Perceptions Of Others Research Articles

How do perceptions of others’ approval of, and engagement in, hand-held phone use influence young drivers? A mixed-method study

Engagement in hand-held phone use while driving is a prevalent issue among young drivers. Therefore, it is important to identify contributors to the behaviour. Social Norm Theory suggests that the perceptions of others’ approval of, and engagement in, a behaviour can influence one’s own engagement in the same behaviour. These perceptions can result in increased engagement in risky behaviours if they are over- or under- estimated. The current study implemented a mixed-method design to explore young drivers’ perceptions regarding their peers’/friends’ approval of, and engagement in, hand-held phone use while driving, and to identify the relative influence of perceived social norms on hand-held phone use while driving among young drivers. Overall, 510 young drivers completed a survey and 30 young drivers participated in interviews. Surveys and interviews questioned participants opinions on their own and others (peers and friends) approval of, and engagement in, hand-held phone use while driving. Quantitative results indicated that young drivers believe others approve of, and engage in, hand-held phone use while driving more than themselves. Perceived social norms significantly predicted increasing engagement in hand-held phone use while driving, however the magnitude of the effects were very small. Qualitative data provided a richer understanding of the topic, suggesting that the effects may be larger in certain groups who are particularly influenced by their peers/friends. Implications for future research are discussed with particular focus on exploring the use of a social norm approach in realigning perceptions of others approval of, and engagement in, hand-held phone use while driving.

What Makes Us See Someone as a Leader? A Field Theory Approach

ABSTRACT We propose that what seems to be uniquely common to individuals perceived as leaders is that they all either meaningfully challenge the status quo or meaningfully resist challenge to the status quo over a sustained period of time. While we note that a relationship between leadership and challenge to the status quo has been alluded to in the literature, especially regarding (but not restricted to) charismatic leadership, a deeper theoretical development has been missing, particularly addressing the context of the social setting in which challenge may occur as opposed to a leader-centric view. Moreover, we observe that a commensurate connection between resistance to challenge and leadership is relatively unobserved and unexplored. We develop our argument drawing on Lewin’s field theory and propose a theoretical explanation of how leadership emerges in the perception of others consequent to the sustained invocation and interaction of situational social forces, specifically meaningful challenge, or resistance to challenge, of the status quo. The theory lends itself to empirical study. MAD statement While the field of change management recognizes the connection between Lewin’s field theory, the process of change and his classic experiments on leadership, it has missed field theory’s connection to the perception of leadership acts and, more specifically, how leadership emerges in the perception of others. We draw on Lewin’s theory to explore the process of leadership emergence. We focus on forces that challenge (and thus attempt to change) the status quo, as well as those that resist challenge (and thus resist change) to the status quo. Our paper makes a difference in extending leadership theory and practice by providing a more robust understanding of the challenge concept and its relationship to perception of leadership, with a detailed discussion about how challenging the status quo works in its social context. We also shed new light on resistance to challenge as a dimension of leadership, wherein leaders oppose change and strive to preserve the status quo. In particular, we explore the missing connection between Lewin’s field theory and leadership emergence. Moreover, we show how Lewin’s field approach can be used to empirically study the forces at work in leadership emergence.

Changing perceptions of people wearing masks: Two years of living in a pandemic

AbstractDespite the widespread use of face masks to combat COVID‐19, little is known about their immediate and delayed social consequences. To understand short‐ and long‐term effects of face masks on interpersonal perception, we measured the evaluation of faces with and without masks at four time points—June 2020, January 2021, September 2021 and June 2022—from the early months of the pandemic in North America to the more recent, and from the implementation of mask mandates to the end of these requirements. Surprisingly, we found that, in general, faces with masks were perceived as more competent, warm, trustworthy, considerate and attractive, but less dominant and anxious than faces without masks. Moreover, differences in attributions of dominance, trustworthiness and warmth between faces with and without masks increased in a linear trend from June 2020 to June 2022. Notably, the impact of masks on perceptions of competence, considerateness, attractiveness and anxiousness did not change over time. We discuss how mask mandates can alter people's social perceptions of others who wear masks compared to those who do not wear masks and how these mandates may influence attributions of some traits more than others through mere exposure and/or social norms.

Experiences of Menopausal Transition Among Vietnamese Women: A Grounded Theory Analysis.

Background and Purpose: Complaints about menopause vary between cultures, and the experience of menopause changes significantly in women living in different countries. Limited evidence is available regarding the menopausal experience among Asian women. This study aims to explore the menopausal transition experiences of Vietnamese women. Methods: A qualitative inquiry was undertaken using the grounded theory approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed following constructivist grounded theory methods. Results: In the early transition, women's lives underwent many challenges. They had physical manifestations of menopause and difficulty in their sexual life. Later, women identified that their psychosocial impacts were affected, leading to emotional changes and changes in perceptions of others about the menopausal transition. The study also showed that each woman had their own beliefs and religion. Finally, after experiencing physical and mental changes, women found methods for discomfort relief. These methods included seeking information, applying strategies to manage menopausal challenges and consequences, and maintaining balance. Implications for Practice: The diverse perspectives on women's menopausal transition can help nurses and other health care professionals to provide culturally appropriate care for women.

Communicating climate change as a generational issue: experimental effects on youth worry, motivation and belief in collective action

ABSTRACT Generations differ in their contribution to climate change and susceptibility to its effects. Contextualizing climate change as an intergenerational issue may therefore alter public engagement. We report a pre-registered, online experiment with a youth sample (N = 500, aged 16–24 years) in Ireland that tested whether highlighting generational differences in descriptions of climate change affects (i) worry about climate change, (ii) perception of others’ worry, (iii) belief in collective action and (iv) pro-environmental intentions. We also tested the effect of correcting young people’s misperceptions about how concerned older generations (aged 40+) are. The generational narrative amplified self-reported worry about climate change, from 5.42 (SD = 1.45) on a 7-point rating scale in the control group to 5.76 (SD = 1.18) among those who read the generational narrative (d = 0.26). Those who read the generational narrative also believed their close friends (M = 5.14, SD = 1.32) and other peers (M = 5.28, SD = 1.19) were more worried than those who read the control narrative (M = 4.85, SD = 1.48 and M = 5.03, SD = 1.19, respectively; ds = 0.20). There were no significant effects of contextualizing climate change as an intergenerational issue on perceived worry among older people, belief in collective action or pro-environmental intentions. Providing accurate information on older people’s worry, however, boosted belief in collective action, particularly for the majority who initially underestimated it (M = 4.22 out of 7, SD = 1.14 vs. M = 4.63, SD = 1.18, d = 0.36). The results have implications for communications with young people about climate change. Correcting underestimations of concern about climate change between socio-demographic subgroups may help to foster engagement. Policy highlights Communications that highlight generational differences in the causes and effects of climate change may be unhelpful; they increase worry among young people without motivating them to act. Most young people underestimate how worried older people are about climate change and this misperception correlates with belief that people are less likely to work together to mitigate climate change. Providing accurate information on how worried older people are boosts belief in collective action, but only among the majority of young people who underestimate it. Communications about climate change likely benefit from avoiding highlighting differences between socio-demographic subgroups and correcting misperceptions where they exist.

How do authors' perceptions of their papers compare with co-authors' perceptions and peer-review decisions?

How do author perceptions match up to the outcomes of the peer-review process and perceptions of others? In a top-tier computer science conference (NeurIPS 2021) with more than 23,000 submitting authors and 9,000 submitted papers, we surveyed the authors on three questions: (i) their predicted probability of acceptance for each of their papers, (ii) their perceived ranking of their own papers based on scientific contribution, and (iii) the change in their perception about their own papers after seeing the reviews. The salient results are: (1) Authors had roughly a three-fold overestimate of the acceptance probability of their papers: The median prediction was 70% for an approximately 25% acceptance rate. (2) Female authors exhibited a marginally higher (statistically significant) miscalibration than male authors; predictions of authors invited to serve as meta-reviewers or reviewers were similarly calibrated, but better than authors who were not invited to review. (3) Authors' relative ranking of scientific contribution of two submissions they made generally agreed with their predicted acceptance probabilities (93% agreement), but there was a notable 7% responses where authors predicted a worse outcome for their better paper. (4) The author-provided rankings disagreed with the peer-review decisions about a third of the time; when co-authors ranked their jointly authored papers, co-authors disagreed at a similar rate-about a third of the time. (5) At least 30% of respondents of both accepted and rejected papers said that their perception of their own paper improved after the review process. The stakeholders in peer review should take these findings into account in setting their expectations from peer review.

Can Remote Work Be Adopted When Phubbing and Cyber Loafing Behavior Are on the Rise?

During the COVID-19 pandemic, remote work became a prevalent practice for organizations, raising concerns about counterproductive behaviors like phubbing and cyberloafing. This research investigates the dynamics of these behaviors among employees working from home, focusing on social networking needs (SNN), perceptions of others' online behavior, and the pandemic's influence. Data from 222 remote employees were analyzed using structural equation modelling, revealing positive relationships between SNN, perceptions of others' online behavior, pandemic influence, and phubbing. Moreover, the study reveals the moderating effect of WFH on these relationships. These findings highlight the importance for HR practitioners and policymakers to understand and address phubbing and cyberloafing behaviors in remote work settings. This study fills critical research gaps, offering insights to mitigate the negative impacts of remote work policies, thereby enhancing organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. The chapter, therefore, aims to examine whether remote work can succeed amid rising phubbing and cyberloafing. Through analysis, it offers insights for HR and policymakers to manage these challenges effectively.

Daily Associations Between Injunctive Drinking Norms and Alcohol Consumption.

Perception of others' approval of alcohol use (i.e., injunctive drinking norms) is strongly predictive of alcohol use, particularly among young adults. Although between-person injunctive norms predict alcohol use, there is evidence of within-person fluctuations in the relationship between norms and drinking. The current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to test within-person, day-level associations between injunctive norms and alcohol use and to test whether social context moderated this association. Participants (n = 83, M age = 24.0 years, 50.9% female) completed a 2-week EMA protocol using a smartphone application. Injunctive norms, social context (type and gender of companions), and number of drinks consumed were assessed each morning following a drinking event. Multilevel models with repeated measures nested within participants tested main effects and interactions of between- and within-person injunctive norms, type of drinking companions, and gender of drinking companions on the number of drinks consumed. Day-level injunctive norms were positively associated with drinking quantity over and above baseline norms. The effect of norms differed by social context, such that norms were only positively related to drinking quantity when drinking with a friend or romantic partner (vs. drinking alone). The gender of friends with whom participants drank did not moderate the effect of norms on quantity. This study provides one of the first examinations of daily fluctuations in injunctive drinking norms. Because norms represent a malleable target for intervention, results offer new information regarding possible intervention targets.

La « gouvernance clinique » : sur un mode de travail particulier chez les directeurs d’hôpital

ContextThe public healthcare system in France is in search of a new “spirit” to address the symptoms of disaffection it currently experiences. Management sciences are exploring how leadership can enhance workplace well-being, emphasizing “salutogenic” approaches and caring leadership. In contrast to previous interpretations of “clinical governance,” often focused on the use of evidence-based clinical data, we investigate the potential use of psychoanalytic theories to shed light on clinical governance practices attentive to the diverse elements contributing to organizational atmosphere. ObjectivesWe aim to return to the conceptions and practices of hospital administrators themselves. The demonstration will revolve around identifying the objects of the specific work done by clinical governance, and the actions taken by hospital administrators practicing this way. Our aim is to extend to the healthcare field the path laid out by institutional psychotherapy in psychiatry, ensuring healthcare institutions do not perpetuate, at their highest hierarchical level, the social symptoms of their time. MethodOur approach is rooted in empirical interpretation sciences and relies on a qualitative analysis methodology that emphasizes proximity to the lived experience of our interviewees. Our field investigation has been ongoing for several years, conducted in collaboration with management teams from institutions of various sizes and regions. The abductive hypothesis of a form of clinical governance gradually emerged while working closely with two well-known hospital administration teams. We engaged in co-thinking with the involved directors to validate our interpretations. ResultsWe revisit the concept of “clinical governance” to describe a way of managing hospitals which symbolically and attentively, though sometimes unconsciously, works with a number of identified objects. We define these objects as related to the organization: hierarchy, space, resources, information, the “scope” of action, and time. Others elements are related to the institutional network: speech, the Self, the perception of others, conviviality, and affects. Each of these elements is examined from the perspective of its symbolic significance, beyond its material or practical aspects, with the understanding that their circulation is of particular interest to clinical governance. InterpretationOur results call for a renewal of institutional psychotherapy in general hospitals, through the perspective of daily “asepsis” of the milieu as facilitated by clinical governance. This involves a recognition by hospital administrators of the symbolic value of the objects we have listed. Clinical governance enables administrators to interpret the symbols behind the apparent materiality of what healthcare professionals discuss. While our results are partial and exploratory, they pave the way for a psychoanalytic clinical perspective regarding hospital governance, alongside management sciences.

Exploring the Path to Self-Actualization: A Study on Youth Development and Well-being

This study is focused on figuring out the effects of family, peers, and culture on discovering self, and the perception of young people about self-actualization. The problem of the study was that young people faced barriers to understanding their selves by looking at different phenomena. Due to this, they are unable to improve their lives and encounter many difficulties such as dealing with daily life problems, understanding the perceptions of others, and conflict when dealing with society (Sarici, 2018). The current study is based on Qualitative research, the study approach was inductive. The sample size was 10 participants and was selected through the purposive sampling method, the data was analyzed through the thematic approach. The highlighted themes focused on Youth empowerment require holistic development, providing students with confidence and balanced personalities that contribute to their community and society in the future. Problem-Based Education is the practical approach to the achievement of the above goals. The parental nurturing styles and peer support also contribute to youth empowerment and in their future.

장애인 고용 비의무 사업장의 장애인 인식과 장애인 고용만족

This study investigated the effect of employers' perception of the disabled on employment satisfaction for the disabled, and analyzed this as a moderating effect of education to improve awareness of the disabled. Based on the 2021 survey on employment status for the disabled in companies conducted by the Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled, the research data were 359 employers of companies with fewer than 50 employees and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the perception of work performance, cost, and perception of others' reactions of workers with disabilities had a great influence on employment satisfaction. In particular, the moderating effect of education on improving the perception of the disabled was confirmed in the effect of the perception of disability by employers of non-mandatory companies for the disabled on employment satisfaction for the disabled. Based on the research results, the importance of recognition of the disabled was presented, and efforts to increase the perception of the disabled were emphasized. Accordingly, efforts to improve the quality of education for improving the perception of the disabled, not a formal approach to education, were presented. This study is significant in that it emphasizes disability recognition and responsibility so that employers of companies that are not obligated to hire can contribute to employment with disabilities.

The Mentors in Violence Prevention programme: impact on students’ knowledge and attitudes related to violence, prejudice, and abuse, and willingness to intervene as a bystander in secondary schools in England

BackgroundViolence is a leading cause of death and disability for young people and has serious impacts on prospects across the lifecourse. The education sector is a crucial setting for preventing youth violence through incorporating programmes that address attitudes and behaviours. The Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) programme aims to change harmful attitudes and norms, and increase non-violent bystander intervention, through a peer mentoring approach. To date there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of the intervention in UK school settings. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of the programme on students’ attitudes and knowledge related to violence prevention.MethodsThe study employed a mixed methods design. Pre and post surveys measured changes in students’ (aged 11–18) attitudes and knowledge related to violence prevention and bystander behaviour, gender stereotyping, acceptability of violence, and perceptions of others’ willingness to intervene. Interviews/focus groups with programme delivers and students, and anonymised programme data were used to explore and supplement survey findings.ResultsOverall, perceptions of the programme content and delivery were positive. Several beneficial impacts of the programme were found for mentors (students delivering the programme), including significant positive changes on measures of knowledge and attitudes towards violence prevention and the bystander approach, acceptability of violence perpetration, and perceptions of other students’ willingness to intervene (effect sizes were small-medium). However, the study found no significant change on any of the outcomes amongst mentees (younger students receiving the programme from mentors). Despite this, qualitative evidence suggested mentees enjoyed the content of the programme and the peer-led delivery, and this built relationships with older students. Qualitative evidence also identified additional benefits of the programme for mentors, including leadership and communication skills, and increased confidence and supportive relationships.ConclusionsEvidence from this study suggests MVP is effective as a targeted programme for mentors, but no significant evidence was found to demonstrate its effectiveness as a universal bystander and violence prevention programme for mentees. Whilst further research with more robust study design is needed, developing mentors as leaders in violence prevention is a valuable impact of the programme in its own right.

Where is the panic in “panic buying”? Consumer purchases at the outset of the COVID pandemic

The declaration of the COVID pandemic in March 2020 was immediately followed by news media accounts of “panic buying.” However, this term is problematic because it implicitly assumes that people engage in indiscriminate consumer product purchases that are motivated solely by extreme fear. Contrary to the implicit assumptions of “panic buying,” this study's examination of consumer product purchases by 435 households found that respondents drew clear distinctions among four activities (observed shortages, own consumption changes, own stockpiling, and others’ stockpiling) related to six consumer product categories (fresh produce, fresh meat, nonperishable food, cleaning supplies, sanitary supplies, and nonprescription medications). The results show that own stockpiling has moderately positive correlations with own consumption changes and is as strongly related to optimism and anger as to fear. Own stockpiling also has positive correlations with perceptions of others’ stockpiling, reliance on informal information sources, and observed shortages. Unexpectedly, own stockpiling has positive correlations with positive disaster stereotypes rather than negative disaster stereotypes, and is unrelated to expected pandemic duration, authoritative information sources, demographic characteristics, and routine stockpiling. The results suggest that the term “panic buying” should be replaced by “crisis stockpiling,” which avoids unnecessary erroneous inferences about the motivation for that behavior.

Cultural Industry and Museum Digitization

Since the Industrial Revolution, people's daily work habits and the cultural industry have been influenced by capitalism. The essence of the cultural sector is that people temporarily forget the pain and boredom of life through entertainment and constantly inject a lot of information and new products into their lives, inducing the public to continually consume and establish a fictional personal image to satisfy the immediate sense of achievement that cannot be obtained from labor. The advent of the Internet era has accelerated the development of the cultural industry, changed how people get information and products, and made the enjoyment of art more related to enriching the perception of others and their understanding of their images. The digitalization of social media and museums has further enhanced the cultural industry, but people are also afraid of escaping reality. Therefore, this paper shows that the digital intelligence of the cultural sector and museums in public education is a new solution that can promote learning, improve cultural inheritance, and encourage creativity.

Interoceptive sensitivity and perception of others' emotions: an investigation based on a two-stage model.

Recent research shows that sensitivity to interoceptive sensitivity is associated with a more granular experience of emotions. These studies suggest that individuals sensitive to their interoceptive signals can better perceive somatic physiological changes as compared to their counterparts. Therefore, they discriminate among a wide and subtle range of emotions. Further, the perception of others' emotions could be based on our own emotional experiences. However, whether interoceptive sensitivity is related to the perception of others' emotions remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between interoceptive sensitivity and emotional perception. Considering the model that emotion perception comprises two processes, categorization of facial expressions and approach-avoidance responses, this study examined both categorizations of facial expressions and approach-avoidance responses. The results showed no relationship between interoceptive sensitivity and the perception of emotion, which suggests that interoceptive sensitivity is related to the experience of emotion but does not affect the granularity of emotional perception. Future studies should diversely and empirically examine the role of the body in emotional perception from the perspective of interoceptive sensitivity.

The Reintegration of Men into Society after a Sexual Offense: A Hermeneutic Phenomenology Study

The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experience and meaning of being a ‘sex offender’ for the individual who is reintegrating into society, considering issues associated with self-perception, perception of others, stigma and humanization. Fourteen male adults were invited to participate in this hermeneutic phenomenological study. Data analysis was completed using an iterative process as described by van Manen. Five major themes were identified: exposed secret leads to humiliation; being considered a sex offender is living in fear of the unknown; stigma and shame consume the identity of the individual charged with a sexual offense; reframing and “leveling” of the crime are coping strategies; and the path toward healing and forgiveness is complex. Contextualizing individuals’ experiences and examining barriers and motivators post-charge are essential to minimize stigma and risk factors linked to recidivism, as well as to facilitate recovery and healing.

Autistic and Non-autistic Children's Pain Perception is Modulated by Their First-Hand Pain Sensitivity and Theory of Mind.

The current study examined whether autistic children's perception of others' pain could be modulated by their first-hand pain sensitivity and theory of mind (ToM). We measured the first-hand pain sensitivity, the rating of others' pain intensity, and the performance in the ToM tasks in 43 5- to 8-year-old autistic and 30 neurotypical children. Our results revealed hyposensitivity to first-hand pain, underestimation of others' pain intensity, as well as difficulties in the False Belief subtasks of ToM in autistic children. Furthermore, we detected an interaction between children's first-hand pain sensitivity and ToM in predicting their perception of others' pain. To be specific, for autistic and NT children with normal or hyper-sensitivity to first-hand pain, better performance on ToM predicted higher ratings for others' pain intensity; while for autistic and NT children with hyposensitivity to first-hand pain, ToM did not predict ratings for others' pain intensity. Our study contributes to the understanding of pain perception in young children and provides implications for clinical practices to improve social understanding in autistic children.

Using imagery for acceptance and wellbeing in sport

Abstract The purpose of this article is to offer background and strategies to utilize mental imagery to enhance acceptance as a significant foundation for mental health and wellbeing in athletes. Sport possesses many threats to participants’ mental health and ability to flourish, including unrealistic expectations, pressure from others, and training demands. Although acceptance has been shown to be an important precursor to wellbeing, the prescribed culture of mental toughness in sport teaches athletes to be nonaccepting of mistakes and negative outcomes which often threaten their mental health. Athletes need to be educated and trained to practice acceptance as a strong, mature, mentally healthy response in terms of their self-perceptions, perceptions of others, and responses to external events. Mental imagery has a strong association with emotion and has been successfully used as an intervention technique to enhance physical and mental health. However, acceptance has not been an outcome of interest in most imagery interventions related to mental health, and future research on interventions to enhance acceptance is warranted. Some strategies and examples of using mental imagery to build acceptance and wellbeing are suggested.

Individual differences in structural priming in bilingual and monolingual children: the influence of perspective-taking

Abstract When speaking or writing, people tend to re-use the syntactic structures they recently encountered (structural priming). Individuals differ in the extent to which they are primed (primeability). Previous research has suggested that perspective-taking, that is, the ability to imagine the feelings, thoughts and perceptions of others, predicts the magnitude of priming in adults. The present study investigates if this also holds for monolingual and bilingual children. We primed the possessive structure in monolingual Dutch children and bilingual children with varying L2s. There was individual variation in children’s primeability in both groups. For both monolinguals and bilinguals, we found that the better children were at perspective-taking, the more likely they were to be primed. Dutch language proficiency also influenced children’s primeability: higher language proficiency resulted in more priming in both groups. The findings suggest that structural priming serves a social function which is mediated by perspective-taking abilities.

Normative Perceptions of Sexual Behavior and Alcohol Use among Bisexual Women

Background : As compared to heterosexual and lesbian women, bisexual women report higher rates of alcohol, other substance use, and risky sexual behavior, and they experience more negative outcomes from these behaviors. Descriptive norms (i.e., perceptions of others’ behavior) are an important predictor of risky behaviors, but scant research has examined whether bisexual women’s perceptions of other bisexual women’s alcohol use and sexual behavior are associated with their own alcohol or drug use during sex. Objectives : Consequently, the present study examined (1) whether perceived sex norms were related to engagement in sex and (2) the relative influence of drinking and sex norms on engaging in sex while drinking among bisexual women. Method : Data were collected from 225 self-identified bisexual women who completed an online survey about their typical weekly alcohol use, engagement in alcohol or drug use during sex in the past 30 days, and normative perceptions of drinking and sexual behavior. Results : Regression models demonstrated both sexual norms and drinking frequency norms were positively associated with alcohol or drug use during sex. In addition, only perceived norms of other bisexual women, compared to perceived norms of lesbian and heterosexual women, predicted engagement in sex. Conclusions : Bisexual women may be susceptible to normative perceptions, given their connectedness to a marginalized social group. Thus, alcohol prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing risky consequences among bisexual women should specifically consider drinking and sexual norms of other bisexual women.