Abstract
Perfectionism is often defined as the strive for achievement and high standards, but can also lead to negative consequences. In addition to affecting performance and interpersonal relationships, perfectionism can result in mental distress. A number of different self-report measures have been put forward to assess perfectionism. Specifically intended for clinical practice and research, the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ) was developed and is presently available in English and Persian. To promote its use in additional contexts, the current study has translated and investigated the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CPQ. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to examine the best fit with data, using a priori-models and a sample of treatment-seeking participants screened for eligibility to receive Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (n = 223). The results indicated a lack of fit with data. A two-factor structure without the two reversed items (2 and 8) exhibited the best fit, perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, but still had poor structural validity. Correlations with self-report measures of perfectionism, depression, anxiety, dysfunctional beliefs, self-criticism, quality of life, and self-compassion were all in the expected directions. Eight-week test-retest correlation was Pearson r = .62, 95% Confidence Interval [.45, .74], using data from 72 participants in the wait-list control, and the internal consistency for the CPQ, once removing the reversely scored items, was Cronbach's α = .72. The CPQ can be used as a self-report measure in Swedish, but further research on its structural validity is needed.
Highlights
Perfectionism is often defined as the strive for achievement and high standards, but can lead to negative consequences
Likelihood-ratio χ2-test (p > .05), the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI; > .95), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI; > .95), the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; < .06), cutoffs for indices presented in parenthe ses. df = Degrees of Freedom; CI = Confidence Interval. aBased on the results reported for the first Exploratory Factor Analysis. bBased on the results reported for Study 1. cModel did not converge. dBased on the results reported for the general population. *p
The current study explored the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ)
Summary
Participants were recruited through social media, the recruitment website www.stud ie.nu, posters set up at Linköping University, Stockholm University, and a number of health centers in Linköping, a local public radio show, and a local newspaper These advertisements declared that anyone who experienced severe problems of perfectionism and were interested in the study could register and fill out the self-report measures on the study’s website. 273 individuals registered on the study’s website, of which 223 (81.7%) completed all of the self-report measures and were included in the current psychometric study, regardless of whether they were included in the clinical trial or not Of those eligible for inclusion, 78 were randomized to a wait-list control and were used to estab lish the test-retest correlation of the CPQ (eight weeks), with 72 (92.3%) completing the second round of assessments. Diagnosed with a psychiatric diagnosis: n (%) Ongoing psychological treatment: n (%) Regularly taking psychotropic medication: n (%)
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