Percentage Of Sets Research Articles

Floral biology, pollination biology, and breeding mechanisms reveal challenges to the restoration of Buchanania lanzan, a vulnerable plant species

Understanding a species' reproductive biology, which encompasses floral biology, pollination biology, and breeding system, is necessary for the restoration of endangered plant species. Buchanania lanzan is a vulnerable evergreen tree in IUCN Red Data Book due to excessive deforestation and over-exploitation. Light and scanning electron microscopy and histochemical analysis were used to study floral and pollination biology. Experiments were conducted to study floral and pollination biology, including pollen viability, stigma receptivity, and pollen-pistil interactions. Bisexual, pentamerous, complete yellowish-white flowers have an annual growth of 11 months and are arranged in terminal and axillary panicles. Anthers dehisce between 10.30 and noon, 9–10 h after anthesis. Stigmas were receptive at the time of anther dehiscence and remained receptive for two days. The flowers contain sucrose-rich nectar and emit a mild scent to attract visitors, including Musca domestica, Apis cerena indica, and black ants. None of these visitors appeared to be an effective pollinator. The results of pollination trials showed that the species outcrosses with low levels of selfing. Cross-pollinated flowers had a higher percentage of fruit sets (74.4 %) compared to self-pollinated (43.4 %) and open (3 %). The index of self-incompatibility (ISI) indicates partial self-incompatibility. Due to the probable loss of pollinators or the lack of efficient pollinators, the natural population of B. lanzan has not yet been restored. To achieve the required fruit or seed set cross-pollination facilitated by humans would be a feasible technique. Therefore, to prevent the extinction of this species, human management is required in terms of cross-pollination. As a result, the scientific knowledge produced by the current study may prove helpful in various breeding initiatives and the preservation of this medicinal plant species. Further, this knowledge forms the basis for taking measures for the conservation and management of forests.

A TEDE Algorithm Studies the Effect of Dataset Grouping on Supervised Learning Accuracy

Datasets are the basis for research on deep learning methods in computer vision. The impact of the percentage of training sets in a dataset on the performance of neural network models needs to be further explored. In this paper, a twice equal difference enumeration (TEDE) algorithm is proposed to investigate the effect of different training set percentages in the dataset on the performance of the network model, and the optimal training set percentage is determined. By selecting the Pascal VOC dataset and dividing it into six different datasets from largest to smallest, and then dividing each dataset into the datasets to be analyzed according to five different training set percentages, the YOLOv5 convolutional neural network is used to train and test the 30 datasets to determine the optimal neural network model corresponding to the training set percentages. Finally, tests were conducted using the Udacity Self-Driving dataset with a self-made Tire Tread Defects (TTD) dataset. The results show that the network model performance is superior when the training set accounts for between 85% and 90% of the overall dataset. The results of dataset partitioning obtained by the TEDE algorithm can provide a reference for deep learning research.

Coverage Fulfillment Automation in Hardware Functional Verification Using Genetic Algorithms

The functional verification process is one of the most expensive steps in integrated circuit manufacturing. Functional coverage is the most important metric in the entire verification process. By running multiple simulations, different situations of DUT functionality can be encountered, and in this way, functional coverage fulfillment can be improved. However, in many cases it is difficult to reach specific functional situations because it is not easy to correlate the required input stimuli with the expected behavior of the digital design. Therefore, both industry and academia seek solutions to automate the generation of stimuli to reach all the functionalities of interest with less human effort and in less time. In this paper, several approaches inspired by genetic algorithms were developed and tested using three different designs. In all situations, the percentage of stimulus sets generated using well-performing genetic algorithms approaches was higher than the values that resulted when random simulations were employed. In addition, in most cases the genetic algorithm approach reached a higher coverage value per test compared to the random simulation outcome. The results confirmed that in many cases genetic algorithms can outperform constrained random generation of stimuli, that is employed in the classical way of doing verification, considering coverage fulfillment level per verification test.

The Effect Of Paclobutrazol Concentration And Types Of Organic Liquid Fertilizer On The Growth And Production Of Tomató (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)

Tomatoes are a horticultural commodity that has the potential to be developed because it has high economic value and great export potential. The increase in tomato needs is often not offset by increased production so that Indonesia has not been able to meet the needs of national tomatoes, in addition to the issue of food quantity has shifted to the issue of food quality and food safety by using natural ingredients. This study aims to determine the concentration of paclobutrazol that can simulate reproductive growth and the best type of liquid organic fertilizer in replacing chemical fertilizers to increase the growth and yield of tomato plants. The combination of paclobutrazol concentration and liquid organic fertilizer is expected to increase tomato yield. This study used a plot design divided into two factors, namely the concentration of paclobutrazol and the type of liquid organic fertilizer with 16 combinations of treatments repeated 3 times. The first factor is the concentration of paclobutrazol with 4 levels, namely 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm. The second factor is the type of liquid organic fertilizer with 4 levels of NPK fertilizer 25 grams / plant, water hyacinth 150 ml / plant, banana peel 150 ml/plant, and NASA 150 ml / plant. The results showed interactions in the total number of fruits per plant, the total fresh weight of fruit per plant, and the percentage of fruit sets. Paclobutrazol concentration of 100 ppm and the type of liquid organic fertilizer banana skin, 150 ml/ plant showed the highest yield in the number of fruits per harvest period (12 pieces), total fruit count per plant (63 pieces), fresh weight of fruit per harvest period (436.63 grams), total fresh fruit weight per plant (1815.80 grams), and percentage of fruit set (76.83%).

Constructions of generalized MSTD sets in higher dimensions

TextLet A be a set of finite integers, defineA+A={a1+a2:a1,a2∈A},A−A={a1−a2:a1,a2∈A}, and for non-negative integers s and d definesA−dA=A+⋯+A︸s−A−⋯−A︸d. A More Sums than Differences (MSTD) set is an A where |A+A|>|A−A|. It was initially thought that the percentage of subsets of [0,n] that are MSTD would go to zero as n approaches infinity as addition is commutative and subtraction is not. However, in a surprising 2006 result, Martin and O'Bryant proved that a positive percentage of sets are MSTD, although this percentage is extremely small, about 10−4 percent. This result was extended by Iyer, Lazarev, Miller, and Zhang [ILMZ] who showed that a positive percentage of sets are generalized MSTD sets, sets for {s1,d1}≠{s2,d2} and s1+d1=s2+d2 with |s1A−d1A|>|s2A−d2A|, and that in d-dimensions, a positive percentage of sets are MSTD.For many such results, establishing explicit MSTD sets in 1-dimensions relies on the specific choice of the elements on the left and right fringes of the set to force certain differences to be missed while desired sums are attained. In higher dimensions, the geometry forces a more careful assessment of what elements have the same behavior as 1-dimensional fringe elements. We study fringes in d-dimensions and use these to create new explicit constructions. We prove the existence of generalized MSTD sets in d-dimensions and the existence of k-generational sets, which are sets where |cA+cA|>|cA−cA| for all 1≤c≤k. We then prove that under certain conditions, there are no sets with |kA+kA|>|kA−kA| for all k∈N. VideoFor a video summary of this paper, please visit https://youtu.be/rojbhVqN90Q.

A Fluid Scheduling Algorithm for DAG Tasks with Constrained or Arbitrary Deadlines

A number of scheduling algorithms have been proposed for real-time parallel tasks modeled as Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). Many of them focus on scheduling DAG tasks with implicit deadlines. Fewer studies have considered DAG tasks with constrained deadlines or arbitrary deadlines. In this study, we propose a scheduling strategy based on fluid scheduling theory and we target DAG tasks with constrained or arbitrary deadlines. We prove that the proposed algorithm has a capacity augmentation bound of 1/2(1++((1+) 24/m)) when scheduling multiple DAG tasks with constrained deadlines, in which m is the number of processors and is the maximum ratio of task period to deadline. This value is lower than the current best result +2((1+-1/m)(1-1/m)). We also prove that a capacity augmentation bound of 1/2(1+2+((1+2)242/m)) is guaranteed by our algorithm in the case of scheduling multiple DAG tasks with deadlines greater than periods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first capacity augmentation bound that has been proven for scheduling multiple DAG tasks with deadlines greater than periods. Our experiments show that our algorithm outperforms the state of the art scheduling algorithms in the percentage of schedulable task sets.

Changes in intra-annual runoff and its response to climate variability and anthropogenic activity in the Lake Issyk-Kul Basin, Kyrgyzstan

An attribute study of the runoff changes due to climate change and anthropogenic activities is of great value to determining the best response to runoff changes. This study investigates the evolution of the intra-annual runoff and evaluates the effects of changes in climate and anthropogenic activities on runoff variations in the Lake Issyk-Kul Basin (LIKB). The monotonic trend test and wavelet transform analysis were used to characterize the trends and periods of the hydro-meteorological variables in the LIKB. In addition, the periodicity-trend superposition model and double-mass curves were used to assess the contributions of climate change and anthropogenic activities to runoff variations. The analyses were conducted using regional climate data combined with runoff data derived from 13 different river stations in the LIKB for the period between 1943 and 2012. The results indicate the following. (1) The monthly runoff trends in the three groups of tributaries (northern, southeastern, and southern tributaries) exhibit distinct differences, and the percentage of the data sets with no pattern gradually increased (from 26% to 38%) from north to south. There is a positive trend, with a similar decrease (from 50% to 24%) from north to south. (2) The air temperature, precipitation, and runoff in the LIKB increased throughout the low and high flow periods. The statistical index of the runoff concentration degree (RCD) decreased at most stations (Chong-Koi-Suu, Chong-Ak-Suu, Chong-Urykty, Pzhergalan, Ak-Sai, Tossor, Ton, Chong-Kyzyl-Suu, Tamga, and Karakol), except for the Cholpon-Ata, Ak-Suu, and Dzhuuku stations. (3) In addition, the periodic characteristics of the RCD show that the RCD has a 12-year significant period over the low flow period, which is similar to that for precipitation but varies from that for air temperature. (4) Climate variability and anthropogenic activities are two different contributors to runoff reduction in the LIKB. The respective contributions of anthropogenic activities to the runoff determined using the two methods were 35.3% and 18%, whereas the climate change contributions were 64.7% and 82%, respectively. Climate change was the main reason for the runoff variations. These results provide a basis for the scientific management and sustainable allocation of water resources in the LIKB.

Phenophysiology of the formation and fall of flowers in overcoming efforts fruit-set failure in siam citrus plants

Flowers are the critical point of fruit formation. In this study the design used was a randomized block design, taking into account the position of the stem and the season affecting the fall and making flowers. The average value between intervals and Gadu does not show a significant difference with the number of falling flowers, namely: 152.57 florets and 151.44 (florets). The percentage of fruit set at the top, middle and bottom stems produce a difference, 92.75% followed by the middle stem, namely: 92.52%. The average value between intervals and Gadu does not show a significant difference with each percentage of fruit sets formed, namely: 93.30% and 93.07% Percentage formation of fruit sets in the upper stem supported by high leaf chlorophyll content Nutrient content of N, P, and K in the upper stem is 25.82%, 1.40%, 0.74% 3.42% when compared to rootstock, which are: 18.64%, 1.16%, 0.13% and 2.17%.

An Evaluation of Catchment Transit Time Model Parameters: A Comparative Study between Two Stable Isotopes of Water

Using δ18O and δ2H in mean transit time (MTT) modeling can ensure the verifiability of results across catchments. The main objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the δ18O- and δ2H-based behavioral transit time distributions and (ii) assess if δ18O and δ2H-based MTTs can lead to similar conclusions about catchment hydrologic functioning. A volume weighted δ18O (or δ2H) time series of sampled precipitation was used as an input variable in a 50,000 Monte Carlo (MC) time-based convolution modeling process. An observed streamflow δ18O (or δ2H) time series was used to calibrate the model to obtain the simulated time series of δ18O (or δ2H) of the streamflow within a nested system of eight Prairie catchments in Canada. The model efficiency was assessed via a generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation by setting a minimum Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency threshold of 0.3 for behavioral parameter sets. Results show that the percentage of behavioral parameter sets across both tracers were lower than 50 at the majority of the studied outlets; a phenomenon hypothesized to have resulted from the number of MC runs. Tracer-based verifiability of results could be achieved within five of the eight studied outlets during the model process. The flow process in those five outlets were mainly of a shallow subsurface flow as opposed to the other three outlets, which experienced other additional flow dynamics. The potential impacts of this study on the integrated use of δ18O and δ2H in catchment water storage and release dynamics must be further investigated in multiple catchments within various hydro-physiographic settings across the world.

Assessment of Bacteremia in a Large Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern Vietnam: a Single-Center Retrospective Surveillance Study.

The clinical analysis of cases of bacteremia is valuable. However, limited data on bacteremia are available in Vietnam. We conducted a single-center retrospective surveillance study at the Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam between 2009 and 2012. In total, 45,366 blood cultures were analyzed. The number of blood cultures per 1,000 patient-days was 9.59 sets. The percentage of solitary blood culture sets was 49.6%, and the rate of positive blood cultures was 13.9%. The major pathogens isolated in adults were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (16.7%), followed by Escherichia coli (6.8%), Streptococcus spp. excluding Streptococcus pneumoniae (3.8%), and Staphylococcus aureus (5.2%). Other major pathogens identified were Klebsiella spp. (4.2%) and Acinetobacter spp. (2.2%). The number of blood cultures per 1,000 patient-days was lower and the percentage of solitary blood culture sets higher than that of a Japanese study (9.6 vs. 25.2 and 49.6% vs. 32.8%, respectively). The distribution of microorganisms was unique in terms of the relative predominance of cases of Acinetobacter bacteremia. The percentage of cases of healthcare-associated bacteremia may be relatively high.

Comparison of four methods of establishing control limits for monitoring quality controls in infectious disease serology testing.

A general trend towards conducting infectious disease serology testing in centralized laboratories means that quality control (QC) principles used for clinical chemistry testing are applied to infectious disease testing. However, no systematic assessment of methods used to establish QC limits has been applied to infectious disease serology testing. A total of 103 QC data sets, obtained from six different infectious disease serology analytes, were parsed through standard methods for establishing statistical control limits, including guidelines from Public Health England, USA Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), German Richtlinien der Bundesärztekammer (RiliBÄK) and Australian QConnect. The percentage of QC results failing each method was compared. The percentage of data sets having more than 20% of QC results failing Westgard rules when the first 20 results were used to calculate the mean±2 standard deviation (SD) ranged from 3 (2.9%) for R4S to 66 (64.1%) for 10X rule, whereas the percentage ranged from 0 (0%) for R4S to 32 (40.5%) for 10X when the first 100 results were used to calculate the mean±2 SD. By contrast, the percentage of data sets with >20% failing the RiliBÄK control limits was 25 (24.3%). Only two data sets (1.9%) had more than 20% of results outside the QConnect Limits. The rate of failure of QCs using QConnect Limits was more applicable for monitoring infectious disease serology testing compared with UK Public Health, CLSI and RiliBÄK, as the alternatives to QConnect Limits reported an unacceptably high percentage of failures across the 103 data sets.

Cluster-based multicore real-time mixed-criticality scheduling

Abstract Cluster-based scheduling is recently gaining importance to be applied to mixed-criticality real-time systems on multicore processors platform. In this approach, the cores are grouped into clusters, and tasks that are partitioned among different clusters are scheduled by global scheduler in each cluster. This research work introduces a new cluster-based task allocation scheme for the mixed-criticality real-time task sets on multicore processors. For task allocation, smaller clusters sizes (sub-clusters) are used for mixed-criticality tasks in low criticality mode, while relatively larger cluster sizes are used for high criticality tasks in high criticality mode. In this research paper, the mixed-criticality task set is allocated to clusters using worst-fit heuristic. The tasks from each cluster are also allocated to its sub-clusters, using the same worst-fit heuristic. A fixed-priority response time analysis approach based on Audsley’s approach is used for the schedulability analysis of tasks in each cluster and sub-cluster. If the high criticality job is not completed after its worst case execution time in low mode, then the system is switched to high criticality mode. After mode switch, all the low criticalities tasks are discarded and only high criticality tasks are further executed in high criticality mode. Simulation results indicate that the percentage of schedulable task sets significantly increases under cluster scheduling as compared to partitioned and global mixed-criticality scheduling schemes.

Gentamicin Pharmacokinetics and Monitoring in Pediatric Febrile Neutropenic Patients

The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pediatric febrile neutropenia patients is described and the adequacy of initial dosing of once daily gentamicin assessed at Queensland's largest Children's Hospital. Data were retrospectively collected from all pediatrics with febrile neutropenia admitted over a two-year period who had at least two gentamicin concentration-time measurements (a paired set within one dosing interval). Gentamicin clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd), area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours post-dose (AUC0-24), and maximum concentration (Cmax) values were estimated using log-linear regression using each paired set. The percentage of paired sets associated with gentamicin exposure within pre-defined hospital targets was calculated and exposure was examined in relation to bacterial culture status. Data were collected from 69 patients (median [IQR] age 3.7 years [2.2, 8.9]) and comprised 121 paired concentration sets characterizing 80 separate admissions. Median [IQR] gentamicin CL and Vd were 8.1 L/h/70 kg [5.8, 12.4] and 21.8 L/70 kg [16.9, 29.5], respectively. Pre-defined hospital exposure targets were achieved for both AUC0-24 and Cmax for 10% of paired sets; one or the other of these targets were met for 36% of paired sets and neither target was achieved for 54% of paired sets. Achievement of targets improved with repeated monitoring during the same admission. Median AUC0-24 achieved was significantly higher in patients with a confirmed Gram-negative infection compared to those without 71 [50, 91] mg·h/L versus 55 [40.8, 67.5] mg·h/L, respectively (p= 0.003)). Over the study period, a median gentamicin dose of 10.8 and 6.4 mg/kg was estimated to be necessary to achieve an AUC target of 80 mg·h/L in children ≤10 years and >10 years of age. Based on a log-linear method of analysis, current dosing appears to be consistently producing gentamicin exposure below pre-defined pharmacokinetic targets, suggesting that an increase in the recommended starting dose of gentamicin may be required.

Energy efficient scheduler of aperiodic jobs for real-time embedded systems

Energy consumption has become a key metric for evaluating how good an embedded system is, alongside more performance metrics like respecting operation deadlines and speed of execution. Schedulability improvement is no longer the only metric by which optimality is judged. In fact, energy efficiency is becoming a preferred choice with a fundamental objective to optimize the system’s lifetime. In this work, we propose an optimal energy efficient scheduling algorithm for aperiodic real-time jobs to reduce CPU energy consumption. Specifically, we apply the concept of real-time process scheduling to a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique. We address a variant of earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling algorithm called energy saving-dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (ES-DVFS) algorithm that is suited to unpredictable future energy production and irregular job arrivals. We prove that ES-DVFS cannot attain a total value greater than C/000000, where 000000 is the minimum speed of any job and C is the available energy capacity. We also investigate the implications of having in advance, information about the largest job size and the minimum speed used for the competitive factor of ES-DVFS. We show that such advance knowledge makes possible the design of semi-on-line algorithm, ES-DVFS**, that achieved a constant competitive factor of 0.5 which is proved as an optimal competitive factor. The experimental study demonstrates that substantial energy savings and highest percentage of feasible job sets can be obtained through our solution that combines EDF and DVFS optimally under the given aperiodic jobs and energy models.

House's physiology.

even though its effects on the young population are still a matter of debate, television is certainly one of the most successful types of mass entertainment in Western culture. In 2015, the percentage of television sets per capita reached 104% in Brazil and 148% in the United States, above the world

Killer Whale Depredation and Associated Costs to Alaskan Sablefish, Pacific Halibut and Greenland Turbot Longliners

Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation (whales stealing or damaging fish caught on fishing gear) adversely impacts demersal longline fisheries for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in the Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands and Western Gulf of Alaska. These interactions increase direct costs and opportunity costs associated with catching fish and reduce the profitability of longline fishing in western Alaska. This study synthesizes National Marine Fisheries Service observer data, National Marine Fisheries Service sablefish longline survey and fishermen-collected depredation data to: 1) estimate the frequency of killer whale depredation on longline fisheries in Alaska; 2) estimate depredation-related catch per unit effort reductions; and 3) assess direct costs and opportunity costs incurred by longliners in western Alaska as a result of killer whale interactions. The percentage of commercial fishery sets affected by killer whales was highest in the Bering Sea fisheries for: sablefish (21.4%), Greenland turbot (9.9%), and Pacific halibut (6.9%). Average catch per unit effort reductions on depredated sets ranged from 35.1–69.3% for the observed longline fleet in all three management areas from 1998–2012 (p<0.001). To compensate for depredation, fishermen set additional gear to catch the same amount of fish, and this increased fuel costs by an additional 82% per depredated set (average $433 additional fuel per depredated set). In a separate analysis with six longline vessels in 2011and 2012, killer whale depredation avoidance measures resulted in an average additional cost of $494 per depredated vessel-day for fuel and crew food. Opportunity costs of time lost by fishermen averaged $522 per additional vessel-day on the grounds. This assessment of killer whale depredation costs represents the most extensive economic evaluation of this issue in Alaska to date and will help longline fishermen and managers consider the costs and benefits of depredation avoidance and alternative policy solutions.

Energy Saving EDF Scheduling for Wireless Sensors on Variable Voltage Processors

Advances in micro technology has led to the development of miniaturized sensor nodes with wireless communication to perform several real-time computations. These systems are deployed wherever it is not possible to maintain a wired network infrastructure and to recharge/replace batteries and the goal is then to prolong as much as possible the lifetime of the system. In our work, we aim to modify the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling algorithm to minimize the energy consumption using the Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Selection. To this end, we propose an Energy Saving EDF (ES-EDF) algorithm that is capable of stretching the worst case execution time of tasks as much as possible without violating deadlines. We prove that ES-EDF is optimal in minimizing processor energy consumption and maximum lateness for which an upper bound on the processor energy saving is derived. In order to demonstrate the benefits of our algorithm, we evaluate it by means of simulation. Experimental results show that ES-EDF outperforms EDF and Enhanced EDF (E-EDF) algorithms in terms of both percentage of feasible task sets and energy savings.

A Nonclairvoyant Real-Time Scheduler for Ambient Energy Harvesting Sensors

Ambient energy harvesting also known as energy scavenging is the process where energy is obtained from the environment, converted, and stored to power small devices such as wireless sensors. We present a variant of EDF scheduling algorithm called EH-EDF (Energy Harvesting-Earliest Deadline First). Decisions are taken at run-time without having prior knowledge about the future energy production and task characteristics. We gauge the performance of EH-EDF by means of simulations in order to show its benefits. We evaluate and compare several variants of EH-EDF in terms of percentage of feasible task sets. Metrics such as average length of the idle times are also considered. Simulations tend to demonstrate that no online scheduler can reach optimality in a real-time energy harvesting environment.

Correction: Improving Interoperability in ePrescribing

the recent paper by Ohlund SE et al. [Improving Interoperability in ePrescribing, Interact J Med Res 2012;1(2):e17], the percentage of prescriptions in the post-NEF (national ePrescription format) sample with errors should be 0.9% (13,735/1,479,588), rather than 0.009%. change is minor and does not affect the overall results and conclusions of the paper. percentage was corrected in 3 places in the paper: 1) Abstract/Results: In the post-NEF sample, only 0.9% of the prescriptions had errors; 2) Results/Errors per and Set: The percentage of post-NEF prescription sets with at least one error was 0.9% (13,735/1,479,588); 3) Table 7 forth row: Prescription sets with error, % 98.6 0.9. online version on i-JMR was corrected on November 29, 2011, one week after publication, before submission to PubMed Central, Medline, or other databases.

Generalized More Sums Than Differences sets

A More Sums Than Differences (or sum-dominant) set is a finite set A ⊂ Z with | A + A | < | A − A | . Though it was believed that the percentage of subsets of { 0 , … , n } that are sum-dominant tends to zero, Martin and OʼBryant proved a positive percentage is sum-dominant. We generalize their result to other sums and differences. We prove that | ϵ 1 A + ⋯ + ϵ k A | > | δ 1 A + ⋯ + δ k A | a positive percent of the time for all nontrivial choices of ϵ j , δ j ∈ { − 1 , 1 } , and give explicit constructions. We construct sets exhibiting different behavior as more sums/differences are taken. We prove that for any m , | ϵ 1 A + ⋯ + ϵ k A | − | δ 1 A + ⋯ + δ k A | = m a positive percentage of the time. We find the limiting behavior of k A = A + ⋯ + A for an arbitrary set A as k → ∞ and an upper bound on k for such behavior to settle down. Finally, we say A is k -generational sum-dominant if A , A + A , … , k A are all sum-dominant. We prove that for any k a positive percentage of sets is k -generational, and no set is k -generational for all k . For a video summary of this paper, please click here or visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERSMlrEAijY;list=UUfJicAn0WSCOS0IZWMy7HsA;index=1;feature=plcp .