Perceptions Of Others Research Articles

The potential role of descriptive and dynamic norms in promoting climate change advocacy

AbstractPolitical advocacy is arguably the most powerful form of action that citizens concerned about climate change can take. One motivator for political advocacy is the perception that there is a social norm (i.e. inherently understood social rules and standards that serve to guide social behaviors) for doing so. Using nationally representative survey data (N = 1303), we examined the association of three types of social norms—descriptive norms (i.e. perceptions about how many other people perform a behavior), retrospective and prospective dynamic norms (i.e. perceptions that a behavior has become more or less common in the past or will in the future)—with intentions to engage in political advocacy in the upcoming year and past advocacy. We found that descriptive norms and prospective dynamic norms were positively related to advocacy intentions, while only prospective dynamic norms were positively related to past advocacy (retrospective dynamic norms were negatively related to both outcomes, contrary to our theorized direction). Furthermore, we examined whether the relationship between norms and intentions/behaviors differed based on political party identification and four potential mediators of this relationship: identification with climate activists; collective efficacy (i.e. the belief that people can engage in climate advocacy and that it will make a difference); collective response efficacy (i.e. beliefs about the results of advocacy); and injunctive norms (i.e. perceptions of others’ approval of advocacy). In the moderated mediation models, we found that party identification moderated the relationships between descriptive norms and prospective dynamic norms and advocacy intention, while retrospective dynamic norms were not related as theorized. These relationships were mediated by identification with climate activists and collective efficacy as well as by injunctive norms in the case of descriptive norms. Party identification also moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and past advocacy; this relationship was mediated by identification with climate activists and injunctive norms. Taken together, these findings underscore the potential importance of perceived descriptive norms and prospective dynamic norms on political advocacy to address climate change, extending both well-established and emerging research and providing insights useful for academics and practitioners alike.

Impact of Covid-19 and its Variant on the Air Travel Intention

Abstract: This study investigated air travel intentions of 143 domestic travelers during COVID-19 pandemic using constructs based on theory of planned behavior and model of goal-directed behavior and additional constructs were also added based on our understanding. The impact of Individual Perception, Perception of others’ attitudes, Perceived extent we can control our behavior, Readiness to adopt personal non-pharmaceutical interventions (PNPIs), Extend of seriousness of COVID-19 acknowledged, Frequency of past travel, Extent of Covid-19 awareness as predictor variables on the air travel intention of consumers was examined. It was revealed that Individual Perception and perceived extent of control of our behavior, have positive relationship with air travel intention of consumers. However, the readiness to adopt PNPI’s, Extent of seriousness of COVID-19 acknowledged, and Frequency of past travel have no relationship with the air travel intention of consumers. But extent of awareness of covid-19 is found to have a negative relationship with air travel intention of consumers. Directions for future research are discussed.

Negotiation of Representation of Rohingya in Thailand through Faith-Based Media

This article analyzes media representations in Thailand of the Rohingya, an ethnic minority being persecuted in Myanmar, with a focus on those representations in faith-based media like the White Channel. Media representations help form people’s perceptions of others. Representations of the Rohingya as refugees and migrants, as a result of the interaction of rhetoric and ideology within the nation state, demonizes and paints the Rohingya as the ‘Other’, influencing public dialogue. However, individual Rohingya in Thailand are also steering the course for their own future by trying to tell their own stories. Keywords: Rohingya, Media and migration, Representation, Media portrayals, Faith-based organization.

Co-designing a neurodivergent student-led peer support programme for neurodivergent young people in mainstream high schools

Peer support in mainstream high schools may help neurodivergent young people to thrive and navigate challenging experiences. Previous research with diagnosis-specific neurodivergent cohorts indicates that peer support can help improve wellbeing, strengthen social identity and school belonging, and may alleviate pressure to conform to neurotypical social norms. In the light of a call for peer support for all neurodivergent people, rather than diagnosis-specific support, the aim of this study was to identify key elements of a neurodivergent student-led peer support programme via a co-design process. The co-design groups included neurodivergent young people and adults who work with them. Transcripts from a series of design meetings were thematically analysed and three main themes were identified: the central role of the peer support group facilitator; inclusiveness is essential; and directly addressing negative perceptions of others. The study emphasised that a co-design methodology is crucial to ensure that the end-users’ voices and perspectives are embedded in the design. Overall, the co-design teams recommended implementing neurodivergent student-led peer support for neurodivergent young people attending mainstream schools to promote inclusivity and prioritise the expertise of neurodivergent students. This type of support may benefit neurodivergent young people by encouraging them to build community and provide and receive peer support in a space that centres neurodivergent comfort and authenticity, rather than depending on applying neurotypical social norms. Lay Abstract Neurodivergence is a term used to describe people who may think, feel, and process the world differently than the majority. It includes conditions such as autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and dyslexia. Many neurodivergent young people struggle in school, and some autistic adults have shared that having support from other neurodivergent peers would have improved their school experience. Other research shows that peer support can improve wellbeing, self-advocacy skills, social identity and a sense of belonging for neurodivergent young people. In this study, the authors along with a group of neurodivergent young people and a group of adults who work with neurodivergent young people, created a peer support programme, to be led by neurodivergent students, specifically for neurodivergent young people who attend mainstream high schools. The aim of this study is to identify which elements of a peer support programme are important to neurodivergent young people themselves. We analysed the transcripts from the co-design meetings and found three main themes: the central role of the peer support group facilitator; inclusiveness is essential; and directly addressing negative perceptions of others. Overall, using co-design methods to create a peer support programme is crucial to ensure the voices and perspectives of those who will use it are integrated into the design. The co-design team felt that peer support led by neurodivergent students would be inclusive and may allow students to feel able to be themselves at school.

Dehumanizing disability: Evidence for subtle and blatant dehumanization of people with physical disabilities

Extensive research has examined the dehumanization, or perception of others as less than human, of various stigmatized/minoritized groups. Previous literature investigating dehumanization of groups often considers dehumanization along a single dimension (e.g., denial of human emotions, denial of mind), despite the existence of many different models of dehumanization. In the current work, we integrate four popular models of dehumanization (i.e., infrahumanization, dual model of dehumanization, mind perception, and blatant dehumanization). Here, we focus on dehumanization of people with physical disabilities, a stigmatized group often overlooked in the dehumanization literature. In this work, we examined whether people with physical disabilities (i.e., paralysis from a spinal cord injury) are dehumanized relative to people without physical disabilities. Across 2 samples (N = 405), we found that participants dehumanized people with (relative to people without) physical disabilities on the dual model of dehumanization, mind perception, and blatant dehumanization measures. However, we observed the opposite pattern for infrahumanization whereby participants dehumanized people without physical disabilities relative to people with physical disabilities. This research extends dehumanization research first by integrating four popular models of dehumanization and second by considering an overlooked population (i.e., people with physical disabilities) in the literature. Further, this work may aid in informing future intervention approaches aimed at decreasing dehumanization of people with physical disabilities.

‘Care for Environment, Care for Each Other’: Environmental Values and GESI (Gender Equality and Social Inclusion) Institutionalization among Secondary Education Students in Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia

This study evaluates Kepulauan Riau-Indonesia's efforts to infuse international environmental norms into the curriculum of coastal schools, crucial due to their vulnerability to climate change. The study explores whether this integration not only heightens environmental awareness but also nurtures empathy among students, fostering care for their peers and society. A survey of 400 secondary education students in Kepulauan Riau was conducted, gauging attitudes toward environmental issues and Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI). The research aimed to assess the impact of the integrated curriculum on students' values and perceptions of others in the realm of environmental concerns. DiD analysis and ANCOVA revealed a significant link between the integrated curriculum and positive student values. Environmental education not only enhanced environmental awareness but also fostered empathy and care for peers and society. The integration of environmental education and GESI principles transformed students into socially responsible individuals, nurturing a sense of community. Educational institutions embracing environmental values play a transformative role. Schools integrating environmental education and GESI principles cultivate values transcending self-interest, fostering genuine empathy and care. This integration not only shapes environmentally conscious citizens but also nurtures a society characterized by compassion and solidarity, emphasizing the critical role of education in fostering social and environmental responsibility.

Identifying the barriers to alternative approaches for behaviour management in schools

Each year, many children are excluded from school in England. Often, exclusion from school is the result of an escalating cycle of challenging behaviour and punitive responses. Despite this, there is still limited use of alternative approaches for behaviour management in schools, with a continued focus on systems of rewards and sanctions. The main aim of this study is to explore senior leaders’ perceptions of the barriers to implementing alternative approaches for behaviour management in schools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 senior school leaders and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Key barriers identified included: time and resources; the perceptions of others; and risk aversion. These barriers contribute to the continued use of punitive responses to challenging behaviour in schools. This suggests that there is a need for support to enable schools to overcome these barriers and widen the options available as alternatives to exclusion from school.

A Large Video Set of Natural Human Actions for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience Studies and Its Validation with fMRI.

The investigation of the perception of others' actions and underlying neural mechanisms has been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive stimulus set covering the human behavioral repertoire. To fill this void, we present a video set showing 100 human actions recorded in natural settings, covering the human repertoire except for emotion-driven (e.g., sexual) actions and those involving implements (e.g., tools). We validated the set using fMRI and showed that observation of the 100 actions activated the well-established action observation network. We also quantified the videos' low-level visual features (luminance, optic flow, and edges). Thus, this comprehensive video set is a valuable resource for perceptual and neuronal studies.

"Our family sleeps deeply": The Presence of Others During Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse as Conveyed By Girls From Diverse Communities in Israel.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is generally perceived as a crime perpetrated out of sight, without witnesses. Nevertheless, several researchers have explored the presence of others during incidents of abuse in regards to two main aspects: bystanders in extrafamilial CSA and bystanders' decisions whether or not to get involved. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding how children who experience abuse perceive and experience the presence of others during abusive incidents. The current study was designed to examine the experiences and perceptions of girls who experienced intrafamilial CSA (IFCSA) with respect to the presence of others, as conveyed during their forensic interviews. A thematic analysis of 24 forensic interviews was conducted with secular Jewish, ultra-Orthodox Jewish, and Muslim Arab girls, aged 4-14. The analysis identified four main themes: (a) the girls' perceptions of others' awareness of them being abused, (b) the girl's experiences of loneliness, (c) the girls' experiences of disclosing to the others present during the abuse, and (d) family dynamics. The discussion highlights the unique, multifaceted and elusive dynamics of IFCSA, calling into question the commonly held view that it happens only in secret. The girls' narratives highlighted their distress and pointed to the abusive and unbearable daily routine in which they live. In spotlighting their encounters with IFCSA, the girls focused on the feelings of guilt, shame, and isolation they experienced.

DAILY EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL WELL-BEING PREDICTED BY PERSONAL AND OTHER VIEWS OF AGING

Abstract Individual differences in personal views of aging and how older adults perceive others contribute to health. We examined these relationships as they unfold within persons over time. A 14-day daily diary study of 428 participants aged 50-85 (M = 63.51) assessed subjective age (how old one feels), ageism, negative affect, and physical health each day. Increases in daily subjective age corresponded to increases in negative affect, but there was no effect of daily ageism. In contrast, increases in daily subjective age and daily ageism were each uniquely associated with increases in daily physical health problems. Further, these views of aging interacted; daily increases in ageism were especially detrimental to physical health when accompanied by increases in subjective age. These results suggest that daily fluctuations in personal views of aging are important for emotional and physical well-being, whereas personal views as well as perceptions of others work together for physical well-being.

Improving attitudes towards minority groups by thinking about the thoughts and meta‐cognitions of their members

AbstractResearch on persuasion has shown that for attitudes to change people need to take into consideration not only the thoughts message recipients generate in response to proposals but also how people think about their own thoughts (metacognition). In the present research, we introduce a new perspective for improving outgroup attitudes focused on the distinction between cognition and metacognition but this time applied to the perceptions of others’ minds. Specifically, we examined to what extent thinking about the mental processes of outgroup members influences attitudes towards those outgroups. We compared the impact of thinking about how others think (perceived primary cognition) with how others think about their own thoughts (perceived secondary cognition or metacognition). In the primary cognition treatment, participants answered questions about the thinking processes of outgroup members. In the secondary cognition treatment, participants answered questions that required them to consider how outgroup members think about their own thoughts (i.e., metacognition). Compared to controls, these treatments were capable of improving attitudes of Spanish citizens towards Syrian refugees, South American immigrants, and Roma people. A third study used a minimal group paradigm in which a fictitious outgroup was described as having primary (vs. secondary) cognition. A final study also tested the implications of assuming that groups have one type of cognition or another. The effects of the two treatments varied depending on the type of outgroup.

The true cost of dysphagia on quality of life: The views of adults with swallowing disability.

Dysphagia impacts negatively on quality of life, however there is little in-depth qualitative research on these impacts from the perspective of people with dysphagia. To examine the lived experiences and views of people with lifelong or ongoing dysphagia on the impacts of dysphagia and its interventions on quality of life, and barriers and facilitators to improved quality of life related to mealtimes. Nine adults with lifelong or acquired chronic dysphagia engaged in in-depth interviews and a mealtime observation. The observations were recorded and scored using the Dysphagia Disorders Survey (DDS). Interviews were recorded, transcribed and de-identified before content thematic and narrative analysis, and verification of researcher interpretations. Participants presented with mild to severe dysphagia as assessed by the DDS. They viewed that dysphagia and its interventions reduced their quality of life and that they had 'paid a high price' in terms of having reduced physical safety, reduced choice and control, poor mealtime experiences, and poor social engagement. As part of their management of dysphagia, participants identified several barriers to and facilitators for improved quality of life including: being involved in the design of their meals, being adaptable, having ownership of swallowing difficulties, managing the perceptions of others and resisting changes to oral intake. This research improves understanding of the primary concerns of people with dysphagia about their mealtime experiences and factors impacting on their quality of life. Clinicians working with people with dysphagia need to consider how self-determination, autonomy and freedom of choice could be improved through involvement in food design of texture-modified foods. It is important that future research considers the views of health professionals on how these findings could impact on policy and practice particularly in ways to address the barriers and enhance facilitators to improved quality of life for people with dysphagia. What is already known on the subject Dysphagia impacts on quality of life, particularly as the severity of the dysphagia increases. Research to date has focused on people with dysphagia associated with an acquired health condition and has used quantitative assessment methods to measure quality of life. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study provides a qualitative examination of the impacts of dysphagia on quality of life from the perspective of people with lifelong or ongoing acquired dysphagia and their supporters. This study also provides qualitative insights into the barriers and facilitators of mealtime-related quality of life. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Health professionals should engage in open communication with their clients with dysphagia regarding the impacts of dysphagia on their lifestyle and quality of life. By considering these impacts, health professionals may be able to recommend interventions that are more acceptable to the person with the dysphagia which may have a positive impact on their mealtime experience.

National identity, willingness to fight, and collective action

Why do people risk their lives fighting in wars? This article looks beyond group grievance and material benefits to add another psychological mechanism explaining why people choose to fight or not to fight – perceived collective action. An individual is much more likely to fight when they perceive that others will also fight. Contrary to the expectations of social identity theory and social pressure theory, the effect of perceived collective action is stronger among those who have a weaker national identity because they are more likely to rationally calculate the chance of winning by accounting for others’ decisions. To mitigate the endogeneity in post-conflict cross-sectional surveys, we conduct a survey experiment (n = 1,001) in Taiwan manipulating perceptions of others’ willingness to fight in a potential China–Taiwan military conflict. Experimental evidence supports the hypotheses that perceived collective action works only on weak Taiwanese identifiers. The result holds in robustness checks and in another nationally representative survey.

Personal standards and evaluative concerns perfectionism on mattering among Gen-Z

<div align="center">This study aimed to investigate whether a personality disposition called perfectionism plays a significant role in predicting the sense of mattering. The role of two major elements of perfectionism, namely evaluative concern perfectionism (ECP) and personal standard perfectionism (PSP) was investigated. ECP was considered as the predictor due to the nature of its contingency upon one’s perception of others’ standard of acceptance, while PSP was included as a moderator because the level of personal standard might determine how ECP predicts the sense of mattering. Participants were purposively recruited to make sure that they were members of Generation-Z (Gen-Z). As many as 130 undergraduate students aged 18 to 24 years old were asked to respond to the subscales of the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale and the interpersonal mattering scale through an online survey. The data was analyzed with a help of the software of PROCESS Macro for bootstrapping method with 95% confidence interval and 5,000 samplings. The results revealed that when PSP is at its highest levels, the link between ECP and mattering is no longer significant. Thus, a perfectionist individual tends to feel they matter more when their concern about others’ opinions is higher, but not when they have higher levels of personal standards.</div>

Stay out of the Sun: Exploring African American College Women’s Thoughts on the Dynamics Between Colorism and Sun-related Behavior

Colorism—systematic intragroup discrimination based on skin color—uniquely affects African American women. Using a sequential mixed methods design, this study explored perceptions of colorism and sun-related behavior among African American women in college. Study 1, which included 14 in-depth interviews, revealed perceptions that lighter skin is mostly preferred among African American women and that this preference can influence sun-related behavior. Study 2 featured a self-administered questionnaire ( n = 187) based on interview commentary. Findings indicated an internalized status quo: Participants deemed colorism prevalent among African Americans and believed that preferences for lighter skin influenced daily life, including sun avoidance. Personal skin color preferences were less clear than participants’ perceptions of others’ preferences. Results pinpointed a possible connection between colorism and sun-related behavior, unveiling interrelationships among internalized beliefs, subjective norms, and behavior. Understanding colorism’s entrenched role and the social context of sun-related decisions extends colorism research from the psychosocial realm to the behavioral. Implications can increase practitioners’ awareness of colorism, enabling interventions to promote appropriate health education and wellbeing among African American women.

Understanding safety culture and safety citizenship through the lens of social identity theory

There is considerable overlap between the concepts of culture and social identity. Here, in the context of organisational safety culture, we investigate the extent to which social identity processes can inform our understanding of organisational culture on safety citizenship behaviour. We test this relationship via two different social identity processes: (1) individuals’ organisational identity (a classically individual-level conceptualisation of social identity); and (2) individuals’ perceptions of others’ organisational identities (meta-identity; a social identity framing of culture). Safety culture survey data from 1,427 air traffic workers were analyses using a simple holdout cross-validation approach for model testing. We find that both identity processes mediate the link between safety culture and safety behaviour. The data also demonstrate that the strength of indirect effect of safety culture on safety citizenship via meta-identity is stronger with increasing levels of organisational identity. Moving forward, safety culture research and interventions may benefit from taking a social identity lens to understanding their culture (e.g. developing identity for safety and safe practice), which has implications for safety behaviour. Consideration of meta-identity has implications for behaviour change initiatives, as individuals who perceive strong group commitment in other group members may be more influenced by interventions that leverage group norms.

Face yourself: The social neuroscience of mirror gazing

In philosophical and psychological accounts alike, it has been claimed that mirror gazing is like looking at ourselves as others. Social neuroscience and social psychology offer support for this view by showing that we use similar brain and cognitive mechanisms during perception of both others' and our own face. I analyse these premises to investigate the factors affecting the perception of one's own mirror image. I analyse mechanisms and processes involved in face perception, mimicry, and emotion recognition, and defend the following argument: because perception of others' face is affected by our feelings toward them, it is likely that feelings toward ourselves affect our responses to the mirror image. One implication is that negative self-feelings can affect mirror gazing instantiating a vicious cycle where the negative emotional response reflects a previously acquired attitude toward oneself. I conclude by discussing implications of this view for psychology and social studies.

Development and Validation of a German Interpersonal Sensitivities Circumplex (ISC-G)

Abstract: The Interpersonal Sensitivities Circumplex (ISC) assesses individual differences in sensitivities to aversive interpersonal behaviors. In this research (total N = 1,519), we developed and validated a German adaptation of the ISC (ISC-G) and extended the nomological net of interpersonal sensitivity as a construct. Using the structural summary method, we investigated associations with self- and informant reports of adaptive (interpersonal) personality traits as well as self-reported personality functioning, maladaptive personality traits, childhood trauma, and hypersensitivity. Replicating and extending previous findings with the ISC, the present research sheds light on the interplay between different personality traits and the perception of others’ interpersonal behavior. Results suggested that individuals report experiencing interpersonal behavior opposite to their own self-description in terms of agency and communion as aversive. This oppositional pattern was most pronounced for antagonistic vs. agreeable traits/behaviors. We discuss these results in the context of research on personality pathology.

A Theory of Planned Behavior-Informed Evaluation of Growers’ Intent to Use Automated Nursery Technologies

Labor scarcity and rising production costs due to increasing labor wages and benefits are key concerns among nursery growers. Automated nursery technologies are a means to address labor challenges, but they are not widely adopted. The research objective was to use the Theory of Planned Behavior to evaluate nursery growers’ intention of using automated technologies in their operations to support future educational initiatives. Using a mixed-mode survey, four technology clusters, or a grouping of connected ideas, were examined: Irrigation application, Plant transport, Plant handling, and Agrochemical application. Overall intent to adopt technologies within each cluster was neutral but slightly negative. Attitudes towards adopting automated nursery technologies and perceptions of others’ approval for adoption were positive, and perceived behavioral control and perceptions of others’ adoption were neutral. When used to predict likelihood of adoption through multiple linear regression models, there was variability in characteristics that predicted intent to adopt technologies within each cluster with attitude being the most consistent predictor across the clusters. There were both positive and negative relationships between the social norms variables and behavioral intent. Overall, social norms and attitudes appear to be among the most important characteristics in disseminating automated nursery technology adoption to address labor issues.

Fluctuation in the sense of belongingness during college moderates within-person associations between perceived injunctive norms and subsequent drinking.

Explanations for associations between social norms and drinking often focus on wanting to fit in, gain social approval, and/or avoid social exclusion. From this perspective, students who believe that drinking is strongly linked to social approval should be more motivated to drink, especially if their sense of social approval or belongingness in college is low. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined changes in drinking as a function of fluctuations in perceived injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions of others' approval of drinking) and belongingness (i.e., one's sense of social belonging in college). Participants included 383 (60% women) nonabstaining students who, beginning in their first or second year of college, completed assessments every 3 months over a 2-year period. Data were analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial models followed by marginal tests to evaluate nonlinear interactions. Within-person results indicated that when individuals believed other students were more approving of alcohol, they subsequently increased their drinking, which is especially true when individuals' sense of belongingness was at or below average. Between-person effects revealed overall positive associations of injunctive norms and belongingness with drinking. In addition, greater alcohol consumption among individuals with higher injunctive norms was less evident among students with lower average levels of belongingness. Perceiving others as more approving of drinking corresponds to increased drinking only when personal levels of belongingness are at or below average. Elevated feelings of belongingness may buffer social influences on drinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).