects of goals orientations with perfectionism and their relationship to performance and have implications on sport continuation.

Are they too perfect to eat healthy? Association between eating disorder symptoms and perfectionism in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts

ObjectiveEating disorders are associated with perfectionism in adults, but evidence is lacking in adolescent competitive athletes. This study examined eating disorder symptoms and perfectionism in a sample of 13–15 years old, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts. MethodsEighty-nine female rhythmic gymnasts (41 international and 48 recreational level gymnasts), completed the Eating Attitudes Tests 26 (EAT-26), the Sport Perfectionism Questionnaire (SPQ), the Social Desirability Scale (SDS) and provided information on their training. ResultsIt was found that 41.46% of the international and 14.58% of the recreational level gymnasts scored ≥20 in EAT-26. International level gymnasts also scored higher than recreational in EAT-26 (p = 0.002), and its subscales Dieting (p = 0.012) and Oral Control (p ˂ 0.001) and in the Sport Perfectionism Questionnaire (p = 0.005) and the subscales Striving for Perfectionism (p ˂ 0.001) and Personal Standards (p ˂ 0.001). No differences were found between groups in the subscales Concerns over Mistakes (p = 0.429), and Negative Reactions to Imperfection (p = 0.096). Multiple regression analysis in international level gymnasts, showed that Negative Reactions to Imperfection, body mass index and training experience accounted for 33.2% of the variance in EAT-26 (adjusted R2 = 0.332, F = 6.786, p ˂ 0.001). A negative association was observed between training experience and eating disorder symptoms in international level athletes. No association was found between the subscales of perfectionism and EAT-26 in recreational gymnasts (p ˃ 0.316). ConclusionsInternational level, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts show more eating pathology than recreational. Negative Reactions to Imperfection and BMI seem relevant for gymnasts' dieting behaviour while training experience may help adolescent athletes to cope with disturbed eating behaviours.

Two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples

BackgroundStudies in Western cultures have shown that perfectionism is conceptualized by two-factor higher-order model including perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. However, little is known about the construct of perfectionism in Eastern societies. Thus, we examined the two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in Iranian general and clinical samples.MethodsWe recruited a general population sample (n = 384) and patients with major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and eating disorders (n = 152) from Tehran, Iran from September 2016 to December 2017. They completed the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire, Perfectionism Inventory, and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21.ResultsThe two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism showed adequate fit with data for females from the general population and clinical sample. Data for males were only available from the general population, and the model showed adequate fit with the data first after removing the Rumination scale of the perfectionistic concerns. The perfectionistic strivings dimension showed no or negative association with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, but perfectionistic concerns dimension showed positive correlation with these indices in all samples for both males and females.ConclusionsThe results support the two-factor higher-order model of perfectionism in samples of Iranian females from the general population and clinical sample. However, the results were different for males from the general population. In other words, the modified two-factor higher-order model showed acceptable fit with the data for males from the general population only after removing the Rumination scale from perfectionistic concerns. These differences among males and females were discussed.

Investigating the Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Perfectionism and Mobile Phone Addiction in Gifted Students.

Objective: Adolescence is a critical period in terms of development and education, in which there are numbers of high-risk behaviors that can negative effects on personal and educational life. One of these high-risk behaviors is mobile phone addiction that is a sociopsychological phenomenon, and the lack of control in the use of this technology by students can cause damage to various aspects of their personal and educational lives. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of procrastination in the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and addiction to mobile phone in gifted students. Method : This was a descriptive and correlational study in which 200 gifted students from gifted students’ high school of Meshghinshahr were selected using cluster sampling in 2020. Tri-Shot Perfectionism questionnaires, Tuckman Procrastination Scale, and Savari Mobile Phone Addiction questionnaire were applied to collect data. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, and path analysis (Structural Model) were used to analyze data. Results: The findings revealed positive and negative perfectionism was not directly related to cell phone addiction. However, positive perfectionism through procrastination meditation had a negative and indirect relationship with mobile phone addiction (β = -0.18), and negative perfectionism through procrastination meditation had a positive and indirect relationship with mobile phone addiction (β = 0.17). In other words, procrastination is a complete mediation in the relationship between negative and positive perfectionism and cell phone addiction in students (β = 0.29). Conclusion: The results emphasized the effect of procrastination on the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and mobile phone addiction in gifted students. Therefore, these findings can help school and rehabilitation counselors to prepare programs for reducing students' addictive and avoidant behaviors.

Проверка надежности и валидности диагностической модели перфекционизма в спорте

Relevance: the problem of diagnosing perfectionism in sports activities is relevant for solving a large number of research issues related to the study of emotional states and factors of success in athletes, as well as practical tasks related to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of athletes. In this regard, seems to us the design of a method for diagnosing perfectionism in sports activities necessary and relevant.Objective: to test the method “Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale”, and to check the reliability and structural validity of this method. Methods: testing was carried out on a sample (N = 323) of Russian athletes of different kinds of sports. In the process of adapting the questionnaire, a direct and reverse translation of the questionnaire was performed, the factor structure of the questionnaire was checked using exploratory factor analysis, the internal consistency of the questionnaire scales and convergent validity using correlation analysis. Results: a five-factor model of the method was identified. It include the following scales: “Organization and high personal standards“, “High parental expectations”, “Doubts about actions“, “ Concern over mistakes” and “High coaching expectations”. Analysis of the reliability of the scales showed significant internal consistency of each of them. To assess convergent validity, a correlation analysis of the scales of the tested method and the “Three-factor perfectionism questionnaire” by N. G. Garanyan and A. B. Kholmogorova was performed. The results of the analysis showed that the method “Multidimensional perfectionism scale in sports” has the high convergent validity, which indicates a fairly predictive value of this tool. Conclusions: for the first time in the field of Russian sports psychology, a tool for measuring perfectionism in athletes has been tested, which has shown high structural validity and reliability. In this regard, the method “Multidimensional perfectionism scale in sports” can be used for practical purposes to solve diagnostic and psychotherapeutic problems in the field of professional sports.

PERFECTIONISM AND BURNOUT IN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Aim: To discover the relationship between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and professional burnout in laboratory diagnosticians in the Pomorskie [Pomeranian] Voivodship, Poland. Material and methods: The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) and the Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire (PAD) were used in the descriptive cross-sectional study. Results: Previous research suggests that the phenomenon of occupational burnout among the professional group of laboratory diagnosticians seems to have a specific nature, different from burnout in other medical professionals. It is believed that extremely high job demands, insufficient personal resources, as well as certain personality characteristics (which can alter the perceptions and responses to job demands as well as the perception and use of resources), are essential to the development of professional burnout. Conclusions: In the age of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, strict compliance with safety procedures when performing tests for virus infection through laboratory diagnostics is of especially great importance to the entire epidemiological situation.

The effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to psychological flexibility, and perfectionism in mothers of children with tic disorders

Introduction: Â Regarding the prevalence of tic disorders in children and their psychological burden, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment to psychological flexibility and perfectionism in mothers of children with tic disorders. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study included mothers of children with tic disorder who referred to Ibn-e-Sina Psychiatric Hospital and Astan-e-Mehr Counseling Center in Mashhad city in 2019-2020. Amongst them, 30 mothers were selected through the convenient method of sampling. Then they divided into experimental and control groups randomly. Both groups completed Hills Perfectionism Questionnaire and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results:Commitment and acceptance-based therapy has a significant effect on increasing psychological flexibility (P=0.001), and reducing perfectionism (P=0.000). Conclusion: It seems that commitment and acceptance-based therapy is an effective method to improve psychological flexibility, and reducing perfectionism in mothers of children with tic disorders.